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Sprinklers have been in use in the United States since 1874, and were installed into factory applications where fires at the turn of the century had often catastrophic in terms of both human and property losses. In the US, sprinklers are today required in all new high rise and underground buildings generally above or ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Special caution should be taken with people who have fish and shellfish allergies. In addition, as with other omega-3 fatty acids, taking ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid (E-EPA) puts people who are on anticoagulants at risk for prolonged bleeding time.
The most commonly reported side effect in clinical trials has been join... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sedimentation potential is measured by attaching electrodes to a glass column filled with the dispersion of interest. A voltmeter is attached to measure the potential generated from the suspension. To account for different geometries of the electrode, the column is typically rotated 180 degrees while measuring the pote... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The molecular orbital explanation of the stability of homoaromaticity has been widely discussed with numerous diverse theories, mostly focused on the homotropenylium cation as a reference. R.C. Haddon initially proposed a Mobius model where the outer electrons of the sp hybridized methylene bridge carbon(2) back-donate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The use of displacement chromatography is rather limited, and is mostly used for preparative chromatography. The basic principle is based on a molecule with a high affinity for the chromatography matrix (the displacer) which is used to compete effectively for binding sites, and thus displace all molecules with lesser a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The equivalence point, or stoichiometric point, of a chemical reaction is the point at which chemically equivalent quantities of reactants have been mixed. For an acid-base reaction the equivalence point is where the moles of acid and the moles of base would neutralize each other according to the chemical reaction. Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hemoglycin (previously termed hemolithin) is a space polymer that is the first polymer of amino acids found in meteorites. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Researchers at Sandia Labs, Ames National Laboratory and Iowa State University reported a 3D-printed superalloy composed of 42% aluminum, 25% titanium, 13% niobium, 8% zirconium, 8% molybdenum and 4% tantalum. Most alloys are made chiefly of one primary element, combined with low amounts of other elements. In contrast ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In pharmacology, an indirect agonist or indirect-acting agonist is a substance that enhances the release or action of an endogenous neurotransmitter but has no specific agonist activity at the neurotransmitter receptor itself. Indirect agonists work through varying mechanisms to achieve their effects, including transpo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tc is normally supplied to hospitals through a radionuclide generator containing the parent radionuclide molybdenum-99. Mo is typically obtained as a fission product of U in nuclear reactors, however global supply shortages have led to the exploration of other methods of production. About a third of the worlds supply, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a fluid flow at the speed of sound over a thin sharp flat plate over the leading edge at low incident angle at low Reynolds Number. Then a laminar boundary layer will be developed at the leading edge of the plate. And as there are viscous boundary layer, the plate will have a fictitious boundary layer so that a cu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxaziridines with unsubstituted or acylated nitrogens are capable of nitrogen atom transfer, although this reactivity has received considerably less attention. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nucleotide analogues require only two phosphorylation steps whereas nucleoside analogues require three steps. Reduction in the phosphorylation requirement may allow more rapid and complete conversion of drugs to their active metabolites. Such considerations have led to the development of phosphonate nucleotide analogue... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ion semiconductor sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the detection of hydrogen ions that are released during the polymerization of DNA. This is a method of "sequencing by synthesis", during which a complementary strand is built based on the sequence of a template strand.
A microwell containing a template... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Insulin is a peptide hormone that is critical for managing the body's metabolism. Insulin is released by the pancreas when blood sugar levels rise, and it has many effects that broadly promote the absorption and storage of sugars, including lipogenesis.
