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Recent algae blooms in Lake Erie have been fed primarily by agricultural runoff and have led to warnings for some people in Canada and Ohio not to drink their water. The International Joint Commission has called on United States and Canada to drastically reduce phosphorus loads into Lake Erie to address the threat. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a biological system composed of endocannabinoids, which are endogenous lipid-based retrograde neurotransmitters that bind to cannabinoid receptors, and cannabinoid receptor proteins that are expressed throughout the vertebrate central nervous system (including the brain) and peripher... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In medieval Europe, medicinal herbs and plants were cultivated in monastery and nunnery gardens beginning about the 8th century. Charlemagne gave orders for the collection of medicinal plants to be grown systematically in his royal garden. This royal garden was an important precedent for botanical gardens and physic ga... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On-line Questions are uploaded again after the Summer School. The leftovers of the Summer School and other people who didn't join the Summer School have to take this test to join the Winter School 1. First grade students in the high school take this test. In this test, Organic Chemistry questions will appear more often... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Established in 1972, the focus of the research is on cryoinjury, cryosurgery, cryopreservation, lyophilization and hypothermia. Since 1985 the Institute has published the open access peer-reviewed scientific journal Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* NDSC observations. The [http://www.ndsc.ncep.noaa.gov/ Network for the Detection for Stratospheric Change] (NDSC) is a set of high-quality remote-sounding research stations for observing and understanding the physical and chemical state of the stratosphere. Ozone and key ozone-related chemical compounds and parameter... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Algae scrubber is a system designed primarily for cleaning nutrients and pollutants out of water using algal turfs. An algal turf scrubber (ATS) mimics the algal turfs of a natural coral reef by taking in nutrient rich water from waste streams or natural water sources, and pulsing it over a sloped surface. This su... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solid-state NMR is used to study insoluble proteins and proteins very sensitive to their environment such as membrane proteins and amyloid fibrils. The latter topic relates to protein aggregation diseases such as Alzheimers disease and Parkinsons disease. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy complements solution-state NMR spec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Usually, a set of individually designed oligonucleotides is made on automated solid-phase synthesizers, purified and then connected by specific annealing and standard ligation or polymerase reactions. To improve specificity of oligonucleotide annealing, the synthesis step relies on a set of thermostable DNA ligase and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gamma ray emission follows the previously discussed modes of decay when the decay leaves a daughter nucleus in an excited state. This nucleus is capable of further de-excitation to a lower energy state by the release of a photon. This decay follows the relation: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Clinical Biochemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the analytical and clinical investigation of laboratory tests in humans used for diagnosis, molecular biology and genetics, prognosis, treatment and therapy, and monitoring of disease ; the discipline of clinical biochemistry. It is the official journ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Thyrotroph Thyroid Hormone Sensitivity Index (abbreviated TTSI, also referred to as Thyrotroph T4 Resistance Index or TT4RI) is a calculated structure parameter of thyroid homeostasis. It was originally developed to deliver a method for fast screening for resistance to thyroid hormone. Today it is also used to get ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
QCD is one part of the modern theory of particle physics called the Standard Model. Other parts of this theory deal with electroweak interactions and neutrinos. The theory of electrodynamics has been tested and found correct to a few parts in a billion. The theory of weak interactions has been tested and found correct ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NMOR is a pale yellow sand-like powder below 84°F.
NMOR is most commonly produced from morpholine, but can also be made by the reaction of dimorpholinomethane in fuming nitric acid. Few reactions using NMOR as a starting material are reported in the organic synthesis literature, but it can be used as a precursor to a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ternary (where there is an alkali or alkaline earth metal, a transition metal as well as tin e.g. LiRhSn and MgRuSn) have been investigated. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Criticality in nature is uncommon. At three ore deposits at Oklo in Gabon, sixteen sites (the so-called Oklo Fossil Reactors) have been discovered at which self-sustaining nuclear fission took place approximately 2 billion years ago. Unknown until 1972 (but postulated by Paul Kuroda in 1956), when French physicist Fran... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The anhydroglucose unit (AGU) refers to a single sugar molecule in a polymer. Each AGU is reduced to its functional groups, 3 hydroxyl groups per AGU.
