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In a 2022 study by Chaudhary et al., aquasomes were explored for delivery of the drug dithranol, which is a treatment for psoriasis. A limitation of the practical application of free dithranol in the treatment of psoriasis is its degradation when encountering oxygen, light, alkaline pH, and heavy metallic elements, lea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For many years mutations of the seipin gene were associated with a loss of function, such as in CGL (see above). However, recent studies show that mutations such as N88S and S90L seem to have a gain-of-toxic-function which may result in autosomal dominant motor neuron diseases and distal hereditary motor neuropathy, su... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The concept of natural product, which initially based on organic compounds that could be isolated from plants, was extended to include animal material in the middle of the 19th century by the German Justus von Liebig. Hermann Emil Fischer in 1884, turned his attention to the study of carbohydrates and purines, work for... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Technetium-99ms short half-life of 6 hours makes storage impossible and would make transport very expensive. Instead, its parent nuclide Mo is supplied to hospitals after its extraction from the neutron-irradiated uranium targets and its purification in dedicated processing facilities. It is shipped by specialised radi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, an active ester is an ester functional group that is highly susceptible toward nucleophilic attack. Activation can be imparted by modifications of the acyl or the alkoxy components of a normal ester, say ethyl acetate. Typical modifications call for electronegative substituents. Active esters are ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Till early 1970s, it was often recommended for use in victims of rape in order to avoid pregnancy. The idea stemmed from the fact that, in the laboratory, Lugols iodine appeared to kill sperm cells even in such great dilutions as 1:32. Thus it was thought that an intrauterine application of Lugols iodine, immediately... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid that does not follow Newton's law of viscosity, that is, it has variable viscosity dependent on stress. In particular, the viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids can change when subjected to force. Ketchup, for example, becomes runnier when shaken and is thus a non-Newtonian fluid. Many salt... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The coordination numbers are well defined for atoms in the interior of a crystal lattice: one counts the nearest neighbors in all directions. The number of neighbors of an interior atom is termed the bulk coordination number. For surfaces, the number of neighbors is more limited, so the surface coordination number is s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Using the stream function, one can express the velocity in terms of the vector potential
where , and is the unit vector pointing in the positive direction. This can also be written as the vector cross product
where we've used the vector calculus identity
Noting that , and defining , one can express the velocity fiel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A compound may be labeled as dextrorotary by using the "(+)-" or "d-" prefix. Likewise, a laevorotary compound may be labeled using the "(−)-" or "l-" prefix. The lowercase "d-" and "l-" prefixes are obsolete, and are distinct from the "-" and "-" prefixes. The "-" and "-" prefixes are used to specify the enantiomer ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plastics exist in huge variety, however several types of commodity polymer dominate global production: polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE), polystyrene (PS), polycarbonate (PC), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The degradation of these materials i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An example of a nucleogenic nuclide is neon-21 produced from neon-20 that absorbs a thermal neutron (though some neon-21 is also primordial). Other nucleogenic reactions that produce heavy neon isotopes are (fast neutron capture, alpha emission) reactions, starting with magnesium-24 and magnesium-25, respectively. The ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
La confusion sexuelle or mating disruption, was first discussed by the Institut national de la recherche agronomique in 1974 in Bordeaux, France.
