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The silyl-Hilbert-Johnson reaction is the most commonly used method for the synthesis of nucleosides from heterocyclic and sugar-based starting materials. However, the reaction suffers from some issues that are not associated with other methods, such as unpredictable site selectivity in some cases (see below). This sec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As algal blooms grow, they deplete the oxygen in the water and block sunlight from reaching fish and plants. Such blooms can last from a few days to many months. With less light, plants beneath the bloom can die and fish can starve. Furthermore, the dense population of a bloom reduces oxygen saturation during the night... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
UIT enables life extension of steel bridges. This technique has been employed in numerous US states as well as other nations. The result is a greatly reduced cost of infrastructure. UIT has been certified for this use by AASHTO.
The use of UIT on draglines and other heavy equipment in the mining industry has resulted i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first "pure" Bose–Einstein condensate was created by Eric Cornell, Carl Wieman, and co-workers at JILA on 5 June 1995. They cooled a dilute vapor of approximately two thousand rubidium-87 atoms to below 170 nK using a combination of laser cooling (a technique that won its inventors Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudj... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Azines characteristically undergo hydrolysis to hydrazines. The reaction proceeds by the intermediacy of a hydrazone:
:RC=N-N=CR + HO → RC=N-NH + RC=O
:RC=N-NH + HO → NH + RC=O
Azines have been used as precursors to hydrazones:
:RC=N-N=CR + NH → 2 RC=N-NH
They are also precursors to diazo compounds.
T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Silicon carbide is an important material in TRISO-coated fuel particles, the type of nuclear fuel found in high temperature gas cooled reactors such as the Pebble Bed Reactor. A layer of silicon carbide gives coated fuel particles structural support and is the main diffusion barrier to the release of fission products.
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Modern lacUV5 is seen in the BL21(DE3) strain, which carries both a lac operon with the standard promoter and a lacUV5 operon split by the DE3 prophage (and as a result driving the T7 RNA polymerase instead). The two important mutations are underlined.
lacUV5 TCACTCATTAGGCACCCCAGGCTTTACACTTTATGCTTCCGGCTCGTATTGTGTGGAA... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Suppose the original dataset D contains the n spectra in rows. The signals of the original dataset are generally preprocessed. The original spectra are compared to a reference spectrum. By subtracting a reference spectrum, often the average spectrum of the dataset, so called dynamic spectra are calculated which form th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Similar to generation of Cancer Stem Cells, EMT was demonstrated to generate endocrine progenitor cells from human pancreatic islets. Initially, the human islet-derived progenitor cells (hIPCs) were proposed to be better precursors since β-cell progeny in these hIPCs inherit epigenetic marks that define an active insul... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1982, Koiti Titanis lab identified an "N-terminal blocking group" on the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in cows as n-tetradecanoyl. Almost simultaneously in Claude B. Klees lab, this same N-terminal blocking group was further characterized as myristic acid. Both labs made this discovery ut... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Treatment with mTOR inhibitors can be complicated by adverse events. The most frequently occurring adverse events are stomatitis, rash, anemia, fatigue, hyperglycemia/hypertriglyceridemia, decreased appetite, nausea, and diarrhea. Additionally, interstitial lung disease is an adverse event of particular importance. mT... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Availability of modular metal centers and organic building blocks generate wide diversity in synthetic versatility. Their applications range from industrial use to chemiresistive sensors. The ordered structure of the frame is largely determined by the coordination geometry of the metal and directionality of functional ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dextrose equivalent (DE) is a measure of the amount of reducing sugars present in a sugar product, expressed as a percentage on a dry basis relative to dextrose. The dextrose equivalent gives an indication of the average degree of polymerisation (DP) for starch sugars. As a rule of thumb, DE × DP = 120.
In all glucose ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Olefin polymers (such as polypropylene and polyethylene) have seen widespread use in the plastics industry in the past 50 years. A way to enhance the properties of these olefin polymers was first discovered by the scientists Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta. Ziegler discovered the original Titanium based catalyst essent... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transposase (Tnp) Tn5 is a member of the RNase superfamily of proteins which includes retroviral integrases. Tn5 can be found in Shewanella and Escherichia bacteria. The transposon codes for antibiotic resistance to kanamycin and other aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Tn5 and other transposases are notably inactive. Because... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Joule heating can also be calculated at a particular location in space. The differential form of the Joule heating equation gives the power per unit volume.
