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Compounds with the formula [PR]X comprise the phosphonium salts. These species are tetrahedral phosphorus(V) compounds. From the commercial perspective, the most important member is tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride, [P(CHOH)]Cl, which is used as a fire retardant in textiles. Approximately 2M kg are produc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biological molecular machines have been known and studied for years given their vital role in sustaining life, and have served as inspiration for synthetically designed systems with similar useful functionality. The advent of conformational analysis, or the study of conformers to analyze complex chemical structures, in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Toshiko K. Mayeda (née Kuki) (1923–13 February 2004) was a Japanese American chemist who worked at the Enrico Fermi Institute in the University of Chicago. She worked on climate science and meteorites from 1958 to 2004. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After his PhD, he joined, in 2001 Prof. Dr. Robert H. Crabtree's research team at Yale, USA, to develop the coordination chemistry of N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands with various metals and to study their application as catalysts in C–H activation reactions.
This period was followed by a short stay, 2002–2003, as ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The concept and use of the power spectrum of a signal is fundamental in electrical engineering, especially in electronic communication systems, including radio communications, radars, and related systems, plus passive remote sensing technology. Electronic instruments called spectrum analyzers are used to observe and me... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chitin was probably present in the exoskeletons of Cambrian arthropods such as trilobites. The oldest preserved chitin dates to the Oligocene, about , consisting of a beetle encased in amber. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The swelling and bioadhesion of hydrogels can be controlled based on the fluid environment they are introduced to in the body. These properties make them excellent for use as controlled drug delivery devices. Where the hydrogel adheres in the body will be determined by its chemistry and reactions with the surrounding t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cytocidal infections are often associated with changes in cell morphology, physiology and are thus important for the complete viral replication and transformation. Cytopathic Effects, often include a change in cells morphology such as fusion with adjacent cells to form polykaryocytes as well as the synthesis of nuclea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The height of the jump is derived from the application of the equations of conservation of mass and momentum. There are several methods of predicting the height of a hydraulic jump.
They all reach common conclusions that:
* The ratio of the water depth before and after the jump depend solely on the ratio of velocity of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Examples of distillation for zeotropic mixtures can be found in industry. Refining crude oil is an example of multi-component distillation in industry that has been used for more than 75 years. Crude oil is separated into five components with main and side columns in a sharp split configuration. In addition, ethylene i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Conservation of substance implies that the volume of wine in the barrel holding mostly water has to be equal to the volume of water in the barrel holding mostly wine.
The mixtures can be visualised as separated into their water and wine components:
To help in grasping this, the wine and water may be represented by, say... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Curiosity rover from the Mars Science Laboratory mission, with its Curiosity rover is currently assessing the potential past and present habitability of the Martian environment and is attempting to detect biosignatures on the surface of Mars. Considering the MSL instrument payload package, the following classes of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A simple Taylor–Couette flow is a steady flow created between two rotating infinitely long coaxial cylinders. Since the cylinder lengths are infinitely long, the flow is essentially unidirectional in steady state. If the inner cylinder with radius is rotating at constant angular velocity and the outer cylinder with r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the US, fire protection systems must adhere to the standards set forth in the installation standards of NFPA 13, (NFPA) 13D,(NFPA) 13R, (NFPA 14) and (NFPA) 25which are administered, copyrighted, and published by the National Fire Protection Association. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Auger electron spectroscopy (AES; pronounced in French) is a common analytical technique used specifically in the study of surfaces and, more generally, in the area of materials science. It is a form of electron spectroscopy that relies on the Auger effect, based on the analysis of energetic electrons emitted from an ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Proximity and access to water have been key factors in human settlement through history. Water, along with the spaces around it, create a potential for transport, trade, and power generation. They also provide the human population with resources like recreation and tourism in addition to drinking water and food. Many o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1960, the biochemist Robert K. Crane revealed his discovery of the sodium-glucose cotransport as the mechanism for intestinal glucose absorption. This was the very first proposal of a coupling between the fluxes of an ion and a substrate that has been seen as sparking a revolution in biology. This discovery, however... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
French drains can be used in farmers' fields for the tile drainage of waterlogged fields. Such fields are called "tiled". Weeping tiles can be used anywhere that soil needs to be drained.