Winemakers in France, Switzerland, Spain, Germany, and Italy were the first to use the method to treat vines against the larvae of the moth genus Cochylis. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first uncoupling protein discovered, UCP1, was discovered in the brown adipose tissues of hibernators and small rodents, which provide non-shivering heat to these animals. These brown adipose tissues are essential to maintaining the body temperature of small rodents, and studies with (UCP1)-knockout mice show that ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A germicidal lamp (also known as disinfection lamp or sterilizer lamp) is an electric light that produces ultraviolet C (UVC) light. This short-wave ultraviolet light disrupts DNA base pairing, causing formation of pyrimidine dimers, and leads to the inactivation of bacteria, viruses, and protozoans. It can also be use... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
New was born in Sydney in 1984. She represented Australia at the International Chemistry Olympiad in 2000 and 2001, winning bronze and gold medals respectively, and graduated from James Ruse Agricultural High School with a UAI of 100. She earned a bachelors degree in chemistry at the University of Sydney in 2005, where... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pyridines and pyrimidines have shown good complexation properties for palladium and have been employed in the formation of catalysts suitable for Sonogashira couplings. The dipyrimidyl-palladium complex shown below has been employed in the copper-free coupling of iodo-, bromo-, and chlorobenzene with phenylacetylene us... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biofiltration is used to treat wastewater from a wide range of sources, with varying organic compositions and concentrations. Many examples of biofiltration applications are described in the literature. Bespoke biofilters have been developed and commercialized for the treatment of animal wastes, landfill leachates, dai... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Mayo-Lewis method uses a form of the copolymer equation relating to :
For each different monomer composition, a line is generated using arbitrary values. The intersection of these lines is the , for the system. More frequently, the lines do not intersect in a single point and the area in which most lines interse... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The AMPA receptor (AMPAR) is the engine that drives excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). While some forms of the AMPAR can conduct calcium, most AMPARs found in the neocortex do not. The AMPAR, upon binding two glutamate molecules, undergoes a conformational change that resembles the opening of a clam shell. Thi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In this oxidation scheme, ultraviolet light alone oxidizes the carbon within the sample to produce CO. The UV oxidation method offers the most reliable, low maintenance method of analyzing TOC in ultra-pure waters. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In aqueous solution the concentration of the hydroxide ion is related to the concentration of the hydrogen ion by
The first step in metal ion hydrolysis can be expressed in two different ways
It follows that . Hydrolysis constants are usually reported in the β form and therefore often have values much less than 1. For ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Diffusion constant, relates the flux of particles with the negative gradient of the concentration (see Fick's laws of diffusion)
* Thermal conductivity (see Fourier's law)
* Ionic conductivity
* Mass transport coefficient
* Shear viscosity , where is the viscous stress tensor (see Newtonian fluid)
* Electrical condu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Benzene is used mainly as an intermediate to make other chemicals, above all ethylbenzene (and other alkylbenzenes), cumene, cyclohexane, and nitrobenzene. In 1988 it was reported that two-thirds of all chemicals on the American Chemical Societys lists contained at least one benzene ring. More than half of the entire b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bromothymol blue is synthesized by addition of elemental bromine to thymol blue in a solution in glacial acetic acid.
To prepare a solution for use as pH indicator, dissolve 0.10 g in 8.0 cm N/50 (a.k.a. 0.02 Normal) NaOH and dilute with water to 250 cm. To prepare a solution for use as indicator in volumetric work, di... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If , where (say, the Reynolds number) is a constant, then we have
In the limit , the limiting behaviour isa diffusional spreading of a source and therefore is given by
On the other hand, In the limit , the solution approaches that of the aforementioned Chandrasekhars shock-wave solution of the inviscid Burgers equatio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Capsaicin is not soluble in water, and even large volumes of water will not wash it off, only dilute it. In general, victims are encouraged to blink vigorously in order to encourage tears, which will help flush the irritant from the eyes.
A study of five often-recommended treatments for skin pain (Maalox, 2% lidocaine ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A significant question remains unanswered. If the insidious dangers of alchemical elixir poisoning were common knowledge, why did people continue to consume them for centuries? Joseph Needham and his collaborators suggested three hypothetical explanations, and Michel Strickmann proposed another. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*https://pubs.aip.org/aip/adv/article/9/7/075112/22584/Reactor-Monte-Carlo-RMC-model-validation-and
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080703183328/http://nuclear.inl.gov/52reactors.shtml List of reactors at INL and picture of ATR core]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051108154456/http://teton.if.uidaho.edu/drying.html AT... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Source: [https://www.nace.org/membership/member-resources/awards/frank-newman-speller-award NACE International]
*1947 - Frank Newman Speller
*1948 - John M. Pearson
*1949 - Francis L. LaQue
*1950 - O.C. Mudd
*1951 - Kirk H. Logan
*1952 - Starr Thayer
*1953 - Scott P. Ewing
*1954 - E.H. Dix, Jr.