Here, is the current density, and is the electric field. For a material with a conductivity , and therefore
where is the resistivity. This directly resembles ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Through the Safe Drinking Water Act, the United States Environmental Protection Agency has set a maximum contaminant level of 10 mg/L or 10 ppm of nitrate in drinking water.
An acceptable daily intake (ADI) for nitrate ions was established in the range of 0–3.7 mg (kg body weight) day by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Commit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ionic strength of a solution is a measure of the concentration of ions in that solution. Ionic compounds, when dissolved in water, dissociate into ions. The total electrolyte concentration in solution will affect important properties such as the dissociation constant or the solubility of different salts. One of the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon tetrachloride was originally synthesized in 1820 by Michael Faraday, who named it "protochloride of carbon", by decomposition of hexachloroethane ("perchloride of carbon") which he synthesized by chlorination of ethylene. The protochloride of carbon has been previously misidentified as tetrachloroethylene becaus... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cancer can result from the loss of cell-cell interaction. In normal cells, growth is controlled by contact inhibition in which contact with neighboring cells causes a stunt in cell growth. Contact inhibition is thought to be mediated by cadherins, proteins that play an important role in cell adhesion. This inhibition ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Depending on the type of constructed wetlands, the wastewater passes through a gravel and more rarely sand medium on which plants are rooted. A gravel medium (generally limestone or volcanic rock lavastone) can be used as well (the use of lavastone will allow for a surface reduction of about 20% over limestone) is main... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For purposes of law enforcement, blood alcohol content is used to define intoxication and provides a rough measure of impairment. Although the degree of impairment may vary among individuals with the same blood alcohol content, it can be measured objectively and is therefore legally useful and difficult to contest in c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
’ position was essential to the potency of ACE inhibitor so it can be reasoned that this has postponed the discovery of N-domain selective ACE inhibitors. When RXP 407 was discovered researchers looked into phosphinic peptides with 3 different general formula, each containing 2 unidentified amino acids, only 1 of these... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plasmid DNA may appear in one of five conformations, which (for a given size) run at different speeds in a gel during electrophoresis. The conformations are listed below in order of electrophoretic mobility (speed for a given applied voltage) from slowest to fastest:
* Nicked open-circular DNA has one strand cut.
* Rel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sinter plants agglomerate iron ore fines (dust) with other fine materials at high temperature, to create a product that can be used in a blast furnace. The final product, a sinter, is a small, irregular nodule of iron mixed with small amounts of other minerals. The process, called sintering, causes the constituent mate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Both up and downregulation of miR-324-5p is shown to contribute to various types of cancer.
miR-324-5p plays a role in inflammation and tumorigenesis in colorectal cancer through regulation of CUEDC2, which regulates inflammation via interaction with NF-kB signaling. miR-324-5p can inhibit glioma proliferation, suppres... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Born in Keresley on the outskirts of Coventry, Warwickshire, England, on 10 September 1936, Hartshorn was the son of Bernard Hartshorn and Christine Evelyn Hartshorn (née Bennett). He studied at Imperial College London, from where he graduated BSc and ARCS, and at University College, Oxford, where he obtained a DPhil i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It can also be used with highly specific meanings in specialised contexts. In the description of protein structure, in particular in the Protein Data Bank file format, a heteroatom record (HETATM) describes an atom as belonging to a small molecule cofactor rather than being part of a biopolymer chain. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As nanoparticle interactions take place on a nanoscale, the particle interactions must be scaled similarly. Hamaker interactions take into account the polarization characteristics of a large number of nearby particles and the effects they have on each other. Hamaker interactions sum all of the forces between all partic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The École Nationale Supérieure des Industries Chimiques (ENSIC) is an Engineering School dedicated to Chemical Engineering in Nancy, France.