Weeping tiles are used for the opposite reason in septic drain fields for septic tanks. Clarified sewage from the septic tank is fed... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One example of a linear shear rheometer is the Goodyear linear skin rheometer, which is used to test cosmetic cream formulations, and for medical research purposes to quantify the elastic properties of tissue.
The device works by attaching a linear probe to the surface of the tissue under test, a controlled cyclical fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Figure 4 shows an experimental realization of the
Gaspard–Rice system using a laser instead of a point particle.
As anyone who's actually tried this knows, this is not a very effective
method of testing the system—the laser beam gets scattered in every
direction. As shown by Sweet, Ott and Yorke,
a more effective meth... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In plasma physics and magnetic confinement fusion, neoclassical transport or neoclassical diffusion is a theoretical description of collisional transport in toroidal plasmas, usually found in tokamaks or stellerators. It is a modification of classical diffusion adding in effects of non-uniform magnetic fields due to th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Throughout this article, [RL] denotes the concentration of a receptor-ligand complex, [R] the concentration of free receptor, and [L] the concentration of free ligand (so that the total concentration of the receptor and ligand are [R]+[RL] and [L]+[RL], respectively). Let n be the number of binding sites for ligand on ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Potentiometric solid state gas sensors have been generally classified into three broad groups.
*Type I sensors have an electrolyte containing mobile ions of the chemical species in the gas phase that it is monitoring. The commercial product, YSZ oxygen sensor, is an example of type I.
*Type II sensors do not have mobil... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A negative-calorie food is food that supposedly requires more food energy to be digested than the food provides. Its thermic effect or specific dynamic action—the caloric "cost" of digesting the food—would be greater than its food energy content. Despite its recurring popularity in dieting guides, there is no evidence ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The kiln is a cylindrical vessel, inclined slightly from the horizontal, which is rotated slowly about its longitudinal axis. The process feedstock is fed into the upper end of the cylinder. As the kiln rotates, material gradually moves down toward the lower end, and may undergo a certain amount of stirring and mixin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Balanced chromosomal rearrangements can have a significant contribution to diseases, as demonstrated by the studies of leukemia. However, many of them are undetected by chromosomal microarray. Karyotyping and FISH can identify balanced translocations and inversions but are labor-intensive and provide low resolution (sm... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bromine is used in flame retardants, pesticides, lighter fuel, antiknocking agents, and for water purification. The organic form of this element is used as flame retardants commercially and in pesticides. These chemicals have led to an increase in the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. Some countries use bromi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A stink bomb that could be launched with arrows was invented by Leonardo da Vinci.
The 1972 U.S. presidential campaign of Edmund Muskie was disrupted at least four times in Florida in 1972 with the use of stink bombs during the Florida presidential primary. Stink bombs were set off at campaign picnics in Miami and Tamp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Deformulation refers to a set of analytical procedures used to separate and identify individual components of a formulated chemical substance. Deformulation applies methods of analytical chemistry and is often used to obtain competitive intelligence about chemical products. Deformulation is related to reverse engineeri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is a chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons and protons from one atom to another. The term was originally coined for single proton, single electron processes that are concerted, but the definition has relaxed to include many related processes. Reactions th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The partition system of the plasmid R388 has been found within the stb operon. This operon is composed of three genes, stbA, stbB and stbC.
