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The AFM is interfaced with an infrared spectrometer. For work using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the spectrometer is equipped with a conventional black body infrared source. A particular region of the sample may first be chosen on the basis of the image obtained using the AFM imaging mode of operatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The bacteria and their energy source are held in a bioreactor chamber that is impermeable to air and oxygen free. The proper temperature for the bacterial species is maintained in the bioreactor. The bacteria are sustained with a carbohydrate diet consisting of simple saccharide molecules. The carbohydrates are typical... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The widely accepted method to categorize two-phase flows is to consider the velocity of each phase as if there is not other phases available. The parameter is a hypothetical concept called Superficial velocity. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cerevisterol is widely distributed in the fungal kingdom. In the division Basidiomycota, it occurs in several members of the fungal family Boletaceae, the edible mushrooms Cantharellus cibarius, Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus sajor-caju, Laetiporus sulphureus, and Suillus luteus, in the milk mushroom Lactarius hatsuda... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because solids have thermal energy, their atoms vibrate about fixed mean positions within the ordered (or disordered) lattice. The spectrum of lattice vibrations in a crystalline or glassy network provides the foundation for the kinetic theory of solids. This motion occurs at the atomic level, and thus cannot be observ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because peanut agglutinin specifically binds a particular carbohydrate sequence it finds use in a range of methods for cell biology and biochemistry. For example in PNA-affinity chromatography the binding specificity of peanut agglutinin is used to isolate glycosylated molecules which have the sugar sequence Gal-β(1-3)... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Castner process for production of sodium metal was introduced in 1888 by Hamilton Castner. At that time (prior to the introduction in the same year of the Hall-Héroult process) the primary use for sodium metal was as a reducing agent to produce aluminium from its purified ores. The Castner process reduced the cost ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A monochromator can use either the phenomenon of optical dispersion in a prism, or that of diffraction using a diffraction grating, to spatially separate the colors of light. It usually has a mechanism for directing the selected color to an exit slit. Usually the grating or the prism is used in a reflective mode. A ref... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Creighton process involves the hydrogenation of a 6 carbon chain aldehyde. The reactant is 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal (an aldehyde) and the product is 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexanehexol (an alcohol). The product thus has two more hydrogen atoms than the reactant: -CHO is replaced by -CHOH.
The Creighton process was patent... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pedro de Castro Lazera founded the company Imifarma on 2 December 1960. It was initially focused on the drug distribution market.
In the 1990s, Imifarma started to operate in the retail market through its own network of pharmacies under the name Extrafarma. The store chain began in the city of Belém and expanded to ot... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Disulfides have a C-S-S-C dihedral angle approaching 90°. The S-S bond length is 2.03 Å in diphenyl disulfide, similar to that in elemental sulfur.
Two kinds of disulfides are recognized, symmetric and unsymmetric. Symmetrical disulfides are compounds of the formula . Most disulfides encountered in organo sulfur chem... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The GeneXpert Infinity is an automated cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) which is able to tell whether the subject fluid contains shreds of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, amongst others. It is manufactured by Cepheid Inc. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Media for 3D optical data storage have been suggested in several form factors: disk, card and crystal.
A disc media offers a progression from CD/DVD, and allows reading and writing to be carried out by the familiar spinning disc method.
A credit card form factor media is attractive from the point of view of portability... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Operando spectroscopy requires measurement of the catalyst under (ideally) real working conditions, involving comparable temperature and pressure environments to those of industrially catalyzed reactions, but with a spectroscopic device inserted into the reaction vessel. The parameters of the reaction are then measured... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
JSS is a peer-reviewed journal covering fundamental and applied areas of solid-state science and technology, including experimental and theoretical aspects of the chemistry and physics of materials and devices. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although immunogold labeling is typically used for transmission electron microscopy, when the gold is silver-enhanced it can be seen using brightfield microscopy. The silver enhancement increases the particle size, also making scanning electron microscopy possible. In order to produce the silver-enhanced gold particles... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110103135037/http://www.organicgardeninfo.com/feather-meal.html Organic gardening information] | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The energy of Rydberg states can be refined by including a correction called the quantum defect in the Rydberg formula. The "quantum defect" correction is associated with the presence of a distributed ionic core. Even for many electronically excited molecular systems, the ionic core interaction with an excited electron... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Parkeol is a relatively uncommon sterol secondary metabolite found mostly in plants, particularly noted in Butyrospermum parkii (now called Vitellaria paradoxa, or the shea tree). It can be synthesized as a minor product by several oxidosqualene cyclase enzymes, and is the sole product of the enzyme parkeol synthase.
P... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An example of a photoacid which undergoes excited-state proton transfer without prior photolysis is the fluorescent dye pyranine (8-hydroxy-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonate or HPTS).
The Förster cycle was proposed by Theodor Förster and combines knowledge of the ground state acid dissociation constant (pK), absorption, and flu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The use of heat to empower galvanic cells was first studied around 1880. However it was not until the decade of 1950 that more serious research was undertaken in this field. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During the 1950s, theoretical condensed matter physicists arrived at an understanding of "conventional" superconductivity, through a pair of remarkable and important theories: the phenomenological Ginzburg–Landau theory (1950) and the microscopic BCS theory (1957).
In 1950, the phenomenological Ginzburg–Landau theory o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense RNA genome and with a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. They infect the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of mammals and birds. They are the cause of a wide range of diseases in cats, dog, pigs, rodents, cattle and humans. Transmission is by the faeca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fibrin monomers are monomers of fibrin which are formed by the cleavage of fibrinogen by thrombin. Levels of fibrin monomers can be measured using blood tests and can serve as a marker of in vivo fibrinogenesis and coagulation activation. They may be useful in the evaluation hypercoagulability.
Levels of fibrin monomer... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sevoflurane was discovered by Ross Terrell and independently by Bernard M Regan. A detailed report of its development and properties appeared in 1975 in a paper authored by Richard Wallin, Bernard Regan, Martha Napoli and Ivan Stern. It was introduced into clinical practice initially in Japan in 1990 by Maruishi Pharma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL) describes the global annual average relationship between hydrogen and oxygen isotope (oxygen-18 and deuterium) ratios in natural meteoric waters. The GMWL was first developed in 1961 by Harmon Craig, and has subsequently been widely used to track water masses in environmental geoch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Extensive clinical research has not demonstrated drug tolerance, defined as a reduction in response, to wakefulness-promoting and anti-fatigue properties of modafinil, even with therapeutic use extending up to 40 weeks.
While modafinil is generally found to be safe and significant adverse effects are rare, including in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Abé (1996) explores the record of iron and steel firms in Victorian England by analyzing Bolckow Vaughan & Company. It was wedded for too long to obsolescent technology and was a very late adopter of the open hearth furnace method. Abé concludes that the firm—and the British steel industry—suffered from a failure of en... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Particle physicists have only observed or inferred left-chiral fermions and right-chiral antifermions engaging in the charged weak interaction. In the case of the weak interaction, which can in principle engage with both left- and right-chiral fermions, only two left-handed fermions interact. Interactions involving rig... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photocatalyst activity indicator inks are a recent advance in the visual demonstration of photocatalysis and the assessment of the activity of photocatalyst materials. They are inexpensive, easy to use and provide a very quick route to demonstrating the presence of a photocatalytic film, even under low levels of UV lig... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electrocatalysis can occur at the surface of some bulk materials, such as platinum metal. Bulk metal surfaces of gold have been employed for the decomposition methanol for hydrogen production. Water electrolysis is conventionally conducted at inert bulk metal electrodes such as platinum or iridium. The activity of an e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Once a substitution is made on a parent molecule, its structural symmetry is usually reduced, meaning that atoms that were formerly equivalent may no longer be so. Thus substitution of two or more equivalent atoms by the same element may generate more than one positional isomer.
