text stringlengths 105 4.57k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|
In some measures the size (a length dimension in the expression) can't be obtained, only calculated as a function of another dimensions and parameters. Illustrating below by the main cases.
;Weight-based (spheroidal) particle size: Weight-based particle size equals the diameter of the sphere that has the same weight as... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The nomenclature used for organosulfur compounds is often non-systematic. Sometimes persulfides are called hydrodisulfides to further avoid confusion with disulfides with the grouping R-S-S-R, by emphasizing the presence of an H at one end of a disulfide bond. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermal runaway describes a process that is accelerated by increased temperature, in turn releasing energy that further increases temperature. Thermal runaway occurs in situations where an increase in temperature changes the conditions in a way that causes a further increase in temperature, often leading to a destructi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hilbert Spectroscopy uses Hilbert transforms to analyze broad spectrum signals from gigahertz to terahertz frequency radio. One suggested use is to quickly analyze liquids inside airport passenger luggage. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Mendelian disorders of large effect, findings thus far suggest one or a very small number of variants within coding genes underlie the entire condition. Because of the severity of these disorders, the few causal variants are presumed to be extremely rare or novel in the population, and would be missed by any standar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An early example of a supported metal–metal bond is cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer, [(CH)Fe(CO)]. In the predominant isomers of this complex, the two Fe centers are joined not only by an Fe–Fe bond, but also by bridging CO ligands. The related cyclopentadienylruthenium dicarbonyl dimer features an unsupported ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The magnetostriction effect describes a property of ferromagnetic materials which causes them to change their shape when subjected to a magnetic field. Joule first reported observing the change in the length of ferromagnetic rods in 1842. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The period immediately after the 10th century marked the widespread application of several innovations in the field of mining and ore treatment: a shift to large-scale and better quality production. Medieval miners and metallurgists had to find solutions for the practical problems that limited former metal production, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Each duplex sequencing read contains a fixed 5-nucleotide sequence (shown in figures in black) located upstream of the 12-nucleotide tag sequence. The reads are filtered if they do not have the expected 5-nucleotide sequence or have more than nine identical or ambiguous bases within each tag. The two 12-nucleotide tags... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A variety or organosulfur compounds occur in nature. Most abundant are the amino acids methionine, cysteine, and cystine. The vitamins biotin and thiamine, as well as lipoic acid contain sulfur heterocycles. Glutathione is the primary intracellular antioxidant. Penicillin and cephalosporin are life-saving antibiotic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dr. Joseph Fried (July 21, 1914 – August 17, 2001) was a Polish-American organic chemist, member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He held 200 patents on chemical compounds, with 43 listing him as the sole holder. He was a professor of chemistry and biochemistry at the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In medicine, phosphonates and bisphosphonates are commonly used as inhibitors of enzymes which utilize phosphates and diphosphates as substrates. Most notably, these enzymes include those that produce the intermediates of cholesterol biosynthesis.
Phosphonate nucleotide analogues such as tenofovir, cidofovir and adefov... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The history of molecular biology begins in the 1930s with the convergence of various, previously distinct biological and physical disciplines: biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, virology and physics. With the hope of understanding life at its most fundamental level, numerous physicists and chemists also took an int... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Propionyl-CoA has can have many adverse and toxic affects on different species, including bacterium. For example, inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase by an accumulation of propionyl-CoA in Rhodobacter sphaeroides can prove deadly. Furthermore, as with E. coli, an influx of propionyl-CoA in Myobacterial species can res... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
I is a gamma emitter with a long half-life of 59.4 days (the longest of all radioiodines used in medicine). Iodine-123 is preferred for imaging, so I-125 is used diagnostically only when the test requires a longer period to prepare the radiopharmaceutical and trace it, such as a fibrinogen scan to diagnose clotting. I-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because of its potent biological activities, kendomycin has attracted interest as a target of total synthesis. The first total synthesis of kendomycin was accomplished by Lee and Yuan in 2004. The total number of syntheses stands at 6. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Yuri Zhdanov was born on August 20, 1919, in Tver. He graduated from Moscow State University in 1941 with a degree in organic chemistry and served with the Red Army during World War II. He received a Ph.D. in 1948.
