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The following reactions describe the methanation of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide respectively:
: -206 kJ/mol
: -164 kJ/mol
The methanation reactions are classified as exothermic and their energy of formations are listed.
There is disagreement on whether the CO methanation occurs by first associatively adsorbing... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some filters, notably welding glass, are rated by shade number (SN), which is 7/3 times the absorbance plus one:
For example, if the filter has 0.1% transmittance (0.001 transmittance, which is 3 absorbance units), its shade number would be 8. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, peroxycarbonate (sometimes peroxocarbonate, IUPAC name: oxocarbonate or oxidocarbonate) or percarbonate is a divalent anion with formula . It is an oxocarbon anion that consists solely of carbon and oxygen. It would be the anion of a hypothetical peroxycarbonic acid HO–CO–O–OH (sometimes peroxocarbonic ac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flash joule heating (transient high-temperature electrothermal heating) has been used to synthesize allotropes of carbon, including graphene and diamond. Heating various solid carbon feedstocks (carbon black, coal, coffee grounds, etc.) to temperatures of ~3000 K for 10-150 milliseconds produces turbostratic graphene f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biochemical detection is the science and technology of detecting biochemicals and their concentration where trace analysis is concerned this is usually done by using a quartz crystal microbalance, which measures a mass per unit area by measuring the change in frequency of a quartz crystal resonator. Another method is w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Agents that transiently block MPT include the immune suppressant cyclosporin A (CsA); N-methyl-Val-4-cyclosporin A (MeValCsA), a non-immunosuppressant derivative of CsA; another non-immunosuppressive agent, NIM811, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), bongkrekic acid and alisporivir (also known as Debio-025). TRO40303... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the context of pharmacodynamics (how the drug affects the body), the hydrophobic effect is the major driving force for the binding of drugs to their receptor targets. On the other hand, hydrophobic drugs tend to be more toxic because they, in general, are retained longer, have a wider distribution within the body (e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The equation relating thermal energy to thermal mass is:
where Q is the thermal energy transferred, C is the thermal mass of the body, and ΔT is the change in temperature.
For example, if 250 J of heat energy is added to a copper gear with a thermal mass of 38.46 J/°C, its temperature will rise by 6.50 °C.
If the body ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The role that plastoquinone plays in photosynthesis, more specifically in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, is that of a mobile electron carrier through the membrane of the thylakoid.
Plastoquinone is reduced when it accepts two electrons from photosystem II and two hydrogen cations (H) from the stroma o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In electrochemistry, partial current is defined as the electric current associated with (anodic or cathodic) half of the electrode reaction.
Depending on the electrode half-reaction, one can distinguish two types of partial current:
* cathodic partial current I (called also cathodic current): is the flow of electrons f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The empirical Monod equation is
where:
: μ is the growth rate of a considered microorganism,
: μ is the maximum growth rate of this microorganism,
: [S] is the concentration of the limiting substrate S for growth,
: K is the "half-velocity constant"—the value of [S] when μ/μ = 0.5.
μ and K are empirical (experimental) ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The hydrophobic effect represents the tendency of water to exclude non-polar molecules. The effect originates from the disruption of highly dynamic hydrogen bonds between molecules of liquid water. Polar chemical groups, such as OH group in methanol do not cause the hydrophobic effect. However, a pure hydrocarbon molec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drag-reducing agents (DRA), or drag-reducing polymers (DRP's), are additives in pipelines that reduce turbulence in a pipe. Usually used in petroleum pipelines, they increase the pipeline capacity by reducing turbulency and increasing laminar flow. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pyrimidine (; ) is an aromatic, heterocyclic, organic compound similar to pyridine (). One of the three diazines (six-membered heterocyclics with two nitrogen atoms in the ring), it has nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 in the ring. The other diazines are pyrazine (nitrogen atoms at the 1 and 4 positions) and pyridaz... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Given that DNA and RNA polymerases both carry out template-dependent nucleotide polymerization, it might be expected that the two types of enzymes would be structurally related. However, x-ray crystallographic studies of both types of enzymes reveal that, other than containing a critical Mg ion at the catalytic site, t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Kármán–Moore theory is a linearized theory for supersonic flows over a slender body, named after Theodore von Kármán and Norton B. Moore, who developed the theory in 1932. The theory in particular, provides an explicit formula for the wave drag, which converts the kinetic energy of the moving body into outgoing sound w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Warburg hypothesis (), sometimes known as the Warburg theory of cancer, postulates that the driver of tumorigenesis is an insufficient cellular respiration caused by insult to mitochondria. The term Warburg effect in oncology describes the observation that cancer cells, and many cells grown in vitro, exhibit gluco... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some may use the terms biogeochemical cycle and geochemical cycle interchangeably because both cycles deal with Earth's reservoirs. However, a biogeochemical cycle refers to the chemical interactions in surface reservoirs such as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere whereas a geochemical cycle refers... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) establishes specific targets for the re-use and recycling of building waste, including glass. Defines high levels of recycling as key for Europe's resource efficiency.