The classical example is the derivative... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Quantifying gene expression by traditional DNA detection methods is unreliable. Detection of mRNA on a northern blot or PCR products on a gel or Southern blot does not allow precise quantification. For example, over the 20–40 cycles of a typical PCR, the amount of DNA product reaches a plateau that is not directly corr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the classical mechanics framework, a rough surface, such as a machined metal surface, randomizes the probability distribution function governing the incoming particles, leading to net momentum loss of the particle flux. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gadolin was knighted and is registered under number 245 in the Finnish House of Nobility. He was also awarded the Order of Saint Vladimir and the Order of Saint Anna. His heraldic device was: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The effect was theoretically predicted in 1979, in a mathematical description of hyper Raman scattering optical activity. Within this theoretical model, upon setting the initial and final frequencies of light to the same value, the mathematics describe the hyper Rayleigh scattering optical activity. The theory was well... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plane-wave topography is in some sense the opposite of white-beam topography, making use of monochromatic (single-wavelength) and parallel incident beam. In order to achieve diffraction conditions, the sample under study must be precisely aligned. The contrast observed strongly depends on the exact position of the angu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Osmolarity and tonicity are related but distinct concepts. Thus, the terms ending in -osmotic (isosmotic, hyperosmotic, hyposmotic) are not synonymous with the terms ending in -tonic (isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic). The terms are related in that they both compare the solute concentrations of two solutions separated b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lactonase hydrolyzes the ester bond of the homoserine lactone ring of acylated homoserine lactones. In hydrolysing the lactone bond, lactonase prevents these signaling molecules from binding to their target transcriptional regulators, thus inhibiting quorum sensing. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An allomone (from Ancient Greek "other" and pheromone) is a type of semiochemical produced and released by an individual of one species that affects the behaviour of a member of another species to the benefit of the originator but not the receiver. Production of allomones is a common form of defense against predators... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pipe fitters are often exposed to hazardous or dangerous materials, such as asbestos, lead, ammonia, steam, flammable gases, various resins and solvents including benzene and various refrigerants. Much progress was made in the 20th century toward eliminating or reducing hazardous materials exposures. Many aspects of ha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rhodizonic acid is a member of a chain of oxidation products: benzenehexol , tetrahydroxybenzoquinone (THBQ) , rhodizonic acid , and cyclohexanehexone . Lithium rhodizonate, together with salts of THBQ and benzenehexol, has been considered for possible use in rechargeable electrical batteries. The monovalent anion has... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gene silencing techniques have been widely used by researchers to study genes associated with disorders. These disorders include cancer, infectious diseases, respiratory diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. Gene silencing is also currently being used in drug discovery efforts, such as synthetic lethality, high-th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Typically a traditional liquid rheostat consists of a steel cylinder (the negative), about in size, standing on insulators, in which was suspended a hollow steel cylinder. This acted as the positive electrode and was supported by a steel rope and insulator from an adjustable pulley. The water pipe connection included ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
First, the soil and sediment structures will determine how tightly PCBs are adhered to them and affect the absorption of PCBs into cells. The PCBs’ availability suffers from increasing organic carbon and clay content, for they promote the absorption of PCBs into soil or sediment matrices. Second, the soil contains nece... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The typical current density at which electromigration occurs in Cu or Al interconnects is 10 to 10 A/cm. For solder joints (SnPb or SnAgCu lead-free) used in IC chips, however, electromigration occurs at much lower current densities, e.g. 10 A/cm.
It causes a net atom transport along the direction of electron flow. The... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mefloquine is used as a treatment for chloroquine-sensitive or resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria, and is deemed a reasonable alternative for uncomplicated chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria. It is one of several drugs recommended by the United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
It is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The elements can be divided into several categories:
The condensation temperatures are the temperatures at which 50% of the element will be in the form of a solid (rock) under a pressure of 10 bar. However, slightly different groups and temperature ranges are used sometimes. Refractory material are also often divided i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Deficiency of this enzyme will increase the possibility of cholesterol gallstones.
Disruption of CYP7A1 from classic bile acid synthesis in mice leads to either increased postnatal death or a milder phenotype with elevated serum cholesterol. The latter is similar to the case in humans, where CYP7A1 mutations associate ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photolysis occurs in the atmosphere as part of a series of reactions by which primary pollutants such as hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides react to form secondary pollutants such as peroxyacyl nitrates. See Photochemical smog.
The two most important photodissociation reactions in the troposphere are firstly:
which gener... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In inorganic chemistry, an orthoborate is a polyatomic anion with formula or a salt containing the anion; such as trisodium orthoborate . It is one of several boron oxyanions, or borates.
The name is also used in organic chemistry for the trivalent functional group , or any compound (ester) that contains it, such as t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drospirenone is available in the following formulations, brand names, and indications:
* Drospirenone 4 mg (Slynd) – progestogen-only birth control pill
* Drospirenone 3 mg and estetrol 14.2 mg (Nextstellis (US)) – combined birth control pill
* Ethinylestradiol 30 μg and drospirenone 3 mg (Ocella, Syeda, Yasmin, Zarah,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nitrate is a polyatomic ion with the chemical formula . Salts containing this ion are called nitrates. Nitrates are common components of fertilizers and explosives. Almost all inorganic nitrates are soluble in water. An example of an insoluble nitrate is bismuth oxynitrate. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Belyi, Alexander Andreyevich (b. in 1940) – the Russian literary critic, known Pushkin Pushkin scholar and member of the commission.