In 1947, he was appointed head of the Central Committees Science Department. As head of the department, h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diebold was born on 12 December 1961 in Kapfenberg, Austria. She spent much of her high school years reading, skiing, and agonizing over what to major in at the university. She ultimately settled on engineering physics, an area with good job prospects that was also general enough to accommodate a variety of future dire... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thiiranes occur very rarely in nature and are of no significance medicinally.
Very few commercial applications exist, although the polymerization of episulfide has been reported. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Attempts at standardized temperature measurement prior to the 17th century were crude at best. For instance in 170 AD, physician Claudius Galenus mixed equal portions of ice and boiling water to create a "neutral" temperature standard. The modern scientific field has its origins in the works by Florentine scientists in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lecoq de Boisbaudran was a member of a noble family of Huguenots from the French provinces of Poitou and Angoumois. The Huguenots were French Protestants, a population that was devastated during the French Wars of Religion (1561–1598). The Edict of Nantes (1598) granted substantial civil rights to the Huguenots even th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnesium can affect muscle relaxation through direct action on cell membranes. Mg ions close certain types of calcium channels, which conduct positively charged calcium ions into neurons. With an excess of magnesium, more channels will be blocked and nerve cells activity will decrease. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
5-Methylcytosine (5-mC) is a methylated form of the DNA base cytosine (see figure). 5-mC is an epigenetic marker found predominantly on cytosines within CpG dinucleotides, which consist of a cytosine is followed by a guanine reading in the 5′ to 3′ direction along the DNA strand (CpG sites). About 28 million CpG din... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All cells are coated in either glycoproteins or glycolipids, both of which help determine cell types. Lectins, or proteins that bind carbohydrates, can recognize specific oligosaccharides and provide useful information for cell recognition based on oligosaccharide binding.
An important example of oligosaccharide cell r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PKM2 is enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and a transcriptional coactivator of STAT1 responsible for the induction of the protein PDL-1 expression and its regulation in tumor and immune cells. In the lactate production, the upregulated PKM2 is required and it leads to its contribution in inflammatory response, organ inj... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In New Haven, the decommissioned English Station has a high concentration of PCB contamination due to the chemicals used in the running of the plant. This, along with asbestos contamination, has made cleaning and demolishing the abandoned site extremely difficult. The PCB contamination has spread to the soil, and to th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some materials may merge at the joint by diffusion. This may occur when the molecules of both materials are mobile and soluble in each other. This would be particularly effective with polymer chains where one end of the molecule diffuses into the other material. It is also the mechanism involved in sintering. When meta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A number of design techniques are used to counter the effects of Mach tuck.
On both conventional tailplane and canard foreplane configurations, the horizontal stabiliser may be made large and powerful enough to correct the large trim changes associated with Mach tuck. In place of the conventional elevator control surfa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pyroelectric fusion refers to the technique of using pyroelectric crystals to generate high strength electrostatic fields to accelerate deuterium ions (tritium might also be used someday) into a metal hydride target also containing deuterium (or tritium) with sufficient kinetic energy to cause these ions to undergo nuc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In specific acid catalysis, protonated solvent is the catalyst. The reaction rate is proportional to the concentration of the protonated solvent molecules SH. The acid catalyst itself (AH) only contributes to the rate acceleration by shifting the chemical equilibrium between solvent S and AH in favor of the SH species... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An interspecific semiochemical that is beneficial to both interacting organisms, the emitter and receiver, e.g. floral synomone of certain Bulbophyllum species (Orchidaceae) attracts fruit fly males (Tephritidae: Diptera) as pollinators. In this true mutualistic inter-relationship, both organisms gain benefits in their... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Having properly sized particles allow aggregate companies to create long-lasting roads and other products. Particle size analysis is also routinely conducted on bitumen emusions to predict their stability and their behavior. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, two types of stream function are defined:
* The two-dimensional (or Lagrange) stream function, introduced by Joseph Louis Lagrange in 1781, is defined for incompressible (divergence-free), two-dimensional flows.