* A ban on landfill disposal of single clear glass panes and insulating glass units should be introduced in t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
AFM-IR has been used to study hydrated Nafion membranes used as separators in fuel cells. The measurements revealed the distribution of free and ionically bound water on the Nafion surface. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The two N-terminal cysteines of CXC chemokines (or α-chemokines) are separated by one amino acid, represented in this name with an "X". There have been 17 different CXC chemokines described in mammals, that are subdivided into two categories, those with a specific amino acid sequence (or motif) of glutamic acid-leucine... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Microfluidics-assisted FISH ([http://www.nature.com/labinvest/journal/v97/n1/abs/labinvest2016121a.html MA-FISH]) uses a microfluidic flow to increase DNA hybridization efficiency, decreasing expensive FISH probe consumption and reduce the hybridization time. MA-FISH is applied for detecting the HER2 gene in breast can... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tissue engineering done in vivo is capable of recruiting local cellular populations into a bioreactor space. Indeed a range of neotissue growth has been shown: bone, cartilage, fat, and muscle. In theory, any tissue type could be grown in this manner if all necessary components (growth factors, environmental and physic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If a clone library is constructed in parallel to the T-RFLP analysis then the clones can be used to assess and interpret the T-RFLP profile. In this method the TRF of each clone is determined either directly (i.e. performing T-RFLP analysis on each single clone) or by in silico analysis of that clone’s sequence. By com... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemical reactions in biological processes are controlled by enzymes that catalyze the conversion of substrate to product. Since enzymes can alter the transition state structure for reactions, they also change kinetic and equilibrium isotope effects. Placed in the context of a metabolism, the expression of isotope eff... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An improper rotation involves two operation steps: a proper rotation followed by reflection through a plane perpendicular to the rotation axis. The improper rotation is represented by the symbol where is the order. Since the improper rotation is the combination of a proper rotation and a reflection, will always exis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The generator, typically about long and in diameter, contains a stationary stator and a spinning rotor, each containing miles of heavy copper conductor. There is generally no permanent magnet, thus preventing black starts. In operation it generates up to 21,000 amperes at 24,000 volts AC (504 MWe) as it spins at eith... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
5β-Coprostanol (5β-cholestan-3β-ol) is a 27-carbon stanol formed from the net reductive metabolism of cholesterol (cholest-5en-3β-ol) in the gut of most higher animals and birds. This compound has frequently been used as a biomarker for the presence of human faecal matter in the environment. 5β-coprostanol is thought t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The hardness of a material can be measured in many ways. The Knoop hardness test, a method of microindentation hardness, is the most reproducible for dense ceramics. The Vickers hardness test and superficial Rockwell scales (e.g., 45N) can also be used, but tend to cause more surface damage than Knoop. The Brinell t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Wet deposition of acids occurs when any form of precipitation (rain, snow, and so on) removes acids from the atmosphere and delivers it to the Earth's surface. This can result from the deposition of acids produced in the raindrops (see aqueous phase chemistry above) or by the precipitation removing the acids either in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A tidal bore is a hydraulic jump which occurs when the incoming tide forms a wave (or waves) of water that travel up a river or narrow bay against the direction of the current. As is true for hydraulic jumps in general, bores take on various forms depending upon the difference in the waterlevel upstream and down, rangi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electrochemical kinetics is the field of electrochemistry that studies the rate of electrochemical processes. This includes the study of how process conditions, such as concentration and electric potential, influence the rate of oxidation and reduction (redox) reactions that occur at the surface of an electrode, as wel... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A parallel relationship can easily be drawn between halogen bonding and hydrogen bonding. Both interactions revolve around an electron donor/electron acceptor relationship, between a halogen-like atom and an electron-dense one. But halogen bonding is both much stronger and more sensitive to direction than hydrogen bon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MALDI-TOF spectra have been used for the detection and identification of various parasites such as trypanosomatids, Leishmania and Plasmodium. In addition to these unicellular parasites, MALDI/TOF can be used for the identification of parasitic insects such as lice or cercariae, the free-swimming stage of trematodes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are the partial differential equations given by
where is the velocity of the fluid, the pressure, the viscosity and the external volumetric force.