* Dashkevich, Vladimir Sergeevich (20 January 1934, Moscow) – Soviet and Russian composer and music theorist. Laureate of the State Prize of the USSR (1991).
* Kirov, Biser, (b. 4 Septe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In axial compensation, the thermal expansion of a straight line section between two fixed points is absorbed by an axial expansion joint. The distance between two fixed points defines the pipeline length requiring compensation, and thus determines the axial movement that must be achieved by the expansion joint.
The fol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transposons and retrotransposons are mobile genetic elements. Retrotransposon repeated sequences, which include long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), account for a large proportion of the genomic sequences in many species. Alu sequences, classified as a short inters... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, phosphorochloridites are a class of organophosphorus compound with the formula (RO)PCl (R = organic substituent). They are pyramidal in shape, akin to regular phosphites (P(OR)). They are usually colorless and sensitive toward hydrolysis and, to some extent, oxidation to the corresponding phosphorochlor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The organisation was set up jointly by the Chemical Industries Association and the University of York in 1988 as the Chemical Industry Education Centre; it changed its name in 2014.
In June 2016 it won the Royal Society of Chemistry's Inspiration and Industry Award. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Prior to World War II, the center of organic chemistry research and industrial production was Germany. Students interested in pursuing a career in organic chemistry needed to learn German to read articles and textbooks, and often went to graduate school in Germany. When the war broke out, an effort to jumpstart a nativ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The aromatic component of the quinine molecule is a quinoline with a methoxy substituent. The amine component has a quinuclidine skeleton and the methylene bridge in between the two components has a hydroxyl group. The substituent at the 3 position is a vinyl group. The molecule is optically active with five stereogeni... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modulation of purine metabolism has pharmacotherapeutic value.
Purine synthesis inhibitors inhibit the proliferation of cells, especially leukocytes. These inhibitors include azathioprine, an immunosuppressant used in organ transplantation, autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most countries in Europe mainly install flanges according to standard DIN EN 1092-1 (forged stainless or steel flanges). Similar to the ASME flange standard, the EN 1092-1 standard has the basic flange forms, such as weld neck flange, blind flange, lapped flange, threaded flange (thread ISO7-1 instead of NPT), weld on ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Though many genes have simple structures, as with much of biology, others can be quite complex or represent unusual edge-cases. Eukaryotic genes often have introns are often much larger than their exons, and those introns can even have other genes nested inside them. Associated enhancers may be many kilobase away, or e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Subhash Kak (2016), Matter and Mind: The Vaiśeṣika Sūtra of Kaṇāda
*O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger. Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism (Textual Sources for the Study of Religion). . | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Micronutrients are essential dietary elements required in varying quantities throughout life to serve metabolic and physiological functions.
* Dietary minerals, such as copper and iron, are elements native to Earth, and cannot be synthesized. They are required in the diet in microgram or milligram amounts. As plants o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Potentially acid sulfate soils (also called cat-clays) are often not cultivated or, if they are, planted with rice, so that the soil can be kept wet preventing oxidation. Subsurface drainage of these soils is normally not advisable.