* The Stokes stream function, named after George Gabriel Stokes, is defined for incompres... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2020, evidence was provided that the cores of neutron stars with mass ~2M were likely composed of quark matter. Their result was based on neutron-star tidal deformability during a neutron star merger as measured by gravitational-wave observatories, leading to an estimate of star radius, combined with calculations of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Little is known about an effective way to overcoming hyperacute rejection (HAR), which follows the activation of complement initiated by xenoreactive antibodies recognizing galactosyl-alpha1-3galatosyl (alpha-Gal) antigens on the donor epithelium. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The crystallographic restriction theorem can be formulated in terms of isometries of Euclidean space. A set of isometries can form a group. By a discrete isometry group we will mean an isometry group that maps each point to a discrete subset of R, i.e. the orbit of any point is a set of isolated points. With this termi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By 1982 the technology was sufficiently advanced for the technique to be called "high-speed" countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC). Peter Carmeci initially commercialized the PC Inc. Ito Multilayer Coil Separator/Extractor which utilized a single bobbin (onto which the coil is wound) and a counterbalance, plus a set of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Müllerian mimicry need not involve visual mimicry; it may employ any of the senses. For example, many snakes share the same auditory warning signals, forming an auditory Müllerian mimicry ring. More than one signal may be shared: snakes can make use of both auditory signals and warning coloration. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1956, Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen Ning Yang noticed that there was no evidence that parity was conserved in weak interactions, and so they postulated that this symmetry may not be preserved by the weak force. They sketched the design for an experiment for testing conservation of parity in the laboratory. Later that year,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gadolin studied the relationship of heat to chemical changes, in particular, the ability of different substances to absorb heat (specific heat) and the absorption of heat during state changes (latent heat). This thermochemical work required extremely precise measurements. Gadolin published important papers on specific ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transposable elements (transposons, TEs, jumping genes) are short strands of repetitive DNA that can self-replicate and translocate within the eukaryotic genome, and are generally perceived as parasitic in nature. Their transcription can lead to the production of dsRNAs (double-stranded RNAs), which resemble retrovirus... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Modafinil, sold under the brand name Provigil among others, is a wakefulness-promoting medication used primarily to treat narcolepsy. Modafinil is also approved for stimulating wakefulness in people with sleep apnea and shift work sleep disorder. It is taken by mouth. Modafinil is not approved by the US Food and Drug A... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the isometric system, the most common types of twins are the Spinel Law (twin plane, parallel to an octahedron) <111>, where the twin axis is perpendicular to an octahedral face, and the Iron Cross <001>, which is the interpenetration of two pyritohedrons, a subtype of dodecahedron.
In the hexagonal system, calcite ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most branching phylogenies are thermophilic or hyperthermophilic, making it possible that the Last universal common ancestor (LUCA) and preceding lifeforms were similarly thermophilic. Hot springs are formed from the heating of groundwater by geothermal activity. This intersection allows for influxes of material from d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Penicillamine is a chiral drug with one chiral center and exists as a pair of enantiomers. (S)-penicillamine is the eutomer with the desired antiarthritic activity while the (R)-penicillamine is extremely toxic. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While the lead ISASMELT 5 t/h pilot plant was being designed in 1982–1983, MIM continued to use the 120 kg/h test rig to develop other processes, including the dross treatment process previously mentioned, and the treatment of lead-acid battery paste for lead recycling.
The MIM Holdings Board of Directors approved the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NAIL-MS can be used to produce stable isotope labeled internal standards (ISTD). Therefore, cells are grown in medium which results in complete labeling of all nucleosides. The purified mix of nucleosides can then be used as ISTD which is needed for accurate absolute quantification of nucleosides by mass spectrometry. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the Sun and other similar stars, those fusion reactions involve hydrogen ions. The high temperatures needed to sustain fusion reactions are maintained by a self-heating process in which energy from the fusion reaction heats the thermal plasma ions via particle collisions. A plasma enters what scientists call the bur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are a number of types of mechanical screening equipment that cause segregation. These types are based on the motion of the machine through its motor drive.