Carbohydrate AGU:
Cellulose AGU: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mass excess of a nuclide is the difference between its actual mass and its mass number in daltons. It is one of the predominant methods for tabulating nuclear mass. The mass of an atomic nucleus is well approximated (less than 0.1% difference for most nuclides) by its mass number, which indicates that most of the m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Recovered airlift_basic_calculation.xls via Waybackmachine. Mirrored at filedropper dot com /airliftbasiccalculation.
nl:Gaslift | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Limans are structures with small dams which catch runoff from a wadi to hold about 400-600mm of water, which suffices for the growth of drought-hardy tree species. Limans can be built wherever tributary wadis [...] widen or come onto a large plain with potential arable land [...]. A check-dam [...] is built to retain r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In gas chromatography, the Kovats retention index (shorter Kovats index, retention index; plural retention indices) is used to convert retention times into system-independent constants. The index is named after the Hungarian-born Swiss chemist Ervin Kováts, who outlined the concept in the 1950s while performing researc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Methyl orange has mutagenic properties. When methyl orange is put under oxidative stress, one of the double-bonded nitrogen atoms that connects the aromatic rings gets radicalized and can further break down into reactive oxygen species or anilines, which are carcinogenic and can mutate DNA. Various bacteria and enzymes... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common thiolactone, homocysteine thiolactone is produced biochemically from homocysteine and it may play a role in protein damage. The thiolactone functional group is also present in some pharmaceutical drugs such as citiolone and erdosteine. Thiolactone rings can also be found in peptides synthesized by bacte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidized in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor, such as oxygen, to drive the bulk production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which contains energy. Cellular respiration may be described as a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fecal sludge is defined very broadly as what accumulates in onsite sanitation technologies and specifically is not transported through a sewer. It is composed of human excreta, but also anything else that may go into an onsite containment technology, such as flushwater, cleansing materials and menstrual hygiene product... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mikhail Tsvet was born on 14 May 1872 in Asti, Italy. His mother was Italian, and his father was a Russian official. His mother died soon after his birth, and he was raised in Geneva, Switzerland. He received his BS degree from the Department of Physics and Mathematics at the University of Geneva in 1893. However, he d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aqueous solutions of methanol can decompose into CO hydrogen gas, and water. Although this process is thermodynamically favored, the activation barrier is extremely high, so in practice this reaction is not typically observed. However, electrocatalysts can speed up this reaction greatly, making methanol a possible rout... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Epoxides react with a broad range of nucleophiles, for example, alcohols, water, amines, thiols, and even halides. With two often nearly equivalent sites of attack, epoxides are examples "ambident substrates." The regioselectivity of ring-opening in asymmetric epoxides generally follows the S2 pattern of attack at the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gas networks simulation or gas pipeline simulation is a process of defining the mathematical model of gas transmission and gas distribution systems, which are usually composed of highly integrated pipe networks operating over a wide range of pressures. Simulation allows to predict the behaviour of gas network systems u... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After annihilation any remaining dislocations can align themselves into ordered arrays where their individual contribution to the stored energy is reduced by the overlapping of their strain fields. The simplest case is that of an array of edge dislocations of identical Burgers vector. This idealized case can be produce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The standard potential of an electrochemical cell requires standard conditions (ΔG°) for all of the reactants. When reactant concentrations differ from standard conditions, the cell potential will deviate from the standard potential. In the 20th century German chemist Walther Nernst proposed a mathematical model to det... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Quantum dots are fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles that typically brighter than conventional stains. They are generally more expensive, toxic, do not permeate cell membranes, and cannot be manufactured by the cell. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first zinc(I) dimer was isolated in 2004, with more being synthesized in subsequent years. The chemical similarities between magnesium and zinc led researchers to believe that a Mg(I) dimer could then be achieved. With a calculated stability of Mg—Mg bonded dimers, a synthesis route was needed. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