*1955 - Gordon N. Scott
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phosphine gas is denser than air and hence may collect in low-lying areas. It can form explosive mixtures with air, and may also self-ignite. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lithuanias first peat moss cultivation trial was in 2011, in Aukštumala Moor in Nemunas Delta Regional Park. Researchers from Vilnius Institute of Botany transplanted sections of Sphagnum' from a neighbouring degraded raised bog to the exposed peat surface. They found that 94% of the patches survived and expanded to th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The stability class can be defined also by using the
* Temperature gradient
* fluctuations in wind direction
* Richardson number
* Bulk Richardson number
* Monin–Obukhov length | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the last years, in silico medicine turned out to be promising, aiding scientists and clinicians to prevent and adequately cure several diseases. Computational modeling aid in understanding complex phenomena, allowing scientists to vary parameters aiming to measure variables that otherwise could have not been investi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Propionyl-CoA accumulation can prove toxic to different organisms. Since different cycles have been proposed regarding how propionyl-CoA is transformed into pyruvate, one studied mechanism is the methylcitrate cycle. The initial reaction is beta-oxidation to form the propionyl-CoA which is further broken down by the cy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many reef aquarium keepers use RO systems to make fish-friendly seawater. Ordinary tap water can contain excessive chlorine, chloramines, copper, nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, silicates, or other chemicals detrimental to marine organisms. Contaminants such as nitrogen and phosphates can lead to unwanted algae growth.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fixed carbon content of the coal is the carbon found in the material which is left after volatile materials are driven off. This differs from the ultimate carbon content of the coal because some carbon is lost in hydrocarbons with the volatiles. Fixed carbon is used as an estimate of the amount of coke that will be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although most consider the French physicist Nicolas Sadi Carnot to be the first true thermodynamicist, the term thermodynamics itself wasnt coined until 1849 by Lord Kelvin in his publication An Account of Carnots Theory of the Motive Power of Heat.
The first thermodynamic textbook was written in 1859 by William Rankin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1933, Prelog married Kamila Vitek. The couple had a son Jan (born 1949).
An intellectual with a wide cultural background, Prelog was one of the 109 Nobel Prize winners who signed the peace appeal for Croatia in 1991.
Vladimir Prelog died in Zürich, at the age of 91. An urn containing Prelog's ashes was ceremoniously... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The species was formerly grouped with the western meadow vole (M. drummondii) and the Florida salt marsh vole (M. dukecampbelli) as a single species with a very large range, but genetic evidence indicates that these are all distinct species. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Tabula Affinitatum is a table of chemical affinities between substances.
Commissioned around 1766 by the pharmacist Hubert Franz Hoefer for the apothecarys shop of the Grand Duke of Florence, this large table of chemical substances was designed to guide the preparer of pharmaceutical remedies in identifying the com... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
HDAC3 has been found to be most closely related to HDAC8. HDAC3 contains a non-conserved region in the C-terminal region that was found to be required for transcriptional repression as well as its deacetylase activity. It also contains two regions, one called a Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS) as well as a Nuclear Exp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The genetic code was once believed to be universal: a codon would code for the same amino acid regardless of the organism or source. However, it is now agreed that the genetic code evolves, resulting in discrepancies in how a codon is translated depending on the genetic source. For example, in 1981, it was discovered t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2017, the Systems Thinking Into Chemistry Education (STICE) project proposed a systems thinking approach for (post)-secondary education in general chemistry education. Chemistry education has largely relied on a reductionist approach, which involves studying a complex topic as the sum of its parts. A reductionist ap... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As a result of the growing need to manage waste throughout greater Hamburg, the first commercially operating ATR facility – the Müllverwertung Rugenberger Damm (MVR) in Hamburg, Germany – was commissioned in 1999. The German Green Party has endorsed the specific features of the MVR facility in its "Concept 2020" initia... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In asymmetric addition of dialkylzinc compounds to aldehydes dialkyl zinc compounds can be used to perform asymmetric additions to aldehydes, generating substituted alcohols as products (See Barbier reaction). Chiral alcohols are prevalent in many natural products, drugs, and other important organic molecules. Dimethyl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pressurized water reactor (PWR) fuel consists of cylindrical rods put into bundles. A uranium oxide ceramic is formed into pellets and inserted into Zircaloy tubes that are bundled together. The Zircaloy tubes are about in diameter, and the fuel cladding gap is filled with helium gas to improve heat conduction from th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ibuprofen was derived from propionic acid by the research arm of Boots Group during the 1960s. The name is derived from the 3 functional groups: isobutyl (ibu) propionic acid (pro) phenyl (fen). Its discovery was the result of research during the 1950s and 1960s to find a safer alternative to aspirin. The molecule was ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In male dominated Japan, Okamoto had to fight against sexism. She had a supervisor sympathetic to women in science during the early stages of her career.