*Circle-throw vibrating equipment - This type of equipment has an eccentric shaft that causes the frame of the shaker to lurch at a given angle. This lurchi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neutral red (toluylene red, Basic Red 5, or C.I. 50040) is a eurhodin dye used for staining in histology. It stains lysosomes red. It is used as a general stain in histology, as a counterstain in combination with other dyes, and for many staining methods. Together with Janus Green B, it is used to stain embryonal tissu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2021 California banned PFASs for use in food packaging and from infant and children's products and also required PFAS cookware in the state to carry a warning label. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unsaturated compounds, especially alkenes and alkynes, add halogens:
In oxychlorination, the combination of hydrogen chloride and oxygen serves as the equivalent of chlorine, as illustrated by this route to 1,2-dichloroethane:
The addition of halogens to alkenes proceeds via intermediate halonium ions. In special cases... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The activated sludge process is a type of biological wastewater treatment process for treating sewage or industrial wastewaters using aeration and a biological floc composed of bacteria and protozoa. It uses air (or oxygen) and microorganisms to biologically oxidize organic pollutants, producing a waste sludge (or floc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For , the system explodes since the exponential term dominates as time proceeds. We do not need to wait for a long time for to blow up. Because of the exponential forcing, at a finite value of . This time is interpreted as the ignition time or induction time of the system. When , the heat conduction term can be negl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Helical gear flowmeters get their name from the shape of their gears or rotors. These rotors resemble the shape of a helix, which is a spiral-shaped structure. As the fluid flows through the meter, it enters the compartments in the rotors, causing the rotors to rotate. The length of the rotor is sufficient that the inl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anabolism is powered by catabolism, where large molecules are broken down into smaller parts and then used up in cellular respiration. Many anabolic processes are powered by the cleavage of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Anabolism usually involves reduction and decreases entropy, making it unfavorable without energy inp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ovine forestomach matrix (OFM) (marketed as AROA ECM) is a layer of decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) biomaterial isolated from the propria submucosa of the rumen of sheep. OFM is used in tissue engineering and as a tissue scaffold for wound healing and surgical applications | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
FAS receptor gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 10 (10q24.1) in humans and on chromosome 19 in mice. The gene lies on the plus (Watson strand) and is 25,255 bases in length organized into nine protein encoding exons. Similar sequences related by evolution (orthologs) are found in most mammals. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Firefly luciferase is thought to be a homolog of long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase because of its ability to synthesize luciferyl-CoA from CoA and dehydroluciferyl-AMP. Inouye tested this hypothesis in 2010 by expressing the cDNA of Photinus pyralis and Lychocoriolaus lateralis luciferses in E. coli through cold sh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although not a strictly living form of polymerization catalytic chain transfer polymerization must be mentioned as it figures significantly in the development of later forms of living free radical polymerization.
Discovered in the late 1970s in the USSR it was found that cobalt porphyrins were able to reduce the molec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the early 1900s, immunologist Paul Ehrlich proposed the idea of a Zauberkugel – "magic bullet", conceived of as a compound which selectively targeted a disease-causing organism, and could deliver a toxin for that organism. This underpinned the concept of monoclonal antibodies and monoclonal drug conjugates. Ehrlich ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The BCA Micro BCA assay is a 3-component protocol which uses concentrated stocks of the Biuret reaction, BCA, and copper(II) reagents. It allows for an improved sensitivity of ~2 - 40 μg/mL vs 20 - 2000 µg/mL of the original BCA assay. However, it has a different, and generally speaking more sensitive, interference fro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In general acid catalysis all species capable of donating protons contribute to reaction rate acceleration. The strongest acids are most effective. Reactions in which proton transfer is rate-determining exhibit general acid catalysis, for example diazonium coupling reactions.
When keeping the pH at a constant level but... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Arabic/Persian: , died c. 806−816), is the supposed author of an enormous number and variety of works in Arabic often called the Jabirian corpus. Popularly known as the father of chemistry, Jabir's works contain the oldest known systematic classification of chemical substances, and the oldest known in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There is one assay office at Aradippou.
The Law governing the marking of precious metal articles has been ratified by the House of Representatives in 1991, creating a new semi-Governmental Organisation, the Cyprus Organisation for the Hallmarking of precious metals. The Cyprus Assay Office (CAO) is under the jurisdicti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the episode "Encyclopedia Galactica" of his TV series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, Carl Sagan speculates that some intelligent extraterrestrial beings might have a genetic code based on polyaromatic sulfonyl halides instead of DNA. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thioesters hydrolyze to thiols and the carboxylic acid:
:RC(O)SR' + HO → RCOH + RSH
The carbonyl center in thioesters is more reactive toward amine than oxygen nucleophiles, giving amides:
This reaction is exploited in native chemical ligation, a protocol for peptide synthesis.