She went on to earn a BSc in chemistry and mathematics and then a PhD in chemistry at the University of Cape Town. From 1983 to 1986, she pursued post-doctoral studies at Pennsylvania State University. Mizrahi then worked in research and development for pharmaceutical company Smith, Kline & French. In 1989, she establi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Serum creatinine is the most commonly used indicator (but not direct measure) of renal function. Elevated creatinine is not always representative of a true reduction in GFR. A high reading may be due to increased production of creatinine not due to decreased kidney function, to interference with the assay, or to decrea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are a number of non-invasive head cooling caps and helmets designed to target cooling at the brain. A hypothermia cap is typically made of a synthetic material such as neoprene, silicone, or polyurethane and filled with a cooling agent such as ice or gel which is either cooled to a very cold temperature, , before... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Both uncharged transition metal complexes and anionic complexes lead to the required adducts with acidic boranes. On the right is a typical reaction of a Z-ligand where the electron deficit BPh adds to the anionic Fe complex. The presence of Cp and CO ligands further stabilize the Fe-BPh bond. More specific examples in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adderall is a 3.1:1 mixture of dextro- to levo- amphetamine base equivalent pharmaceutical that contains equal amounts (by weight) of four salts: dextroamphetamine sulfate, amphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine saccharate and amphetamine (D,L)-aspartate monohydrate. This result is a 76% dextroamphetamine to 24% levoam... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Schwinger variational principle is a variational principle which expresses the scattering T-matrix as a functional depending on two unknown wave functions. The functional attains stationary value equal to actual scattering T-matrix. The functional is stationary if and only if the two functions satisfy the Lippmann-Schw... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common chemicals used for DNA extraction include:
# Detergents, such as SDS or Tween-20, which are used to break open cells and release the DNA.
# Protease enzymes, such as Proteinase K, which are used to digest proteins that may be binding to the DNA.
# Phenol and chloroform, which are used to separate the DN... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A reversible solid oxide cell (rSOC) is a solid-state electrochemical device that is operated alternatively as a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC). Similarly to SOFCs, rSOCs are made of a dense electrolyte sandwiched between two porous electrodes. Their operating temperature ranges... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Doxorubicin is a very effective anti-cancer drug that causes congestive heart failure while treating tumors. Doxorubicin is an uncoupling agent in that it inhibits proper functioning of complex I of the electron transport chain in mitochondria. It then leads to the production of ROS and the inhibition of ATP production... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flow injection analysis (FIA) was first described by Ruzicka and Hansen in Denmark and Stewart and coworkers in United States in the middle of 1970. FIA is a popular, simple, rapid, and versatile technique which is a well-established position in modern analytical chemistry, and widespread application in quantitative ch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most important series of symposia are the International Symposia on Chemical Reaction Engineering or [http://www.iscre.org/ ISCRE conferences]. These three-day conferences are held every two years, rotating among sites in North America, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region, on a six-year cycle. These conferences b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has concluded that the extract of the natural product Saw palmetto can be used to treat symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) as research has shown its 5-ARI effects. An extract of Serenoa repens, also known as saw palmetto extract, is a 5-ARI that is sold as an over-the-cou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polypeptides, the precursors of proteins, are chains of amino acids. The two ends of a polypeptide are called the N-terminus, or amino end, and the C-terminus, or carboxyl end. For many (but not all) chloroplast proteins encoded by nuclear genes, cleavable transit peptides are added to the N-termini of the polypeptides... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kode FSL constructs consist of three components; a functional moiety (F), a spacer (S) and a lipid (L).
Function groups on FSL constructs that can be used to create kodecytes include saccharides (including ABO blood group-related determinants, sialic acids, hyaluronin polysaccharides), fluorophores, biotin, and a range... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In cell biology, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are proteins that interact with the microtubules of the cellular cytoskeleton. MAPs are integral to the stability of the cell and its internal structures and the transport of components within the cell. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
He was born in Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway. He was a son of colonel Lars Jørgen Tysland (1848–1911) and Marie Cathrine Sandberg (1862–1942). He was a maternal grandson of military officer Ole Rømer Sandberg (1831–1899) and cousin of legislator Ole Rømer Aagaard Sandberg (1900–1985).
He grew up in Kristiania and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, carboboration describes an addition of both a carbon and a boron moiety to certain carbon-containing double and triple bonds, such as alkenes, alkynes, and allenes.