However she and a coworker were asked to leave a pediatric conference, because the event was not for "women and children" (onna kodomo), a term she said in a 2012 in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hammond married Ellen Sarah Sophia Clarke (1833–1905), the sister-in-law of Samuel Warren, in 1874. Hammond survived her by three years upon her death in 1905.
Along with New York architect Alexander Twombly, who was the engineer and draftsman of Forest Paper Company, Hammond designed what is today known as Camp Hammon... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In many areas of science, Braggs law, Wulff–Braggs condition, or Laue–Bragg interference are a special case of Laue diffraction, giving the angles for coherent scattering of waves from a large crystal lattice. It describes how the superposition of wave fronts scattered by lattice planes leads to a strict relation betwe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In an ideal system, the emitter is surrounded by converters so no light is lost. Realistically, geometries must accommodate the input energy (fuel injection or input light) used to heat the emitter. Additionally, costs have prohibited surrounding the filter with converters. When the emitter reemits light, anything that... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Caustic embrittlement is the phenomenon in which the material of a boiler becomes brittle due to the accumulation of caustic substances. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spin column-based nucleic acid purification is a solid phase extraction method to quickly purify nucleic acids. This method relies on the fact that nucleic acid will bind to the solid phase of silica under certain conditions. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Intravenous dexmedetomidine exhibits linear pharmacokinetics with a rapid distribution half-life of approximately 6 minutes in healthy volunteers, and a longer and more variable distribution half-life in ICU patients. The terminal elimination half-life of intravenous dexmedetomidine ranged 2.1 to 3.1 hours in healthy a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The onset of the Iron Age in most parts of the world coincides with the first widespread use of the bloomery. While earlier examples of iron are found, their high nickel content indicates that this is meteoric iron. Other early samples of iron may have been produced by accidental introduction of iron ore in copper-smel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Adiabatic electron-transfer is a type of oxidation-reduction processes. The mechanism is ubiquitous in nature in both the inorganic and biological spheres. Adiabatic electron-transfers proceed without making or breaking chemical bonds. Adiabatic electron-transfer can occur by either optical or thermal mechanisms. El... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon added to sedimentary rocks can take the form of carbonates, or organic carbon compounds. In order of source quantity the organic carbon comes from phytoplankton, plants, bacteria and zooplankton. However terrestrial sediments may be mostly from higher plants, and some oxygen deficient sediments from water may be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
N-Methylmorpholine is the organic compound with the formula O(CHCH)NCH. It is a colorless liquid. It is a cyclic tertiary amine. It is used as a base catalyst for generation of polyurethanes and other reactions. It is produced by the reaction of methylamine and diethylene glycol as well as by the hydrogenolysis of N... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The spin angular momentum of an electron precesses counter-clockwise about the direction of the magnetic field. An electron has a negative charge, so the direction of its magnetic moment is opposite to that of its spin. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hypopituitarism commonly develops after radiation therapy for sellar and parasellar neoplasms, extrasellar brain tumors, head and neck tumors, and following whole body irradiation for systemic malignancies. 40–50% of children treated for childhood cancer develop some endocrine side effect. Radiation-induced hypopituita... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Wigner–Seitz cell always has the same point symmetry as the underlying Bravais lattice. For example, the cube, truncated octahedron, and rhombic dodecahedron have point symmetry O, since the respective Bravais lattices used to generate them all belong to the cubic lattice system, which has O point symmetry. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the United States the EPA mandates certain treatment processes designed to significantly decrease levels of certain so-called indicator organisms, in biosolids. These include, "...operational standards for fecal coliforms, Salmonella sp. bacteria, enteric viruses, and viable helminth ova."
However, the US-based Wate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chloroplasts are a special type of a plant cell organelle called a plastid, though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. There are many other types of plastids, which carry out various functions. All chloroplasts in a plant are descended from undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alternative means of assimilating iron are surface reduction, lowering of pH, utilization of heme, or extraction of protein-complexed metal. Recent data suggest that iron-chelating molecules with similar properties to siderophores, were produced by marine bacteria under phosphate limiting growth condition. In nature ph... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Laser Doppler velocimetry, also known as laser Doppler anemometry, is the technique of using the Doppler shift in a laser beam to measure the velocity in transparent or semi-transparent fluid flows or the linear or vibratory motion of opaque, reflecting surfaces. The measurement with laser Doppler anemometry is absolut... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To suppress competing isomerization of the alkene, the rate of migratory insertion of the carbonyl into the carbon-metal bond of the alkyl must be relatively fast. The rate of insertion of the carbonyl carbon into the C-M bond is likely to be greater than the rate of beta-hydride elimination. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Imidapril, sold under the brand name Tanatril among others, is an ACE inhibitor used as an antihypertensive drug and for the treatment of chronic heart failure.