When cultivated, acid sulfate soils cannot be kept wet continuously because of climatic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*EIF1 aka SUI1
*EIF1AD
*EIF1B
*EIF2A
*EIF2AK1
*EIF2AK3
*EIF2AK4
*EIF2AK1
*EIF2B2
*EIF2B3
*EIF2B4
*EIF2S2
*EIF3A
*EIF3B
*EIF3D formerly EIF3S4
*EIF3G
*EIF3I
*EIF3H
*EIF3J
*EIF3K
*EIF3L
*EIF3M
*EIF3S5
*EIF3S8
*EIF4A1
*EIF4A2
*EIF4A3
*EIF4E2
*EIF4G1
*EIF4G2
*EIF4G3
*EIF4H
*EIF5
*EIF5
*EIF5A
*EIF5AL1
*EIF5B
*EIF6
*TUFM... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Arthur Waldorf Thomas (February 18, 1891 - March 22, 1982) was a professor and chemist who specialized in colloid chemistry. He studied and taught at Columbia University for 50 years. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These have been no reports of serious adverse effects with overdose of drospirenone. Symptoms that may occur in the event of an overdose may include nausea, vomiting, and vaginal bleeding. There is no antidote for overdose of drospirenone and treatment of overdose should be based on symptoms. Since drospirenone has ant... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Each year, approximately 0.3 gigatons of elemental sulfur is converted into organic matter by photosynthetic organisms. This organic sulfur is allocated into a diversity of compounds such as amino acids – namely cysteine (Cys) and methionine (Met) – proteins, cofactors, antioxidants, sulfate groups, Fe-S centers and se... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Typical anionic detergents are alkylbenzene sulfonates. The alkylbenzene portion of these anions is lipophilic and the sulfonate is hydrophilic. Two varieties have been popularized, those with branched alkyl groups and those with linear alkyl groups. The former were largely phased out in economically advanced societies... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*1947 George Sayers
*1948 J. Garrott Allen
*1949 Mark Nickerson
*1950 George B. Koelle
*1951 Walter F. Riker, Jr.
*1952 David F. Marsh
*1953 Herbert L. Borison
*1954 Eva King Killam
*1955 Theodore M. Brody
*1956 Fred W. Schueler
*1957 Dixon M. Woodbury
*1958 H. George Mandel
*1959 Parkhurst A. Shore
*1960 Jack L. Strom... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Elmer V. McCollum (1917–1944)
*Roger M. Herriott (1948–1975)
*Lawrence Grossman (1975–1990)
*Roger McMacken (1990–2008)
*Barry Zirkin (2008) Interim
*Pierre A. Coulombe (2008–2017)
*Michael Matunis (2017–2019) Interim
*Ashani Weeraratna (2019–present) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Boronate affinity electrophoresis utilizes boronic acid infused acrylamide gels to purify NAD-RNA. This purification allows for researchers to easily measure the kinetic activity of NAD-RNA decapping enzymes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* During energy transformations in living systems, order and organization must be compensated by releasing energy which will increase entropy of the surrounding.
* Organisms are open systems that exchange materials and energy with the environment. They are never at equilibrium with the surrounding.
* Energy is spent ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The resonance structures below show the 1,3-dipole contribution, in which the two carbon atoms adjacent to the nitrogen have a negative or positive charge. The most common representation of azomethine ylides is that in which the nitrogen is positively charged, and the negative charge is shared between the two carbon at... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Eogan (1994) noted that around 250 surviving gold objects are known to date to the Early Bronze Age, 165 of those from Ireland, and the other 83 from Britain. From analysing the designs of the earliest gold artefacts in Britain, Eogan noted that they "form a homogeneous group" which, when "taken in conjunction with oth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because duplex sequencing provides a significantly higher sequencing accuracy and uses information in both strands of DNA, this method needs a much higher sequencing depth and therefore is a costly approach. The expense limits its application to targeted and amplicon sequencing at present time and will not be applicabl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PIP binds directly to ion channels and modulates their activity. PIP was shown to directly agonizes Inward rectifying potassium channels(K). In this regard intact PIP signals as a bona fide neurotransmitter-like ligand. PIP's interaction with many ion channels suggest that the intact form of PIP has an important sign... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Coordinated ligands display reactivity distinct from the free ligands. For example, the acidity of the ammonia ligands in [[Cobalt(III) hexammine chloride|[Co(NH)]]] is elevated relative to NH itself. Alkenes bound to metal cations are reactive toward nucleophiles whereas alkenes normally are not. The large and indu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Segregation of a solute to surfaces and grain boundaries in a solid produces a section of material with a discrete composition and its own set of properties that can have important (and often deleterious) effects on the overall properties of the material. These zones with an increased concentration of solute can be tho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coherent microwave scattering is a diagnostic technique used in the characterization of classical microplasmas. In this technique, the plasma to be studied is irradiated with a long-wavelength microwave field relative to the characteristic spatial dimensions of the plasma. For plasmas with sufficiently low skin-depths,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In nanobiotechnology, a peptoid nanosheet is a synthetic protein structure made from peptoids. Peptoid nanosheets have a thickness of about three nanometers and a length of up to 100 micrometers, meaning that they have a two-dimensional, flat shape that resembles paper on the nanoscale.