By applying the Leray projection to the first equation, we may rewrite the Navier-Stokes equations as an abstract differential... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ITC is a quantitative technique that can determine the binding affinity (), reaction enthalpy (), and binding stoichiometry () of the interaction between two or more molecules in solution. This is achieved by measuring the enthalpies of a series of binding reactions caused by injections of a solution of one molecule to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Iron technology was further advanced by several inventions in medieval Islam, during the Islamic Golden Age. These included a variety of water-powered and wind-powered industrial mills for metal production, including geared gristmills and forges. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Muslim world had thes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Blood serum amylase may be measured for purposes of medical diagnosis. A higher than normal concentration may reflect any of several medical conditions, including acute inflammation of the pancreas (which may be measured concurrently with the more specific lipase), perforated peptic ulcer, torsion of an ovarian cyst, s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Partial agonists are any chemical that can bind to a receptor without eliciting the maximum downstream response as compared to the response from a full agonist. A given partial agonist's affinity for a given receptor is also irrelevant to the consequent effect. An example is buprenorphine, a partial opioid receptor ago... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inert solids are produced in all montane rivers as the energy of the water helps grind away rocks into gravel, sand and finer material. Much of this settles very quickly and provides an important substrate for many aquatic organisms. Many salmonid fish require beds of gravel and sand in which to lay their eggs. Many ot... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An application of dendritic growth in directional solidification is gas turbine engine blades which are used at high temperatures and must handle high stresses along the major axes. At high temperatures, grain boundaries are weaker than grains. In order to minimize the effect on properties, grain boundaries are align... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Based on the results of , the IAEA defined the delta scale with SLAP at −55.5‰ for O and −428‰ for H. That is, SLAP was measured to contain approximately 5.55% less oxygen-18 and 42.8% less deuterium than does VSMOW, and these figures were used to anchor the scale at two points. Experimental figures are given below.
* ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In stereochemistry, the Klyne–Prelog system (named for William Klyne and Vladimir Prelog) for describing conformations about a single bond offers a more systematic means to unambiguously name complex structures, where the torsional or dihedral angles are not found to occur in 60° increments. Klyne notation views the pl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
E. coli - Ecotin - EIF-W2 protein domain - electrophoresis - electroporation - ELFV dehydrogenase - Ellis–van Creveld syndrome - end labeling - endonuclease - enhancer - enterobacter ribonuclease - enzyme - epitope - ethidium bromide - evolutionary clock - evolutionary footprinting - exon - exonuclease - exosome comple... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reducing atmosphere, rich in CO and H, can be created from the high-temperature cracking of natural gas at around 1100-1150 °C, in the presence of oxidized gases (HO and CO) from ore reduction reactors.