Insulin stimulates lipogenesis primarily by activating two enzyma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In physical and chemical kinetics, T-symmetry of the mechanical microscopic equations implies two important laws: the principle of detailed balance and the Onsager reciprocal relations. T-symmetry of the microscopic description together with its kinetic consequences are called microscopic reversibility. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If soil sulfur is derived consistently from one source, the water-soluble and insoluble organic S fractions acquire similar isotopic compositions. In the case that there are two or more sources and/or if the isotopic composition of atmospheric or groundwater sulfate fluctuates, there may not be sufficient time for isot... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stable isotopic analysis has also been used for tracing the geographical origin of food, timber, and in tracing the sources and fates of nitrates in the environment. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bisphosphonates mimic the endogenous inorganic pyrophosphate where the oxygen backbone is replaced with carbon (P-C-P for P-O-P). The two additional groups or side chains on the carbon backbone are usually referred to as R and R. R is usually a hydroxyl group which enhances the affinity for the calcium by forming a tri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dodecahedrane is a chemical compound, a hydrocarbon with formula , whose carbon atoms are arranged as the vertices (corners) of a regular dodecahedron. Each carbon is bound to three neighbouring carbon atoms and to a hydrogen atom. This compound is one of the three possible Platonic hydrocarbons, the other two being c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gustav Kirchhoff was born on 12 March 1824 in Königsberg, Prussia, the son of Friedrich Kirchhoff, a lawyer, and Johanna Henriette Wittke. His family were Lutherans in the Evangelical Church of Prussia. He graduated from the Albertus University of Königsberg in 1847 where he attended the mathematico-physical seminar di... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Railway - gearboxes, wheels, transmissions
* Machine tools - lathe gearboxes, mills
* Steel works - roll bearings, roll neck rings
* Power generation - various generator components
Due to the need to insert a core and also that to be effective, the core has to be in relatively close proximity to the bore of the p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Regardless of the presence or absence of an oxidant, the first step of the reaction is photochemical excitation of a stilbene or similar structure, leading to formation of a dihydrophenanthrene or similar intermediate. For stilbene and other chemicals containing a double-bond linker between the two aromatic rings, the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Levosalbutamol's bronchodilator properties give it indications in treatment of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, also known as chronic obstructive lung disease) and asthma. Like other bronchodilators, it acts by relaxing smooth muscle in the bronchial tubes, and thus shortening or reversing an acute "attack"... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The eye is most sensitive to damage by UV in the lower UV‑C band at 265–275 nm. Radiation of this wavelength is almost absent from sunlight at the surface of the Earth but is emitted by artificial sources such as the electrical arcs employed in arc welding. Unprotected exposure to these sources can cause "welder's flas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The BCS formalism is applicable without modifications to the description of quark matter with color group SU(2), where Cooper pairs are colorless. The Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model
predicts the existence of the superconducting phase of SU(2) color quark matter at high densities
This physical picture is confirmed in the Pol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The word malic is derived from Latin , meaning apple. The related Latin word , meaning apple tree, is used as the name of the genus Malus, which includes all apples and crabapples; and the origin of other taxonomic classifications such as Maloideae, Malinae, and Maleae. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Endoreversible thermodynamics was discovered multiple times, with Reitlinger (1929), Novikov (1957) and Chambadal (1957), although it is most often attributed to Curzon & Ahlborn (1975).
Reitlinger derived it by considering a heat exchanger receiving heat from a finite hot stream fed by a combustion process.
A brief r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In cooperativity, the initial ligand binding affects the host's affinity for subsequent ligands. In positive cooperativity, the first binding event enhances the affinity of the host for another ligand. Examples of positive and negative cooperativity are hemoglobin and aspartate receptor, respectively.
The thermodynamic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He was involved in the creation of the Masters and Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry from his university and it was the very first doctoral program in Usach. He has supervised more 60 thesis: 36 undergraduate and professional students: 20 doctorates, 5 masters and 9 postdocs, some coming from Europe (Russian Federation, Fr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HYSYS was first conceived and created by the Canadian company Hyprotech, founded by researchers from the University of Calgary. The HYSYS Version 1.1 Reference Volume was published in 1996.