* StbA protein is a DNA-binding protein (identical to [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P11904 ParM]) and is strictly required for the stability and intracellular positioning of pla... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Genome-wide CRISPR screens will ultimately be limited by the properties of the chosen sgRNA library. Each library will contain a different set of sgRNAs, and average coverage per gene may vary. Currently available libraries tend to be biased towards sgRNAs targeting early (5’) protein-coding exons, rather than those ta... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lactams form by copper-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of alkynes and nitrones in the Kinugasa reaction | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The gun method has also been applied for nuclear artillery shells, since the simpler design can be more easily engineered to withstand the rapid acceleration and g-forces imparted by an artillery gun, and since the smaller diameter of the gun-type design can be relatively easily fitted to projectiles that can be fired ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ATP synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (P). ATP synthase is a molecular machine. The overall reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase is:
* ADP + P + 2H ATP + HO + 2H
ATP synthase lies across... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The use of two lasers to heat the sample reduces the axial temperature gradient, this which allows for thicker samples to be heated more evenly. In order for a double-sided heating system to be successful it is essential that the two lasers are aligned so that they are both focused on the sample position. For in situ h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Magnus effect is an observable phenomenon that is commonly associated with a spinning object moving through a fluid. The path of the spinning object is deflected in a manner that is not present when the object is not spinning. The deflection can be explained by the difference in pressure of the fluid on opposite si... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The dimensions that can be formed from a given collection of basic physical dimensions, such as T, L, and M, form an abelian group: The identity is written as 1; , and the inverse of L is 1/L or L. L raised to any integer power is a member of the group, having an inverse of L or 1/L. The operation of the group is mul... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemical reaction engineering (reaction engineering or reactor engineering) is a specialty in chemical engineering or industrial chemistry dealing with chemical reactors. Frequently the term relates specifically to catalytic reaction systems where either a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst is present in the reacto... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxidoreductases are classified as EC 1 in the EC number classification of enzymes. Oxidoreductases can be further classified into 21 subclasses:
* EC 1.1 includes oxidoreductases that act on the CH-OH group of donors (alcohol oxidoreductases such as methanol dehydrogenase)
* EC 1.2 includes oxidoreductases that act on ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since ca. 2000 methanesulfonic acid has become a popular replacement for other acids in numerous industrial and laboratory applications, because it:
* is a strong acid,
* has a low vapor pressure (see boiling points in the "Properties" inset),
* is not an oxidant or explosive, like nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acids.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) are a class of anticoagulant drugs that can be used to prevent and treat embolisms and blood clots caused by various diseases. They inhibit thrombin, a serine protease which affects the coagulation cascade in many ways. DTIs have undergone rapid development since the 90's. With technol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A compound with a desired size of effects in an HTS is called a hit. The process of selecting hits is called hit selection. The analytic methods for hit selection in screens without replicates (usually in primary screens) differ from those with replicates (usually in confirmatory screens). For example, the z-score meth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In an conventional CCC experiment the biphasic solvent system is pre-equilibrated before the instrument is filled with the stationary phase and equilibrated with the mobile phase. An ion-exchange mode has been created by modifying both of the phases after pre-equilibration. Generally, an ionic displacer (or eluter) is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phenylboronic acid or benzeneboronic acid, abbreviated as PhB(OH) where Ph is the phenyl group CH-, is a boronic acid containing a phenyl substituent and two hydroxyl groups attached to boron. Phenylboronic acid is a white powder and is commonly used in organic synthesis. Boronic acids are mild Lewis acids which are ge... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The frames are split into a large number of interrogation areas, or windows. It is then possible to calculate a displacement vector for each window with help of signal processing and autocorrelation or cross-correlation techniques. This is converted to a velocity using the time between laser shots and the physical size... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Venton joined the Department of Chemistry at University of Virginia as an assistant professor in 2005, received tenure and was promoted to an associate professor in 2011, and was promoted to full professor in 2016. Venton develops analytical tools such as carbon-fiber microelectrodes for sensing molecules in the brain ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gerhart Jander (26 October 1892 – 8 December 1961) was a German inorganic chemist. His book, now normally only called "Jander-Blasius", on analytical chemistry is still used in German universities. His involvement in the chemical weapon research and close relation to the NSDAP have been uncovered by recent research. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1935, Perey read a paper by American scientists claiming to have discovered a type of radiation called beta particles being emitted by actinium and was skeptical because the reported energy of the beta particles didnt seem to match actinium. She decided to investigate for herself, theorizing that actinium was deca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A system in a state Y is said to be adiabatically accessible from a state X if X can be transformed into Y without the system suffering transfer of energy as heat or transfer of matter. X may, however, be transformed to Y by doing work on X. For example, a system consisting of one kilogram of warm water is adiabatical... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Orobol can be found in Streptomyces neyagawaensis (an Actinobacterium). Phenolic compounds can be found in the cyanobacterium Arthrospira maxima, used in the dietary supplement, Spirulina. The three cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Oscillatoria sp. are the subject of research in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2010, more than 25 years after the initial work of Peregrine, researchers took advantage of the analogy that can be drawn between hydrodynamics and optics in order to generate Peregrine solitons in optical fibers. In fact, the evolution of light in fiber optics and the evolution of surface waves in deep water are bo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The water vapor, carbon dioxide and other products can be separated via gas chromatography and analysed via a thermal conductivity detector. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For gas flow in small characteristic dimensions (e.g., very fine sand, nanoporous structures etc.), the particle-wall interactions become more frequent, giving rise to additional wall friction (Knudsen friction). For a flow in this region, where both viscous and Knudsen friction are present, a new formulation needs to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Employment of scavenger resins has become increasingly popular in solution-phase combinatorial chemistry. Used primarily in the synthesis of medicinal drugs, solution-phase combinatorial chemistry allows for the creation of large libraries of structurally related compounds. When purifying a solution, many approaches ca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drug use among elderly Americans has been studied; in a group of 2377 people with an average age of 71 surveyed between 2005 and 2006, 84% took at least one prescription drug, 44% took at least one over-the-counter (OTC) drug, and 52% took at least one dietary supplement; in a group of 2245 elderly Americans (average a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Early studies suggested a minimum of two RNAPs: one which synthesized rRNA in the nucleolus, and one which synthesized other RNA in the nucleoplasm, part of the nucleus but outside the nucleolus. In 1969, biochemists Robert G. Roeder and William Rutter discovered there are total three distinct nuclear RNA polymerases, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Water gas shift is the most widespread industrial process for the production of dihydrogen, H. It involves the reaction of carbon monoxide and water (syngas) to form hydrogen and carbon dioxide as a byproduct. In many catalytic reaction schemes, one of the elementary reactions is the oxidation of CO with an adsorbed ox... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In crystallography, the orientations of crystal axes and faces in three-dimensional space are a central geometric concern, for example in the interpretation of X-ray and electron diffraction patterns. These orientations can be visualized as in the section Visualization of lines and planes above. That is, crystal axes a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Marshes, intertidal ecosystems dominated by herbaceous vegetation, can be found globally on coastlines from the arctic to the subtropics. In the tropics, marshes are replaced by mangroves as the dominant coastal vegetation.
Marshes have high productivity, with a large portion of primary production in belowground biomas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At small (but still positive) values of and , the pulsation decays slowly, and this decay can be described analytically. In the first approximation, the parameters and give additive contributions to the decay; the decay rate, as well as the amplitude and phase of the nonlinear oscillation, can be approximated with e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1953, Alfred Day Hershey reported that soon after infection with phage, bacteria produced a form of RNA at a high level and this RNA was also broken down rapidly. However, the first clear indication of mRNA was from the work of Elliot Volkin and Lazarus Astrachan in 1956 by infecting E.coli with T2 bacteriophages an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chromosome jumping libraries help address the complication of standard cloning techniques with large molecular distances. This process allowed the possibility to use the chromosome jumping library for other genetic disorders that requires 100 kilobases jumps. Particularly for genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In June 2002, West Australian resident Rob Hall was convicted for using a canister of pepper spray to break up an altercation between two guests at his home in Midland. He was sentenced to a good behavior bond and granted a spent conviction order, which he appealed to the Supreme Court. Justice Christine Wheeler ruled ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Proponents of this approach argue that it is possible to sequence the whole genome at once using large arrays of sequencers, which makes the whole process much more efficient than more traditional approaches. Detractors argue that although the technique quickly sequences large regions of DNA, its ability to correctly l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An advanced thermal recycling system (or an ATR system) is an advancement of existing energy-from-waste (EfW) technology. An ATR system transforms municipal solid waste (MSW) into electricity or steam for district heating or industrial customers. The combustion bottom ash and the combustion fly ash, along with the air ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The concept of pharmacodynamics has been expanded to include Multicellular Pharmacodynamics (MCPD). MCPD is the study of the static and dynamic properties and relationships between a set of drugs and a dynamic and diverse multicellular four-dimensional organization. It is the study of the workings of a drug on a minima... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Winter sea ice is a significant atmospheric contribution of bromine. Organic bromine gases such as CHBr, CHBr, CHIBr are emitted by microorganisms in sea ice and snow at ten-fold higher rates than from other environments. In polar areas, decreasing sea ice releases bromine and at the Arctic and Antarctic boundary layer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some volcanic eruptions are explosive because of the mixing between water and magma reaching the surface, which releases energy suddenly. However, in some cases, the eruption is caused by volatiles dissolved in the magma itself. Approaching the surface, pressure decreases and the volatiles come out of solution, creatin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Globar is used as a thermal light source for infrared spectroscopy. The preferred material for making Globar is silicon carbide that is shaped as rods or arches of various sizes. When inserted into a circuit that provides it with electric current, it emits radiation from ~ 2 to 50 micrometres wavelength via the Joule... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Perovskite structures are adopted by many oxides that have the chemical formula ABO. The idealized form is a cubic structure (space group Pmm, no. 221) which is rarely encountered. The orthorhombic (e.g. space group Pnma, no. 62, or Amm2, no. 68) and tetragonal (e.g. space group I4/mcm, no. 140, or P4mm, no. 99) phases... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*[http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105104102/solids%202.htm National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning]
*[http://www.ebsbiowizard.com/2011/01/total-suspended-solids-tss-volatile-suspended-solids-vss-2/ Environmental Business Specialists] | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The microarray—the dense, two-dimensional grid of biosensors—is the critical component of a biochip platform. Typically, the sensors are deposited on a flat substrate, which may either be passive (e.g. silicon or glass) or active, the latter
consisting of integrated electronics or micromechanical devices th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dibasic ester or DBE is an ester of a dicarboxylic acid. Depending on the application, the alcohol may be methanol or higher molecular weight monoalcohols.
Mixtures of different methyl dibasic esters are commercially produced from short-chain acids such as adipic acid, glutaric acid, and succinic acid. They are non-fl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mukaiyama became an assistant professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1958 and earned his full professorship in 1963. During this time, his main focus was on organophosphorus chemistry. While examining deoxygenation reactions involving phosphines, Mukaiyama found that the mercury(II) acetate employed as a cat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In addition to anchoring artificial metal center on a protein, researchers like Frances Arnold also focused on changing the native environment of natural metal cofactor. Due to the protein context in which the metal catalytic center located, ArMs have a large sequence space to evolve to meet different demands on substa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The South Turkmenistan Complex Archaeological Expedition (STACE), also called the South Turkmenistan Archaeological Inter-disciplinary Expedition of the Academy of Sciences of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (YuTAKE) was endorsed by the Turkmenistan Academy of Sciences. It was initially organized by the orientali... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Is the classical geometry to create a magnetic field with an electric current. Even for a limited number of windings this geometry provides a reasonable homogeneous B field and a good filling factor is possible by winding the coil directly onto a holder containing the sample. Miniaturization to a scale of several hundr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diimide is most effective at reducing unpolarized carbon-carbon double or triple bonds. In reactions with other unsaturated systems, disproportionation of diimide to nitrogen gas and hydrazine is a competing process that significantly degrades the reducing agent. Many groups that are ordinarily sensitive to reductive c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Centromeres are the sites where spindle fibers attach to newly replicated chromosomes in order to segregate them into daughter cells when the cell divides. Each eukaryotic chromosome has a single functional centromere that is seen as a constricted region in a condensed metaphase chromosome. Centromeric DNA consists of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two basic types of magnetometer measurement. Vector magnetometers measure the vector components of a magnetic field. Total field magnetometers or scalar magnetometers measure the magnitude of the vector magnetic field. Magnetometers used to study the Earths magnetic field may express the vector components of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
P-NMR spectroscopy is widely used for studies of phospholipid bilayers and biological membranes in native conditions. The analysis of P-NMR spectra of lipids could provide a wide range of information about lipid bilayer packing, phase transitions (gel phase, physiological liquid crystal phase, ripple phases, non bilaye... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Eoxin C4, also known as 14,15-leukotriene C4, is an eoxin. Cells make eoxins by metabolizing arachidonic acid with a 15-lipoxygenase enzyme to form 15(S)-hydroperoxyeicosapentaenoic acid (i.e. 15(S)-HpETE). This product is then converted serially to eoxin A4 (i.e. EXA4), EXC4, EXD4, and EXE4 by LTC4 synthase, an uniden... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alkyl groups are electron donating groups. The carbon on that is sp hybridized and less electronegative than those that are sp hybridized. They have overlap on the carbon–hydrogen bonds (or carbon–carbon bonds in compounds like tert-butylbenzene) with the ring p orbital. Hence they are more reactive than benzene and ar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In astronomy, the photosphere of a star is defined as the surface where its optical depth is 2/3. This means that each photon emitted at the photosphere suffers an average of less than one scattering before it reaches the observer. At the temperature at optical depth 2/3, the energy emitted by the star (the original de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The overwhelming majority of rare-earth elements, tantalum, and lithium are found within pegmatite. Ore genesis theories for these ores are wide and varied, but most involve metamorphism and igneous activity. Lithium is present as spodumene or lepidolite within pegmatite.