In a related reaction, thioesters c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Lacassane Club was founded in 2013, as a subsidiary of The Lacassane Company, on 14,000 of the 21,000 acres owned by the company. The company offers personal and corporate hunting memberships that include access to the lodge, separate sleeping quarters called casitas and a 3 bedroom, 2 bath house called Jed's Cabin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All cells need energy to survive. Mitochondria is a double-membrane structure in the body cell that generates and transports essential metabolic products. The three layers of this structure are the outer membrane, intermembrane space, and inner membrane. The space inside the mitochondria is called the mitochondrial mat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Crown ethers, like cyclodextrin-type CSPs contain a chiral cavity. Crown ethers are immobilized on the silica surface to form chiral stationary phase. Crown ethers contain oxygen atoms within the cavity. The cyclic structure that contains apolar ethylene groups between oxygen forms hydrophobic inner cavity. Cram et al.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Markovnikov is best known for Markovnikovs rule, elucidated in 1869 to describe addition reactions of H-X (where X' represents a halogen) to alkenes. According to this rule, the nucleophilic X- binds to the carbon (C) atom with fewer hydrogen atoms, while the proton binds to the carbon atom with more hydrogen atoms bo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vapor phase osmometry is well suited for the analysis of oligomers and short polymers while higher polymers can be analyzed using other techniques such as membrane osmometry and light scattering. As of 2008, VPO faces competition from matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), but VPO sti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) is a member of the SFRP family that contains a cysteine-rich domain homologous to the putative Wnt-binding site of Frizzled proteins. SFRPs act as soluble modulators of Wnt signaling. SFRP1 and SFRP5 may be involved in determining the polarity of photoreceptor cells in the re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some metal carbonyls are prepared by the reduction of metal halides in the presence of high pressure of carbon monoxide. A variety of reducing agents are employed, including copper, aluminum, hydrogen, as well as metal alkyls such as triethylaluminium. Illustrative is the formation of chromium hexacarbonyl from anhydro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A wide range of Fe(III)-bearing minerals have been observed to function as terminal electron acceptors, including magnetite, hematite, goethite, lepidocrocite, ferrihydrite, hydrous ferric oxide, smectite, illite, jarosite, among others. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consistently producing ligand-targeted liposomes through traditional methods is difficult. The process can be tedious, challenging to control and result in a poorly defined system. Using the ‘post-insertion’ technique that involves micelles formed from PEG-linked ligands incubated with pre-formed, drug-loaded, non-targ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Svetozar Lj. Jovanović (1895–1951) was a Serbian chemist and assistant professor of chemistry from 1925 to 1941. He specialized in the field of analytical chemistry.
Jovanović developed a new electroanalytical method for the quantitative determination of antimony
and a method for the separation of copper from zinc by ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fermentation is the main source of ethanol in the production of ethanol fuel. Common crops such as sugar cane, potato, cassava, and maize are fermented by yeast to produce ethanol which is further processed to become fuel. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the most famous reversible photochromic applications is color changing lenses for sunglasses. The largest limitation in using photochromic technology is that the materials cannot be made stable enough to withstand thousands of hours of outdoor exposure so long-term outdoor applications are not appropriate at thi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Automated peptide synthesis involves the condensation of the amino group of protected amino acids with the activated ester. HOBt is used to produce such activated esters. These esters are insoluble (like the N-hydroxysuccinimide esters) and react with amines at ambient temperature to give amides.