This makes them one of the thinn... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are three basic steps in the methylcitrate cycle, as outlined below. Additionally, the mechanism is shown with its reactants, products, intermediates, and enzymes.
The major enzymes involved in this process are methylcitrate synthase (MCS) in step one, methylcitrate dehydratase (MCD) in step two, and 2-methylisoc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A colloid is a mixture in which one substance consisting of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance. Some definitions specify that the particles must be dispersed in a liquid, while others extend the definition to include substances like aerosols and gels. The term colloi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In gamma spectrometry, the Compton edge is a feature of a detector output spectrum that results from Compton scattering in such as a scintillation detector or Photodiode detector. It occurs when a gamma-ray scatters within the detector and some of the interaction energy escapes so that only a fraction is detected. The ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Enzymes are generally in a state that is not only a compromise between stability and catalytic efficiency, but also for specificity and evolvability, the latter two dictating whether an enzyme is a generalist (highly evolvable due to large promiscuity, but low main activity) or a specialist (high main activity, poorly ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Difference density maps are usually calculated using Fourier coefficients which are the differences between the observed structure factor amplitudes from the X-ray diffraction experiment and the calculated structure factor amplitudes from the current model, using the phase from the model for both terms (since no phases... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For example, in a two electrons couple like : the reduction potential becomes ~ 30 mV (or more exactly, 59.16 mV/2 = 29.6 mV) more positive for every power of ten increase in the ratio of the oxidised to the reduced form. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Wolfgang Kautek is an Austrian Physical chemist and the head of the Physical chemistry department at the University of Vienna.
He is the President of the Erwin Schrödinger Society for Nanosciences (ESG) and the Chairman of the Research Group "Physical Chemistry" at the Austrian Chemical Society (GÖCh). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pharmaceutical medications are commonly described as "ubiquitous" in nearly every type of environmental medium (i.e. lakes, rivers, streams, estuaries, seawater, and soil) worldwide. Their chemical components are typically present at relatively low concentrations in the ng/L to μg/L ranges. The primary avenue for medic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Before TFH identified it, it had several names. It was isolated in 1989 isolated from rat liver, known by factor transcription delta. When identified from cancer cells it was known that time as Basic transcription factor 2. Also, when isolated from yeast it was termed transcription factor B. Finally, in 1992 known as ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aspirins effects on blood clotting (as an antiplatelet agent) were first noticed in 1950 by Lawrence Craven. Craven, a family doctor in California, had been directing tonsillectomy patients to chew Aspergum, an aspirin-laced chewing gum. He found that an unusual number of patients had to be hospitalized for severe blee... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Site-specific recombination makes use of phage integrases instead of restriction enzymes, eliminating the need for having restriction sites in the DNA fragments. Instead, integrases make use of unique attachment (att) sites, and catalyse DNA rearrangement between the target fragment and the destination vector. The Invi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As an acid–base indicator, its useful range lies between pH 3.0 and 4.6. It changes from yellow at pH 3.0 to blue at pH 4.6; this reaction is reversible. Bromophenol blue is structurally related to phenolphthalein (a popular indicator). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first reported decarboxylative cross coupling reaction was an Ullmann reaction, in 1966 by Nilsson et al. Thermal decarboxylation of copper benzoates, in the presence of an aryl halide, was found to produce (both symmetric and unsymmetric) biaryls through aryl-Cu intermediates.
This monometallic copper system requi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the quantum mechanical framework, this scattering is most noticeable in confined systems, in which the energies for charge carriers are determined by the locations of interfaces. An example of such a system is a quantum well, which may be constructed from a sandwich of different layers of semiconductor. Variations... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Common bioactive materials available commercially for clinical use include 45S5 bioactive glass, A/W bioactive glass ceramic, dense synthetic HA, and bioactive composites such as a polyethylene–HA mixture. All these materials form an interfacial bond with adjacent tissue.
High-purity alumina bioceramics are currently c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As explained above, Gene Targeting is technically capable of creating a range of sizes of genetic changes; from single base-pair mutations through to insertion of longer sequences, including potentially transgenes. This means that products of gene targeting can be indistinguishable from natural mutation, or can be equi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Beside his scientific publications Speter was an active science popularizer and communicator. As a member of the Deutsches Museum's founding team, he arranged the chemical, physical, and mineralogical exhibits. After leaving this position, he remained an advisor to the museum, consulting about new exhibits. Later on, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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