Ensic Nancy is one of the seven schools of the Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine (INPL), France's largest technological university. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
HSC Sim is a process simulator based on the HSC Chemistry software and databases. It has been implemented as a module to HSC Chemistry 7.0 in 2007 and can be used primarily for static process simulation. HSC stands for H ([enthalpy]), S ([entropy]) and Cp([heat capacity]). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Irrespective of scan rate, the area under the peak (in units of AV) is equal to , where is the number of electrons exchanged in the oxidation/reduction of the center, is the electrode surface and is the electroactive coverage (in units of mol/cm). The latter can therefore be deduced from the area under the peak afte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Non-ionic surfactants have covalently bonded oxygen-containing hydrophilic groups, which are bonded to hydrophobic parent structures. The water-solubility of the oxygen groups is the result of hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding decreases with increasing temperature, and the water solubility of non-ionic surfactants the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Extra-thyroidal iodine exists in several other organs, including the mammary glands, eyes, gastric mucosa, cervix, cerebrospinal fluid, arterial walls, ovary and salivary glands. In the cells of these tissues the iodide ion (I) enters directly by the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS). Different tissue responses for iodine ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reductive elimination is sensitive to a variety of factors including: 1) metal identity and electron density; 2) sterics; 3) participating ligands; 4) coordination number; 5) geometry; and 6) photolysis/oxidation. Additionally, because reductive elimination and oxidative addition are reverse reactions, any sterics or e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lanthanide probes' ligands must meet several chemical requirements for the probes to work properly. These qualities are: water solubility, large thermodynamic stability at physiological pHs, kinetic inertness and absorption above 330 nm to minimize destruction of live biological materials.
The chelates which have been ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Pople notation is named after the Nobel laureate John Pople and is a simple method of presenting second-order spin coupling systems in NMR.
The notation labels each (NMR active) nucleus with a letter of the alphabet. The difference in chemical shift, δ, relative to the J-coupling between nuclei mirrors the separati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*2007 - Recipient of the puRkwa Prize. This is an "international prize for the scientific literacy of the children of the planet" awarded annually by the École nationale supérieure des mines de Saint-Étienne and the French Academy of Sciences.
*2005 - Member of the Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences of Ar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mathematically, PCLake is composed of a set of coupled differential equations. With a large number of state variables (>100) and parameters (>300), the model may be characterized as relatively complex. The main biotic variables are phytoplankton and submerged aquatic vegetation, describing primary production. A simplif... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the critical needs for NMR structural ensemble validation is to distinguish well-determined regions (those that have experimental data) from regions that are highly mobile and/or have no observed data. There are several current or proposed methods for making this distinction such as Random Coil Index, but so fa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Europium tetrakis (dibenzoylmethide)triethylammonium emits particularly bright red flashes upon the destruction of its crystals.
* Triphenylphosphinebis(pyridine)thiocyanatocopper(I) emits a reasonably strong blue light when crystals of it are fractured. This luminescence is not as extreme as the red luminescence; ho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In molecular biology, STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins) is a biological database and web resource of known and predicted protein–protein interactions.
The STRING database contains information from numerous sources, including experimental data, computational prediction methods and publ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The speed of sound is the distance travelled per unit of time by a sound wave as it propagates through an elastic medium. At , the speed of sound in air is about , or one km in or one mile in . It depends strongly on temperature as well as the medium through which a sound wave is propagating. At , the speed of sound i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1908, AWWA began developing industry standards for products, processes and best practices. The AWWA Standards Program is recognized internationally as a source for scientific and management reference resources for the water community. Currently, there are over 150 AWWA Standards covering filtration materials, treatm... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reactions in this category behave like a clock reaction, however they are irreproducible, unpredictable and hard to control. Examples are chlorite/thiosulfate and iodide/chlorite reactions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Basic research on supercritical water oxidation was undertaken in the 1990s at Sandia National Laboratory's Combustion Research Facility (CRF), in Livermore, CA. Originally proposed as a hazardous waste destruction technology in response to the Kyoto protocol, multiple waste streams were studied by Steven F. Rice and R... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In environmental chemistry, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) is an indicative measure of the amount of oxygen that can be consumed by reactions in a measured solution. It is commonly expressed in mass of oxygen consumed over volume of solution which in SI units is milligrams per litre (mg/L). A COD test can be used to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To relate the orientation of a crystal, much like in X-ray diffraction (XRD), the geometry of the system must be known. In particular, the pattern centre describes the distance of the interaction volume to the detector and the location of the nearest point between the phosphor and the sample, on the phosphor screen. Ea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In placebo-controlled studies, the most commonly observed side effects were headache, xerostomia (dry mouth), nausea, dizziness, and insomnia. Possible side effects also include depression, anxiety, hallucinations, euphoria, extreme increase in activity and talking, anorexia, tremor, thirst, rash, suicidal thoughts, an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Hamiltonian mechanics, the Boltzmann equation is often written more generally as