+ CO → 2 CO + H</small>
+ HO → CO + 3 H</small>
The system that generates the reducing gases is called... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Without any loss of generality, we shall consider the study of the effective conductivity (which can be either dc or ac) for a system made up of spherical multicomponent inclusions with different arbitrary conductivities. Then the Bruggeman formula takes the form: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A typical solid phase extraction involves five basic steps. First, the cartridge is equilibrated with a non-polar or slightly polar solvent, which wets the surface and penetrates the bonded phase. Then water, or buffer of the same composition as the sample, is typically washed through the column to wet the silica surfa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When stored in the presence of air or oxygen, ethers tend to form explosive peroxides, such as diethyl ether hydroperoxide. The reaction is accelerated by light, metal catalysts, and aldehydes. In addition to avoiding storage conditions likely to form peroxides, it is recommended, when an ether is used as a solvent, no... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The moving-belt interface (MBI) was developed by McFadden et al. in 1977 and commercialized by Finnigan. This interface consisted of an endless moving belt onto which the LC column effluent was deposited in a band. On the belt, the solvent was evaporated by gently heating and efficiently exhausting the solvent vapours ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nutrients are important to the growth and survival of living organisms, and hence, are essential for development and maintenance of healthy ecosystems. Humans have greatly influenced the phosphorus cycle by mining phosphate rock. For millennia, phosphorus was primarily brought into the environment through the weatherin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Part One aired on 23 April 2006, and focuses on the immediate aftermath of the incident and the implications which may arise for the Irish population. The plot is released in the style of "breaking news" (from both RTÉ News and BBC News 24) and as footage captured by a documentary crew and various camera phone video cl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This fjord was born as a glacial lake that was separated from the open ocean (the North Sea) when it was lifted during glacial rebound. A shallow channel (2m deep) was dug in 1850, providing a marginal connection to the North Sea. A strong pycnocline separates fresh surface water from dense, saline bottom water, and th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ViroCap is a test announced in 2015 by researchers at Washington University in St. Louis which can detect most of the infectious viruses which affect both humans and animals. It was demonstrated to be as sensitive as the various Polymerase chain reaction assays for the viruses. It will not be available for clinical use... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diazonium salts can be converted to thiols in a two-step procedure. Treatment of benzenediazonium chloride with potassium ethylxanthate followed by hydrolysis of the intermediate xanthate ester gives thiophenol: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The history of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent began prior to the 3rd millennium BCE. Metals and related concepts were mentioned in various early Vedic age texts. The Rigveda already uses the Sanskrit term ayas (). The Indian cultural and commercial contacts with the Near East and the Greco-Roman world enabled an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amagat's law or the law of partial volumes describes the behaviour and properties of mixtures of ideal (as well as some cases of non-ideal) gases. It is of use in chemistry and thermodynamics. It is named after Emile Amagat. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Before delving into the mathematical model, it is important to understand that pycnonuclear fusion, in its essence, occurs due to two main events:
* A phenomenon of quantum nature called quantum diffusion.
* Overlap of the wave functions of zero-point oscillations of the nuclei.
Both of these effects are heavily affect... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chirilă was born and educated in Romania, where he obtained a BEng in polymer technology (1972) and a PhD in organic chemistry (1981) from the Polytechnic University of Timișoara.
After ten years of research in polymers and organic chemistry, he relocated to Australia. During 1984 he was a research fellow at the Curtin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several systems have been proposed which combine MRI capability with lanthanides probes in dual assays. The luminescent probe may for instance serve to localize the MRI contrast agent. This has helped to visualize the delivery of nucleic acids into cultured cells. Lanthanides are not used for their fluorescence but the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Book chapters are cited in short form above and long form below. All other sources are cited above only.
*Coups, Elliot J. and Phillips, L. Alison (2012). "Prevalence and Correlates of Indoor Tanning", in Carolyn J. Heckman, Sharon L. Manne (eds.), Shedding Light on Indoor Tanning. Dordrecht: Springer Science & Busines... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, thiocarbamates (thiourethanes) are a family of organosulfur compounds. As the prefix thio- suggests, they are sulfur analogues of carbamates. There are two isomeric forms of thiocarbamates: O-thiocarbamates, (esters), and S-thiocarbamates, (thioesters). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A major improvement to the product imaging technique was achieved by Eppink and Parker. A difficulty that limits the resolution in the position-sensing version is that the spot on the detector is no smaller than the cross-sectional area of the ions excited. For example, if the volume of interaction of the molecular b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nebulized meropenem (inhaled route) is researched, but is not approved, for prevention of bronchiectasis exacerbation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fugacity is most useful in mixtures. It does not add any new information compared to the chemical potential, but it has computational advantages. As the molar fraction of a component goes to zero, the chemical potential diverges but the fugacity goes to zero. In addition, there are natural reference states for fuga... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first flush from urban runoff can be extremely dirty. Storm water may become contaminated while running down the road or other impervious surface, or from lawn chemical run-off, before entering the drain.
Water running off these impervious surfaces tends to pick up gasoline, motor oil, heavy metals, trash and other... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Respiratory sensitizers cause breathing hypersensitivity when the substance is inhaled.
* A substance which is a skin sensitizer causes an allergic response from a dermal application.