HOBt is also used for ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The water–gas shift reaction (WGSR) describes the reaction of carbon monoxide and water vapor to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen:
: CO + HO CO + H
The water gas shift reaction was discovered by Italian physicist Felice Fontana in 1780. It was not until much later that the industrial value of this reaction was ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Either the enantiomer of the substrate is derivatized with two enantiomers of the CDA or both enantiomers of the substrate are derivatized with one enantiomer of the CDA. Two diastereomers form in both cases and the chemical shifts of their nuclei are evaluated to assign the configuration of the substrate. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) also contain a DNA binding domain and a nuclease that can cleave DNA. The DNA binding region consists of amino acid repeats that each recognize a single base pair of the desired targeted DNA sequence. If this cleavage is targeted to a gene coding region, and NHEJ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
So far only about two dozen sites have been identified where iron was made before the Roman invasion, mostly scattered across East Sussex and the Vale of Kent. A large site at Broadfield, Crawley is the westernmost place where smelting has been ascertained, although there is a possible site associated with an Iron Age ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On 6 March 1943, Eva and her parents were transported to the Theresienstadt Ghetto in Terezín, where her father was separated from her and her mother. In Terezín, she worked in agriculture, so she was able to go into the ghetto and managed to make contact with her father. In December 1943, she and her mother were trans... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aerobic organisms use a process called aerobic respiration to create ATP from ADP and a phosphate. Glucose (a monosaccharide) is oxidized to power the electron transport chain:
This equation is a summary of what happens in three series of biochemical reactions: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (also known as the Citric acid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Serotonylation is a receptor independent signaling mechanism by which serotonin activates intracellular processes by creating long lasting covalent bonds upon proteins. It occurs through the modification of proteins by the attachment of serotonin on their glutamine residues. This happens through the enzyme transglutam... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In theoretical physics, the electroweak model breaks parity maximally. All its fermions are chiral Weyl fermions, which means that the charged weak gauge bosons W and W only couple to left-handed quarks and leptons.
Some theorists found this objectionable, and so conjectured a GUT extension of the weak force which has ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The van t Hoff factor (named after Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff) is a measure of the effect of a solute on colligative properties such as osmotic pressure, relative lowering in vapor pressure, boiling-point elevation and freezing-point depression. The van t Hoff factor is the ratio between the actual conc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For basic science, notably developmental biology and cell biology, PSC-derived cells allow to study at the molecular and cellular levels fundamental questions in vitro, that would have been otherwise extremely difficult or impossible to study for technical and ethical reasons in vivo such as embryonic development of hu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An anodized oxide layer has a thickness in the range of to several micrometers. Standards for titanium anodizing are given by AMS 2487 and AMS 2488.
AMS 2488 Type III anodizing of titanium generates an array of different colours without dyes, for which it is sometimes used in art, costume jewellery, body piercing jewe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Raman shift chemical imaging spectral range spans from approximately 50 to 4,000 cm; the actual spectral range over which a particular Raman measurement is made is a function of the laser excitation frequency. The basic principle behind Raman spectroscopy differs from the MIR and NIR in that the x-axis of the Raman... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Termination: The TE-domain (thio-esterase domain) hydrolyzes the completed polypeptide chain from the PCP-domain of the previous module, thereby often forming cyclic amides (lactams) or cyclic esters (lactones).
* Also, the peptide can be released by an R-domain that reduces the thioester bond to terminal aldehyde or... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are three groups of methods for correlating and predicting LCSTs. The first group proposes models that are based on a solid theoretical background using liquid–liquid or vapor–liquid experimental data. These methods require experimental data to adjust the unknown parameters, resulting in limited predictive abilit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The oral bioavailability of drospirenone is between 66 and 85%. Peak levels occur 1 to 6 hours after an oral dose. Levels are about 27 ng/mL after a single 4 mg dose. There is 1.5- to 2-fold accumulation in drospirenone levels with continuous administration, with steady-state levels of drospirenone achieved after 7 to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This journal is abstracted and indexed in BIOSIS, Chemical Abstracts, Clinical Chemistry Lookout, Current Clinical Chemistry, Current Contents/Life Sciences, EMBASE, EMBiology, FRANCIS, Index Chemica, Informedicus, MEDLINE, PASCAL, Reference Update, and Scopus. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SFP for a given fan system and operating point (combination of flow rate and pressure rise) is defined as:
where:
* is the electrical power used by the fan (or sum of all fans in the ventilation system) [kW]
* is the gross amount of air circulated through the fan (or ventilation system) [m/s]
There are various sub-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The development of orthogonal protecting groups is a problem in organic synthesis because these protecting groups allow each instance of a common functional group, such as the hydroxyl group, to be distinguished during the synthesis of a complex molecule. A very common protecting group for the hydroxyl functional group... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.