In the synthesis of organic compounds, this chemical reaction is used to install a new carbon-carbon bond and carbon-boron bond. The ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the field of statistics, the Neyman–Pearson lemma states that the most powerful way to distinguish between the two distributions and based on an observation (drawn from one of them) is through the log of the ratio of their likelihoods: . The KL divergence is the expected value of this statistic if is actually d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
plants have a competitive advantage over plants possessing the more common carbon fixation pathway under conditions of drought, high temperatures, and nitrogen or limitation. When grown in the same environment, at 30 °C, grasses lose approximately 833 molecules of water per molecule that is fixed, whereas grasses ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compared to the number of drug candidates that have successfully made it to the clinical trial phase, there are many more lead compounds which have been tested in vivo using various animal models. Much of the current work that has progressed to in vivo testing has been directed to the RNA repeat expansions implicated i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Side effects of dextromethorphan at normal therapeutic doses can include:
A rare side effect is respiratory depression. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alexander Anim-Mensah, also known as Alexander Raymond Anim-Mensah, is a Ghanaian-American chemical engineer, inventor, and author. He is especially known for contributions he made towards the field of membrane science and technology. He is a recipient of the Illinois Tool Works' Distinguished Patent Fellow Award. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phosphodiesterase enzymes have been shown to be different in different types of cells, including normal and leukemic lymphocytes and are often targets for pharmacological inhibition due to their unique tissue distribution, structural properties, and functional properties.
Inhibitors of PDE can prolong or enhance the ef... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Instead of collision-based kinetic description for interaction of charged particles in plasma, Vlasov utilizes a self-consistent collective field created by the charged plasma particles. Such a description uses distribution functions and for electrons and (positive) plasma ions. The distribution function for species... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Desnitro-imidacloprid is a metabolite of the insecticide imidacloprid, a very common insecticide and the most important member of the class of insecticides called neonicotinoids, the only significant new class of insecticides to be developed between 1970 and 2000. While imidacloprid has proved highly selective against... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The common structure for analogs that inhibit TNF-α via inhibition of PDE4 is prepared on the basis of hydrolysing the glutarimide ring of thalidomide. These analogs do not have an acidic chiral hydrogen, unlike thalidomide, and would therefore be expected to be chirally stable.
On the phenyl ring, a 3,4-dialkoxyphenyl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cilazapril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.
It was patented in 1982 and approved for medical use in 1990. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The initial product of copper smelting was impure black copper, which was then repeatedly melted to purify it, alternately oxidizing and reducing it. In one of the melting stages, lead was added. Gold and silver preferentially dissolved in this, thus providing a means of recovering these precious metals. To produce p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The members of the order Pasteurellales are currently distinguished mainly based on their position in the branching of the 16srRNA tree. There are currently very few molecular markers known that can distinguish members of this order from other bacteria. A CSI approach was recently used to elucidate the phylogenetic rel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Eutrophication can be a natural process and occurs naturally through the gradual accumulation of sediment and nutrients. Naturally, eutrophication is usually caused by the natural accumulation of nutrients from dissolved phosphate minerals and dead plant matter in water.
Natural eutrophication has been well-characteri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PIK3CA frequently have gain of function mutations in urothelial cancer. Similar to PI3Ka, PI3Kb is expressed in many different cells, and it is mainly involved in the activation of platelets and development of thrombotic diseases. Studies have shown that PI3Kb contribute to tumor proliferation as well. Specifically, it... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amine oxidation with benzoyl peroxide is the most common method to synthesize hydroxylamines. Care must be taken to prevent over-oxidation to a nitrone. Other methods include:
* Hydrogenation of an oxime
* Alkylating a precursor hydroxylamine
* Amine oxide pyrolysis (the Cope reaction) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The amount of electric charge (quantity of electricity) passed through the cell can easily be determined by measuring the change in mass of either electrode and calculating:
where:
* is the quantity of electricity (coulombs)
* is the mass transported (gm)
* is the charge of the copper ions, equal to +2