* Carcinogens induce cancer, or increase the likelihood of cancer occurring.
*Neurotoxicity is a form of toxicity in which a biologica... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reversibly assembled cellular composite materials (RCCM) are three-dimensional lattices of modular structures that can be partially disassembled to enable repairs or other modifications. Each cell incorporates structural material and a reversible interlock, allowing lattices of arbitrary size and shape. RCCM display t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Professor Oladipo is active in various civic roles, including serving as a Nominee Director for Odu’a Investment Company Ltd in 1992, a Part-time Member of the Osun State Sports Council from 1998 to 1999, and a Part-time Member of the Osun State Local Govt. Service Commission from Feb. 2000 to 2002. He also served as a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Margules expressed the intensive excess Gibbs free energy of a binary liquid mixture as a power series of the mole fractions x:
In here the A, B are constants, which are derived from regressing experimental phase equilibria data.
Frequently the B and higher order parameters are set to zero. The leading term assures t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Survival of pathogens in waste materials, soil, or water, depends on many environmental factors including temperature, pH, organic matter content, moisture, exposure to light, and the presence of other organisms. Fecal material can be directly deposited, washed into waters by overland runoff, transported through the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He was awarded a PhD is in physical chemistry from Battersea College of Technology. During his study he married a German in London in October 1963; their common language is English. Mrs al-Saadi raised their children in Hamburg.
He retired a lieutenant general in 1994 and was made a presidential scientific advisor. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Targeted temperature management (TTM) previously known as therapeutic hypothermia or protective hypothermia is an active treatment that tries to achieve and maintain a specific body temperature in a person for a specific duration of time in an effort to improve health outcomes during recovery after a period of stopped ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The modern X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is also a non-destructive technique that is suitable for normal assaying requirements. It typically has an accuracy of 2 to 5 parts per thousand and is well-suited to relatively flat and large surfaces. It is a quick technique taking about three minutes, and the results can be automa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Introducing the transformation transforms the equation to
The equation has a singular solution given by
Therefore, a new variable can be introduced as , where the equation for can be derived,
This equation can be reduced to first order by introducing
then we have | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Testing conducted by the Virginia Department of Transportation and university researchers from 2011 to 2013 showed that some CIPP installations can cause aquatic toxicity. A list of environmental, public health, and infrastructure incidents caused by CIPP installations as of 2013 was published by the Journal of Environ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In catalytic kinetics, two basic approximations are useful (in different circumstances) to describe the behavior of many systems. The situations in which the pre-equilibrium and steady-state approximations are valid can often be distinguished by reaction progress kinetic analysis, and the two situations are closely rel... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The art of cutting a gem is an exacting procedure performed on a faceting machine. The ideal product of facet cutting is a gemstone that displays a pleasing balance of internal reflections of light known as brilliance, strong and colorful dispersion which is commonly referred to as "fire", and brightly colored flashes ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Freezing is almost always an exothermic process, meaning that as liquid changes into solid, heat and pressure are released. This is often seen as counter-intuitive, since the temperature of the material does not rise during freezing, except if the liquid were supercooled. But this can be understood since heat must be c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In alkali lakes (also called soda lakes), evaporation concentrates the naturally occurring carbonate salts, giving rise to an alkalic and often saline lake.
Examples of alkali lakes:
*Alkali Lake, Lake County, Oregon
*Baldwin Lake, San Bernardino County, California
* Bear Lake on the Utah–Idaho border
*Lake Magadi in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The release of compressed air in the water adds oxygen to the local environment. This may be particularly useful in areas that have become a dead zone due to eutrophication.
Air curtains may have another application. Dolphin and whale beaching has increased with the rise in ocean temperatures. On Thursday February 12... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The source material was pig iron produced by a blast furnace using charcoal and the manganese rich iron ore from the Dannemora mine. A V-shaped hearth using charcoal was used to heat up the pig iron bar that was presented to a tuyere that decarbonized it and made it melt and fall in drops that solidified in a pool of s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pyrophosphites (diphosphites) can be produced by gently heating acid phosphites under reduced pressure. They contain the ion , which can be formulated [HP(O)O−P(O)H]. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pavel Jungwirth (born 20 May 1966 in Prague, Czech Republic) is a Czech physical chemist. Since 2004, he has been the head of the Senior Research Group at the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences. He has also been a professor in the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics at Charl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lattice scattering is the scattering of ions by interaction with atoms in a lattice. This effect can be qualitatively understood as phonons colliding with charge carriers.