where is the Liouville operator (there is an inconsistent definition between the Liouville operator as defined here and the one in the article linked) describing the evolution of a phase space volume and is the collision operator. The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These are exclusively coal-fired processes, with the reducing gases generated inside the reduction vessel. The ore is charged with coal into a closed container. This is then heated until the oxygen present in the ore combines with the carbon before being discharged, mainly in the form of CO or CO2. This production of g... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A sample is introduced, either manually or with an autosampler, into a sample loop of known volume. A buffered aqueous solution known as the mobile phase carries the sample from the loop onto a column that contains some form of stationary phase material. This is typically a resin or gel matrix consisting of agarose or... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Filtrate is the waste that has been discharge in vacuum ceramic filters through the waste stream. During cake washing, a wash liquid is sprayed on the cake solids to remove impurities or additional filtrate. The filtrate goes into filtrate tank and is drained through a discharge system. However, the filtrate is recycl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anim-Mensah was born in Takoradi Ghana to two Kwahu parents. His late father, Kwame Anim-Mensah, was both a businessman and cocoa farmer while his late mother Kate Animah was a homemaker. He is one of thirteen children. He had his primary education at the Young Christian Preparatory School in Sekondi-Takoradi Ghana; an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Giesel isolated from pitchblende a lanthanum-containing fraction which showed unique properties. He produced several compounds of the new element, and after studying for two years he was confident enough to give the new element the name emanium. He was aware of the discovery of actinium by André-Louis Debierne. In publ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A catalyst is a substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction but it remains chemically unchanged afterwards. The catalyst increases the rate of the reaction by providing a new reaction mechanism to occur with in a lower activation energy. In autocatalysis a reaction product is itself a catalyst for that reacti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because Grignard reagents are so sensitive to moisture and oxygen, many methods have been developed to test the quality of a batch. Typical tests involve titrations with weighable, anhydrous protic reagents, e.g. menthol in the presence of a color-indicator. The interaction of the Grignard reagent with phenanthroline... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first pathogenic mutation in mitochondrial DNA was identified in 1988; from that time to 2016, around 275 other disease-causing mutations were identified. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide, also known as CO2RR, is the conversion of carbon dioxide () to more reduced chemical species using electrical energy. It represents one potential step in the broad scheme of carbon capture and utilization.
CO2RR can produce diverse compounds including formate (HCOO), car... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* 2015 (forthcoming) Providence, RI, September 27-October 2, 2015
* 2014 (forthcoming) Reno, NV, September 28-October 3, 2014
* 2013 (forthcoming) Milwaukee, WI, September 29-October 3, 2013, which will be the 40th annual meeting of the FACSS organization
* 2012 - Kansas City, MO
* 2011 - Reno, NV
*2010 - Raleigh, N... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the binuclear ion each bridging water molecule donates one pair of electrons to one cobalt ion and another pair to the other cobalt ion. The Co-O (bridging) bond lengths are 213 picometers, and the Co-O (terminal) bond lengths are 10 pm shorter.
The complexes and contain metal-metal bonds. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Internal conversion is favored whenever the energy available for a gamma transition is small, and it is also the primary mode of de-excitation for 0→0 (i.e. E0) transitions. The 0→0 transitions occur where an excited nucleus has zero-spin and positive parity, and decays to a ground state which also has zero-spin and po... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In metalworking and jewelry making, casting is a process in which a liquid metal is delivered into a mold (usually by a crucible) that contains a negative impression (i.e., a three-dimensional negative image) of the intended shape. The metal is poured into the mold through a hollow channel called a sprue. The metal and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Johann Heinrich Pott, a student of one of Stahl's students, expanded the theory and attempted to make it much more understandable to a general audience. He compared phlogiston to light or fire, saying that all three were substances whose natures were widely understood but not easily defined. He thought that phlogiston ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The three most-cited papers published by the journal are:
# Research Article: Development of a novel autothermal reforming process and its economics for clean hydrogen production, Volume 1, Issue 1–2, Nov-Dec 2006, Pages: 5–12, Chen ZX, Elnashaie SSEH
# Research Article: Review: examining the use of different feedstock... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The 4n+2 chain of uranium-238 is called the "uranium series" or "radium series". Beginning with naturally occurring uranium-238, this series includes the following elements: astatine, bismuth, lead, mercury, polonium, protactinium, radium, radon, thallium, and thorium. All are present, at least transiently, in any na... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pipe is made out of many types of material including ceramic, glass, fiberglass, many metals, concrete and plastic. In the past, wood and lead (Latin plumbum, from which comes the word plumbing) were commonly used.