It was patented in 1982 and approved for medical use in 1993. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The tool called gpaGUI provides an interactive interface for geometric phase analysis. It allows to generate 2D maps of various crystallographic quantities using high-resolution images.
Since the geometric phase analysis is performed in frequency domain, the high-resolution image needs to be transformed into frequentia... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In astrophysics, mass transfer is the process by which matter gravitationally bound to a body, usually a star, fills its Roche lobe and becomes gravitationally bound to a second body, usually a compact object (white dwarf, neutron star or black hole), and is eventually accreted onto it. It is a common phenomenon in bin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In condensed matter physics, second sound is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which heat transfer occurs by wave-like motion, rather than by the more usual mechanism of diffusion. Its presence leads to a very high thermal conductivity. It is known as "second sound" because the wave motion of entropy and temperature i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermodynamically, proton coupled multiple-electron reduction of CO is easier than single electron reduction. But to manage multiple proton coupled multiple-electron processes is a huge challenge kinetically. This leads to a high overpotential for electrochemical heterogeneous reduction of CO to hydrocarbons and alcoho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The discovery of msDNA has led to broader questions regarding where reverse transcriptase originated, as genes encoding for reverse transcriptase (not necessarily associated with msDNA) have been found in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, viruses and even archaea. After a DNA fragment coding for the production of msDNA in E. co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the early years, people from the surrounding community used the mill tailings as fill dirt in various properties, such as their yards and gardens. A woman who played in such a yard as a child later sued Kerr-McGee over her Hodgkin's disease and settled out of court in 1988.
Radioactive waste from the plant was put i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic medication used to treat a number of bacterial infections. It is used intravenously (injection into a vein) as a treatment for complicated skin infections, bloodstream infections, endocarditis, bone and joint infections, and meningitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The South African company Rand Refinery Limited rebuilt its smelter in 1986, incorporating two 1.5 t TBRCs and a small static reverberatory furnace for cupellation to produce doré bullion containing gold and silver. The original concept was to produce doré bullion directly from the TBRCs, but this proved impossible, as... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The institute also contributes to the undergraduate programs and university studies as well as continuing vocational trainings. Academic staff is involved in several master programs and coordinates two of them. The institute is also engaged in an Erasmus Mundus master, «EACH» (Excellence in Analytical Chemistry), and t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Insulators have two main functions:
# Enhancer-blocking insulators prevent distal enhancers from acting on the promoter of neighbouring genes
# Barrier insulators prevent silencing of euchromatin by the spread of neighbouring heterochromatin
While enhancer-blocking is classified as an inter-chromosomal interaction, act... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The diphosphine ligands have received considerably more attention than the monophosphines and, perhaps as a consequence, have a much longer list of achievement. This class includes the first ligand to achieve high selectivity (DIOP), the first ligand to be used in industrial asymmetric synthesis (DIPAMP) and what is l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Example phases are:
*β-MgAl: 1168 atoms per unit cell, face-centred cubic, atoms arranged in Friauf polyhedra.
*ξ'–AlPdMn: 318 atoms per unit cell, face-centred orthorhombic, atoms arranged in Mackay-type clusters.
* (Bergman phase): 163 atoms per unit cell, body centred cubic, atoms arranged in Bergman clusters.
* (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Each piston is mechanically or magnetically operated to fill a cylinder with the fluid and then discharge the fluid. Each stroke represents a finite measurement of the fluid (can be a single or multi-piston device). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An aquatic system lacking dissolved oxygen (0% saturation) is termed anaerobic, reducing, or anoxic.
In water, oxygen levels are approximately 7 ppm or 0.0007% in good quality water, but fluctuate.
Many organisms require hypoxic conditions. Oxygen is poisonous to anaerobic bacteria for example.
Oxygen depletion is ty... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Generally this topic is discussed when covering tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation and occurs generally by the same mechanisms.