Carbonatite intrusions are an important sourc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Suppose that we are studying an isolated, quantum mechanical many-body system. In this context, "isolated" refers to the fact that the system has no (or at least negligible) interactions with the environment external to it. If the Hamiltonian of the system is denoted , then a complete set of basis states for the system... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pesticides may affect health negatively. mimicking hormones causing reproductive problems, and also causing cancer. A 2007 systematic review found that "most studies on non-Hodgkin lymphoma and leukemia showed positive associations with pesticide exposure" and thus concluded that cosmetic use of pesticides should be de... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nesfatin-1 can cross the blood–brain barrier without saturation.
The receptors within the brain are in the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, where nesfatin-1 is believed to be produced via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). It appears there is a relationship between nesfatin-1 and cannabinoid re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
From a 2010 study by the University of Maryland, photosynthesizing cyanobacteria have been shown to be a significant species in the global carbon cycle, accounting for 20–30% of Earth's photosynthetic productivity and convert solar energy into biomass-stored chemical energy at the rate of ~450 TW.
Some pigments such as... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A droplet with a diameter of 3 mm has a terminal velocity of approximately 8 m/s.
Drops smaller than in diameter will attain 95% of their terminal velocity within . But above this size the distance to get to terminal velocity increases sharply. An example is a drop with a diameter of that may achieve this at . | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This technique complements X-ray crystallography in that it is frequently applicable to molecules in an amorphous or liquid-crystalline state, whereas crystallography, as the name implies, is performed on molecules in a crystalline phase. In electronically conductive materials, the Knight shift of the resonance frequen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some patients with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome may have mutations in the gene for FSHR, making them more sensitive to gonadotropin stimulation.
Women with 46 XX gonadal dysgenesis experience primary amenorrhea with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. There are forms of 46 xx gonadal dysgenesis wherein abnormalities... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It has been uncertain for a long time whether metal carbonyl hydrides contain a direct metal-hydrogen bond, although this has been suspected by Hieber for HFe(CO). The precise structure cannot be identified by X-ray diffraction, particularly the length of a possible metal-hydrogen bond remained uncertain. The exact str... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bromochlorofluoromethane or fluorochlorobromomethane, is a chemical compound and trihalomethane derivative with the chemical formula CHBrClF. As one of the simplest possible stable chiral compounds, it is useful for fundamental research into this area of chemistry. However, its relative instability to hydrolysis, and l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chimeric small molecule therapeutics are a class of drugs designed with multiple active domains to operate outside of the typical protein inhibition model. While most small molecule drugs inhibit target proteins by binding their active site, chimerics form protein-protein ternary structures to induce degradation or, le... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In electrochemistry, faradaic impedance is the resistance and capacitance acting jointly at the surface of an electrode of an electrochemical cell. The cell may be operating as either a galvanic cell generating an electric current or inversely as an electrolytic cell using an electric current to drive a chemical reac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the ovary, the LHCG receptor is necessary for follicular maturation and ovulation, as well as luteal function. Its expression requires appropriate hormonal stimulation by FSH and estradiol. The LHCGR is present on granulosa cells, theca cells, luteal cells, and interstitial cells The LCGR is restimulated by increas... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The fluorescent-dye DNA sequencing is a molecular biology technique that involves labeling single-strand DNA sequences of varied length with 4 fluorescent dyes (corresponding to 4 different bases used in DNA) and subsequently separating the DNA sequences by "slab gel"- or capillary-electrophoresis method (see DNA Seque... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Junk DNA is DNA that has no biologically relevant function such as pseudogenes and fragments of once active transposons. Bacteria and viral genomes have very little junk DNA but some eukaryotic genomes may have a substantial amount of junk DNA. The exact amount of nonfunctional DNA in humans and other species with larg... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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