Typically metallic piping is made of steel or iron, such as unfinished, black (lacquer) steel, carbon ste... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aRKAXD4dAg introduction to NMR and MRI]
* [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/21 Richard Ernst, NL – Developer of multidimensional NMR techniques] Freeview video provided by the Vega Science Trust.
* [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/115 An Interview with Kurt Wuthrich] Fre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Addiction to indoor tanning has been recognized as a psychiatric disorder. The disorder is characterized as excessive indoor tanning that causes the subject personal distress; it has been associated with anxiety, eating disorders and smoking. The media has described the addiction as tanorexia. According to the Canadian... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
POCIS can be deployed in a wide range of aquatic environments including stagnant pools, rivers, springs, estuarine systems, and wastewater streams. However, there has been little research into the use of POCIS in strictly marine environments. Prior to deployment of a POCIS device, it is essential to select a study site... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7134/full/446391a.html Bergman FAQ in Nature on C-H activation (2007)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224214/http://stoltz.caltech.edu/seminars/2004_Ramtohul.pdf Literature Presentation by Ramtohul in Stoltz group on applications of C-H activation]
*[http://www.chem.t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*The World's 500 Most influential Arabs in 2013 in the “scientist inventor” category for his outstanding contributions in the areas of innovation, research and community service.
*The World's 500 Most influential Arabs in 2012.
*Arabian Business Achievement Awards 2011 – Science and Innovation Award 2011
*First prize ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Finally, biology is not the sole domain of MAs. The fields of supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology each have areas that have developed to elaborate and extend the principles first demonstrated in biologic MAs. Of particular interest in these areas has been elaborating the fundamental processes of molecular mach... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The cold blob in the North Atlantic (also called the North Atlantic warming hole) describes a cold temperature anomaly of ocean surface waters, affecting the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) which is part of the thermohaline circulation, possibly related to global warming-induced melting of the Greenl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chapter 7, Umaswati presents the Jaina vows and explains their value in stopping karmic particle inflow to the soul. The vows, with their respective translations by Nathmal Tatia, are
:*ahimsa (abstinence from violence)
:* anirta (abstinence from falsehood)
:* asteya (abstinence from stealing)
:* brahmacharya (abst... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Examples of trap crops include:
* Alfalfa planted in strips among cotton, to draw away lygus bugs, while castor beans surround the field, or tobacco planted in strips among it, to protect from the budworm Heliothis.
* Rose enthusiasts often plant Pelargonium geraniums among their rosebushes because Japanese beetles are... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since the method requires no binder, balsam or glue, the physical properties of the bound object are the same as the objects joined. Typically, glues and binders are more heat sensitive or have undesirable properties compared to the actual bodies being joined. The use of optical contact bonding allows the production of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the United States, 49% of the 250,000 valve replacement procedures performed annually involve a mechanical valve implant. The most widely used valve is a bileaflet disc heart valve or St. Jude valve. The mechanics involve two semicircular discs moving back and forth, with both allowing the flow of blood as well as t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The drinking bird is an exhibition of several physical laws and is therefore a staple of basic chemistry and physics education. These include:
* The dichloromethane with a low boiling point ( under standard pressure p Pa – as the drinking bird is first evacuated, partially filled and sealed, the pressure and thus... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A structural feature common to all IAP family proteins is that they all contain at least one baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domain characterized by a conserved zinc-coordinating Cys/His motif at the N-terminal half of the protein.