For example, of a mechanism of alpha-cleavage, an electron is knocked off an atom (usually by electron collision) to form a radical cation. Electron removal generally happens in the follow... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When used in the context of the Boussinesq approximation the densimetric Froude number is defined as
where is the reduced gravity:
The densimetric Froude number is usually preferred by modellers who wish to nondimensionalize a speed preference to the Richardson number which is more commonly encountered when considerin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RNA interference(RNAi) is a process that occurs naturally within the cytoplasm inhibiting gene expression at specific sequences. Regulation of gene expression through RNAi is possible by introducing small interfering RNAs(siRNAs), which effectively silence expression of a targeted gene. RNAi activates the RNA-induced... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Fischer–Tropsch process involves a series of chemical reactions that produce a variety of hydrocarbons, ideally having the formula (CH). The more useful reactions produce alkanes as follows:
: (2n + 1) H + n CO → CH + n HO
where n is typically 10–20. The formation of methane (n = 1) is unwanted. Most of the alkanes... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In crystallography, atomic packing factor (APF), packing efficiency, or packing fraction is the fraction of volume in a crystal structure that is occupied by constituent particles. It is a dimensionless quantity and always less than unity. In atomic systems, by convention, the APF is determined by assuming that atoms a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Bronze Age Britain, gold objects were prestigious items, and archaeologists believe that those who owned them, or were buried with them, had a high status in society. Archaeologist George Eogan noted that gold reflected "ostentation in society, a society that has divisions along rank." | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Guderley–Landau–Stanyukovich problem describes the time evolution of converging shock waves. The problem was discussed by G. Guderley in 1942 and independently by Lev Landau and K. P. Stanyukovich in 1944, where the later authors' analysis was published in 1955. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A classic example of transition metal-assisted dearomatization is the Buchner ring expansion. Catalytic asymmetric dearomatization reactions (CADA) are used in enantioselective synthesis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On May 19, 2003, Paul Anastas along with his future wife, Julie Zimmerman created the 12 Principles of Green Engineering. This expanded upon the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry to not only include the guidelines for what an environmentally conscious chemical should be in theory, but also what steps should be followed ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*ISO.15730:2000 Metallic and other Inorganic Coatings - Electropolishing as a Means of Smoothing and Passivating Stainless Steel
*ASME BPE Standards for Electropolishing Bioprocessing Equipment
*SEMI F19, Electropolishing Specifications for Semiconductor Applications
*ASTM B 912-02 (2008), Passivation of Stainless Stee... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Treatment with RO is limited, resulting in low recoveries on high concentration (measured with electrical conductivity) and membrane fouling. RO applicability is limited by conductivity, organics, and scaling inorganic elements such as CaSO, Si, Fe and Ba. Low organic scaling can use two different technologies: spiral ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compared to other integration-based techniques that compute field lines of the input vector field, LIC has the advantage that all structural features of the vector field are displayed, without the need to adapt the start and end points of field lines to the specific vector field. In other words, it shows the topology o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In some instances, differentiation between species may be problematic when using 16S rRNA sequences due to similarity. In such instances, 23S rRNA may be a better alternative. The global standard library of rRNA sequences is constantly becoming larger and continuously being updated, and thus the possibility of a random... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A solution of a chemical compound in a liquid will become supersaturated when the temperature of the saturated solution is changed. In most cases solubility decreases with decreasing temperature; in such cases the excess of solute will rapidly separate from the solution as crystals or an amorphous powder.
In a few cas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In September 2011, three NASA investigators claimed that they identified tin whiskers on the accelerator position sensors of sampled Toyota Camry models that could contribute to the "stuck accelerator" crashes affecting certain Toyota models during 2005–2010. This contradicted an earlier 10-month joint investigation by... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stripping works on the basis of mass transfer. The idea is to make the conditions favorable for the component, A, in the liquid phase to transfer to the vapor phase. This involves a gas–liquid interface that A must cross. The total amount of A that has moved across this boundary can be defined as the flux of A, N. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tc remained a scientific curiosity until the 1950s when Powell Richards realized the potential of technetium-99m as a medical radiotracer and promoted its use among the medical community. While Richards was in charge of the radioisotope production at the Hot Lab Division of the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Walter Tu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The presence of radioactive waste in the environment may cause long-term effects due to the activity and half-life of the radionuclides, leading their impact to grow with time. These particles exist in various oxidation states and are found as oxides, coprecipitates, or as organic or inorganic complexes, according to t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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