* is the Faraday... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since small amounts of radionuclides are typically being analyzed, the mechanics of manipulating tiny quantities is challenging. This problem is classically addressed by the use of carrier ions. Thus, carrier addition involves the addition of a known mass of stable ion to radionuclide-containing sample solution. The ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Also known as ionotropic receptors, this group of channels open in response to specific ligand molecules binding to the extracellular domain of the receptor protein. Ligand binding causes a conformational change in the structure of the channel protein that ultimately leads to the opening of the channel gate and subsequ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a viral gene is introduced into the host cell and is sufficient to induce oncogenesis – the creation of cancerous cells – in the infected cell line, the gene is said to be a "viral transforming gene". When this type of gene is translated to a protein, the protein is called a "transforming protein". Note that since... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
4-Pyrrolidinylpyridine is an organic compound with the formula (CH)NCHN. The molecule consists of a pyrrodinyl group ((CH)N-) attached via N to the 4-position of pyridine. It is a white solid. The compound has attracted interest because it (pK = 9.58) is more basic than dimethylaminopyridine (pK = 9.41). It is a pop... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The economic nature of many products manufactured in batch and continuous processes require highly efficient operation due to thin margins. The competing factor in process control is that products must meet certain specifications in order to be satisfactory. These specifications can come in two forms: a minimum and max... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Antioxidants play a crucial role in mitigating lipid peroxidation by neutralizing free radicals, thereby halting radical chain reactions. Key antioxidants include vitamin C and vitamin E. Additionally, enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase contribute to the oxidation response by reducing the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PG cooling is typically performed using a 3D optical setup with three pairs of perpendicular laser beams with an atomic ensemble in the center. Each beam is prepared with an orthogonal polarization to its counterpropagating beam. The laser frequency detuned from a selected transition between the ground and excited stat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hill's spherical vortex is an exact solution of the Euler equations that is commonly used to model a vortex ring. The solution is also used to model the velocity distribution inside a spherical drop of one fluid moving at a constant velocity through another fluid at small Reynolds number. The vortex is named after Mica... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ultraviolet in sewage treatment is commonly replacing chlorination. This is in large part because of concerns that reaction of the chlorine with organic compounds in the waste water stream could synthesize potentially toxic and long lasting chlorinated organics and also because of the environmental risks of storing chl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Water vapor is lighter or less dense than dry air. At equivalent temperatures it is buoyant with respect to dry air, whereby the density of dry air at standard temperature and pressure (273.15 K, 101.325 kPa) is 1.27 g/L and water vapor at standard temperature has a vapor pressure of 0.6 kPa and the much lower density ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Macromolecular crowding is an important effect in biochemistry and cell biology. For example, the increase in the strength of interactions between proteins and DNA produced by crowding may be of key importance in processes such as transcription and DNA replication. Crowding has also been suggested to be involved in pro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A French drain (also called a weeping tile, trench drain, filter drain, blind drain, rubble drain, rock drain, drain tile, perimeter drain, land drain, French ditch, sub-surface drain, sub-soil drain, or agricultural drain) is a trench filled with gravel or rock, or both, with or without a perforated pipe that redirect... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gamma TiAl has excellent mechanical properties and oxidation and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures (over 600°C), which makes it a possible replacement for traditional Ni based superalloy components in aircraft turbine engines.
TiAl-based alloys have potential to increase the thrust-to-weight ratio in aircra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Due to the paternal inheritance, Y-haplotypes provide information about the genetic ancestry of the male population. To investigate this population history, and to provide estimates for haplotype frequencies in criminal casework, the "Y haplotype reference database (YHRD)" has been created in 2000 as an online resource... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neubauer was born in Karlsbad (then in Bohemia) to physician Wolfgang and Hedwig Arnstein née Sadler. In 1892 he passed the examination for qualifying admission to a university after studying at the humanistic gymnasium of Chomutov. He then went to the German University in Prague he received a medical degree in 1898 an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Değirmentepe, a site located 24 km northeast of Melid, is notable as the location of the earliest secure evidence of copper smelting. The site was built on a small natural outcrop in the flood plain about 40m from the Euphrates River. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Turbidity currents are traditionally defined as those sediment gravity flows in which sediment is suspended by fluid turbulence.