Survivin is distinguished from other IAP family members in that it has only one BIR domain.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The multiple objective optimization problems involve computing the tradeoff between the costs and benefits resulting in a set of solutions that can be used for sensitivity analysis and tested in different scenarios. But there is no single optimal solution that will satisfy the global optimality of both objectives. As b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since glyceroneogenesis is related to lipid regulation, it can be found in adipose tissue and the liver. In adipose tissue, glyceroneogenesis restrains the release of free fatty acids (FFA) by re-esterifying them. In the liver, triglycerides are synthesized for lipid distribution. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
cAMP was discovered by Earl Sutherland and Ted Rall in the mid 1950s. cAMP is considered a secondary messenger along with Ca. Sutherland won the Nobel Prize in 1971 for his discovery of the mechanism of action of epinephrine in glycogenolysis, that requires cAMP as secondary messenger. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Similar to the ring-formation behavior in the carbene addition reaction of C=C double bonds, diphosphene can form a P-C-P three-membered ring with dihalocarbene or . Diphosphiranes can further rearrange to 1,3-diphospha-allene via ring opening reactions by using MeLi or n-BuLi. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The active zone or synaptic active zone is a term first used by Couteaux and Pecot-Dechavassinein in 1970 to define the site of neurotransmitter release. Two neurons make near contact through structures called synapses allowing them to communicate with each other. As shown in the adjacent diagram, a synapse consists o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PyAOP ((7-Azabenzotriazol-1-yloxy)tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate) is a coupling reagent used in solid phase peptide synthesis. It is a derivative of the HOAt family of coupling reagents. It is preferred over HATU, because it does not side react at the N-terminus of the peptide. Compared to the HOBt deriv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper The concept of a bacterium (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote there). That paper cites Édouard Chattons 1937 book Titres et Travaux Scientifiques' for using those t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Streptavidin is a tetrameric protein expressed in Streptomyces avidinii. Because of Streptavidin's high affinity for vitamin H (biotin), Streptavidin is commonly used in the fields of molecular biology and biotechnology. The Strep-tag was originally selected from a genetic library to specifically bind to a proteolytica... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Both p90 and p70 Rsk phosphorylate ribosomal protein s6, part of the translational machinery, but several other substrates have been identified, including other ribosomal proteins. Cytosolic substrates of p90 include protein phosphatase 1; glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3); L1 CAM, a neural cell adhesion molecule; Son... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Geological samples, such as drill cores, can be rapidly mapped for nearly all minerals of commercial interest with hyperspectral imaging. Fusion of SWIR and LWIR spectral imaging is standard for the detection of minerals in the feldspar, silica, calcite, garnet, and olivine groups, as these minerals have their most dis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Scintillation detectors uses a photo luminescent source (such as ZnS) which interacts with radiation. When a radioactive particle decays and strikes the photo luminescent material a photon is released. This photon is multiplied in a photomultiplier tube which converts light into an electrical signal. This signal is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The nanocar is a molecule designed in 2005 at Rice University by a group headed by Professor James Tour. Despite the name, the original nanocar does not contain a molecular motor, hence, it is not really a car. Rather, it was designed to answer the question of how fullerenes move about on metal surfaces; specifically, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Protein folding in a cell is a highly complex process that involves transport of the newly synthesized proteins to appropriate cellular compartments through targeting, permanent misfolding, temporarily unfolded states, post-translational modifications, quality control, and formation of protein complexes facilitated by ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For example, hydrogen fluoride—which has three lone pairs on the F atom but only one H atom—can form only two bonds; (ammonia has the opposite problem: three hydrogen atoms but only one lone pair). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The red chromophore, which is generated by cleavage of the peptide backbone, has an absorption maxima at 571 nm and an emission maxima at 581 nm, in its anionic form. The break in the peptide backbone that leads to this chromophore is between His-62 Nα and Cα. The observed red fluorescence occurs due to an extension of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Sharpless epoxidation, developed by K. Barry Sharpless in 1980, has been utilized for the kinetic resolution of a racemic mixture of allylic alcohols. While extremely effective at resolving a number of allylic alcohols, this method has a number of drawbacks. Reaction times can run as long as 6 days, and the catalys... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During the Eastern Front (World War II) or the Great Patriotic War, the plant was almost completely destroyed (immediately before the start of the battles for the liberation of the city, on September 6–7, 1943. The underground workers operating at the plant, led by I.I. Kholoshin, including prisoners of war and assista... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Interfacial and surface tension can be characterized by classical methods such as the
-pendant or spinning drop method.
Dynamic surface tensions, i.e. surface tension as a function of time, can be obtained by the maximum bubble pressure apparatus
The structure of surfactant layers can be studied by ellipsometry or X-ra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Traumatic brain injury is a major neurological disorder when the brain is injured by traumatic force such as a bluent trauma or blast over-pressure wave.
For the disorders of central nervous system, the neuronal cell body-located Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) and Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The diameter of the microcapsules is an important factor that influences both the immune response towards the cell microcapsules as well as the mass transport across the capsule membrane. Studies show that the cellular response to smaller capsules is much lesser as compared to larger capsules and in general the diamete... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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