In the current quantum mechanical picture of conductivity the ease with which electrons traverse a crystal lattice is dependent on the near perfectl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Betts electrolytic process is an industrial process for purification of lead from bullion. Lead obtained from its ores is impure because lead is a good solvent for many metals. Often these impurities are tolerated, but the Betts electrolytic process is used when high purity lead is required, especially for bismut... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tidal bores can be dangerous. Certain rivers such as the Seine in France, the Petitcodiac River in Canada, and the Colorado River in Mexico to name a few, have had a sinister reputation in association with tidal bores. In China, despite warning signs erected along the banks of the Qiantang River, a number of fatalities... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ligand-gated ion channels (LICs, LGIC), also commonly referred to as ionotropic receptors, are a group of transmembrane ion-channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na, K, Ca, and/or Cl to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (i.e. a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter.
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Miller indices form a notation system in crystallography for lattice planes in crystal (Bravais) lattices.
In particular, a family of lattice planes of a given (direct) Bravais lattice is determined by three integers h, k, and ℓ, the Miller indices. They are written (hkℓ), and denote the family of (parallel) lattice pl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isotopic reference materials are compounds (solids, liquids, gasses) with well-defined isotopic compositions and are the ultimate sources of accuracy in mass spectrometric measurements of isotope ratios. Isotopic references are used because mass spectrometers are highly fractionating. As a result, the isotopic ratio th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is a highly flammable, colorless gas under most atmospheric conditions. It has a boiling point of -10 °C. Its critical temperature is near 137 °C. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In collaboration with Hopkins Marine Station and the Center for Ocean Solutions, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute is developing a swFOCE system to examine the effects of ocean acidification on shallow subtidal communities in central California. swFOCE will use a shore side station for the control system and pro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first metal carbonyl clusters, Fe(CO), Ir(CO), and Rh(CO), were reported starting in the 1930s, often by Walter Hieber. The structures were subsequently established by X-ray crystallography.
Paolo Chini (1928–1980) was a pioneer for the synthesis and characterization of high-nuclearity metal carbonyl clusters. His ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a sulfone is a organosulfur compound containing a sulfonyl () functional group attached to two carbon atoms. The central hexavalent sulfur atom is double-bonded to each of two oxygen atoms and has a single bond to each of two carbon atoms, usually in two separate hydrocarbon substituents. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In studies of enzymes, the current results from the catalytic oxydation or reduction of the enzyme's substrate.
The electroactive coverage of large redox enzymes (such as laccase, hydrogenase etc.) is often too low to detect any signal in the absence of substrate, but the electrochemical signal is amplified by catalysi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Iodic acid can be produced by oxidizing iodine with strong oxidizers such as nitric acid , chlorine , chloric acid or hydrogen peroxide , for example:
Iodic acid is also produced by the reaction of iodine monochloride with water: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It has been suggested certain microbial dark matter genetic material could belong to a new (i.e., fourth) domain of life, although other explanations (e.g., viral origin) are also possible, which has ties with the issue of a hypothetical shadow biosphere. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A streaming current and streaming potential are two interrelated electrokinetic phenomena studied in the areas of surface chemistry and electrochemistry. They are an electric current or potential which originates when an electrolyte is driven by a pressure gradient through a channel or porous plug with charged walls.
T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Emeléus served as president of the inorganic chemistry division of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (1955–60). He was also president of the Chemical Society (1958–60) and of the Royal Institute of Chemistry (1963–5). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
[https://nadp.slh.wisc.edu/pubs/brochures/ Brochures]
[https://nadp.slh.wisc.edu/pubs/Annual-Data-Summaries/ Annual Data Summaries]
[https://nadp.slh.wisc.edu/quality-assurance/#QAreports Quality Assurance Reports]
[https://nadp.slh.wisc.edu/committees/clad/ CLAD Science Committee Reports]
[https://nadp.slh.wisc.edu/co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the presence of an oxidizing agent, the cyclized intermediate can be oxidized to aromatize the rings. For example, dihydrophenanthrene becomes phenanthrene. Oxygen and iodine are the most commonly employed oxidants. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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