However, the term "turbidity current" was adopted to describe a natural phenomenon whose exact nature is often unclear. The turbulence within a turbidity current is not always the support mec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Petrochemical industry typically encounters aggressive corrosive media. These include sulfides and high temperatures. Corrosion control and solutions are thus necessary for the world economy. Scale formation in injection water presents its own problems with regard to corrosion and thus for the corrosion engineer. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Second-generation fuels require either higher confinement temperatures or longer confinement time than those required of first-generation fusion fuels, but generate fewer neutrons. Neutrons are an unwanted byproduct of fusion reactions in an energy generation context, because they are absorbed by the walls of a fusion ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For settling particles that are considered individually, i.e. dilute particle solutions, there are two main forces enacting upon any particle. The primary force is an applied force, such as gravity, and a drag force that is due to the motion of the particle through the fluid. The applied force is usually not affected b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
VMATs are found in a variety of cell types throughout the body, however, VMAT1 is found exclusively in neuroendocrine cells, in contrast to VMAT2, which is also found in the PNS and CNS. Specifically, VMAT1 is found in chromaffin cells, enterochromaffin cells, and small intensely fluorescent cells (SIFs). Chromaffin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many of the NGS sequencing protocols rely on the production of a genomic library that contains thousands of fragments of the target nucleic acids that will then be sequenced by proper technologies. According to the sequencing methods to be used, libraries can be created differently (in the case of the Ion Torrent techn... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bismuth compounds have been used because of their astringent, antiphlogistic, bacteriostatic, and disinfecting actions. In dermatology bismuth subgallate is still used in vulnerary salves and powders as well as in antimycotics. In the past, bismuth has also been used to treat syphilis and malaria. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diphosphene is inert to ground-state oxygen but can be oxidized by triplet oxygen to give a mixture of phosphine oxides and hydroxy benzophosphole oxide. Compared to oxygen involved oxidation, reaction of diphosphene with ozone is much more rapid and indicates a 2:1 (ozone:diphosphene) stoichiometry. Ozonolysis of bis[... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are several small molecule inducers that can induce the glyoxalase pathway by either promoting GLO1 function to increase conversion of MG into D-Lactate, which are called GLO1 activators, or by directly reducing MG levels or levels of MG substrate, which are called MG scavengers. GLO1 activators include the synth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The elements of a eukaryotic and prokaryotic 5′ UTR differ greatly. The prokaryotic 5′ UTR contains a ribosome binding site (RBS), also known as the Shine–Dalgarno sequence (AGGAGGU), which is usually 3–10 base pairs upstream from the initiation codon. In contrast, the eukaryotic 5′ UTR contains the Kozak consensus seq... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A typical setup uses one laser to create one or two traps. Commonly, two traps are generated by splitting the laser beam into two orthogonally polarized beams. Optical tweezing operations with more than two traps can be realized either by time-sharing a single laser beam among several optical tweezers, or by diffractiv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Kinetic isotope effect measurement at natural abundance is a simple general method for measuring kinetic isotope effects (KIE) for chemical reactions performed with materials of natural abundance. This technique for measuring KIEs overcomes many limitations of previous KIE measurement methods. KIE measurements from is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, an alicyclic compound contains one or more all-carbon rings which may be either saturated or unsaturated, but do not have aromatic character. Alicyclic compounds may have one or more aliphatic side chains attached.
The simplest alicyclic compounds are the monocyclic cycloalkanes: cyclopropane, cyc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calmodulin plays an important role in excitation contraction (EC) coupling and the initiation of the cross-bridge cycling in smooth muscle, ultimately causing smooth muscle contraction. In order to activate contraction of smooth muscle, the head of the myosin light chain must be phosphorylated. This phosphorylation is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first known use of pipes was in Ancient Egypt. The Pyramid of Sahure, completed around the 25th century BC, included a temple with an elaborate drainage system including more than of copper piping.
When steel pipes were introduced in 19th century, they initially were riveted, and later clamped with H-shaped bars, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In geochemistry, paleoclimatology, and paleoceanography δC (pronounced "delta c thirteen") is an isotopic signature, a measure of the ratio of the two stable isotopes of carbon—C and C—reported in parts per thousand (per mil, ‰). The measure is also widely used in archaeology for the reconstruction of past diets, parti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Being an endothermic reaction, heat is applied to initiate and sustain the reaction. This heat requirement may be very high. To keep reaction temperatures low, the processes are operated under pressure. The rotary kiln is typically used in dolomite calcination. In the rotary kiln, the raw material, calcinated dolomite,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Molecular mass of the crosslinked polymer.
* Molecular weight of the crystallizable polymer.
* Degree of crosslinking.
* Phase separation.
* Moduli of the original polymers and proportion in the copolymer.
* Moisture (in polymers susceptible to moisture degradation).
* Cooling speed. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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