In May 2002, AspenTech acquired Hyprotech, including HYSYS. Following a 2004 ruling by the United States Federal Trade Commission,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In incompressible fluids (liquids) such as water, a bow wake is created when a watercraft moves through the medium; as the medium cannot be compressed, it must be displaced instead, resulting in a wave. As with all wave forms, it spreads outward from the source until its energy is overcome or lost, usually by friction ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The US Department of Defense developed favipiravir in partnership with MediVector, Inc. as a broad-spectrum antiviral and sponsored it through FDA Phase II and Phase III clinical trials, where it demonstrated safety in humans and efficacy against the influenza virus. favipiravir remains unapproved in the UK and the USA... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The skeletal muscle accounts for more than 80 percent of the postprandial whole body glucose uptake and therefore plays an important role in glucose homeostasis. Skeletal muscle lipid levels – intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) – correlate negatively with insulin sensitivity in a sedentary population and hence were conside... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pneumatic bladders are used to seal drains and ducts to contain chemical spills or gases. Pneumatic bladders are often used for the containment of chemical spills, oil spills or fire water on water to prevent them from entering the environment, usually in the form of booms. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the early 2020s, molecular biology entered a golden age defined by both vertical and horizontal technical development. Vertically, novel technologies are allowing for real-time monitoring of biological processes at the atomic level. Molecular biologists today have access to increasingly affordable sequencing data at... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first to report on the relationship between kinetic and thermodynamic control were R.B. Woodward and Harold Baer in 1944. They were re-investigating a reaction between maleic anhydride and a fulvene first reported in 1929 by Otto Diels and Kurt Alder. They observed that while the endo isomer is formed more rapidly,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For this track, students take classes introducing them to ways to conserve natural resources. This can include classes in water chemistry, sanitation, combustion, air pollution and radioactive waste management. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Published in Nov 2019 by CRC Press, Taylor & Francis
The textbook sets out the premise, processes, methods and tools of Transition Engineering. The book includes the perspective stories that Professor Susan Krumdieck has used for sensemaking around wicked problems of change to downshift fossil fuels. Professor Krumdiec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the unswollen state, hydrogels can be modelled as highly crosslinked chemical gels, in which the system can be described as one continuous polymer network. In this case:
where G is the shear modulus, k is the Boltzmann constant, T is temperature, N is the number of polymer chains per unit volume, ρ is the density, R... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drug combinations with additive effects have the potential to cause adverse effects. Adverse effects induced by drug combinations are not uncommon. The risk of having adverse effects is increased when the drug combination with additive effect has the same adverse effect. Thus, some drug combinations with additive effec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The nuclear power industry is also a source of uranium in the environment in the form of radioactive waste or through nuclear accidents such as Three Mile Island or the Chernobyl disaster. Perceived risks of contamination associated with this industry contribute to the anti-nuclear movement.
In 2020, there were over 25... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ASDs are complex; autism is a medical condition with several etiologies caused due to the interactions between environmental conditions and genetic vulnerability. The challenge in finding out the biomarkers related to ASDs is that they may reflect genetic or neurobiological changes that may be active only to a certain ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1901, Langley challenged the dominant hypothesis that drugs act at nerve endings by demonstrating that nicotine acted at sympathetic ganglia even after the degeneration of the severed preganglionic nerve endings. In 1905 he introduced the concept of a receptive substance on the surface of skeletal muscle that mediat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Primary alkyl halides react with aqueous NaOH or KOH to alcohols in nucleophilic aliphatic substitution. (Secondary and especially tertiary alkyl halides will give the elimination (alkene) product instead). Grignard reagents react with carbonyl groups to secondary and tertiary alcohols. Related reactions are the Barbie... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A meta-analysis of four RCTs concluded that there is no support for selenium supplementation for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Caucasians. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anoxygenic photosynthesis is a special form of photosynthesis used by some bacteria and archaea, which differs from the better known oxygenic photosynthesis in plants in the reductant used (e.g. hydrogen sulfide instead of water) and the byproduct generated (e.g. elemental sulfur instead of molecular oxygen). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
V̇O max has been measured in other animal species. During loaded swimming, mice had a V̇O max of around 140 mL/(kg·min). Thoroughbred horses had a V̇O max of around 193 mL/(kg·min) after 18 weeks of high-intensity training. Alaskan huskies running in the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race had V̇O max values as high as 240 mL... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Using the A-values of the hydroxyl and isopropyl subunit, the energetic value of a favorable intramolecular hydrogen bond can be calculated. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The underlying principle is to merge pores of different sizes into a material with a large surface area (thanks to smaller pores), which in turn allows efficient molecular transport (which requires larger pores). The process used to produce these materials is a combination of the replication method, typically used to p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In thin layer chromatography (TLC) color reactions are frequently used to detect compound spots by dipping the plate into the reagent or by spraying the reagent onto the plates. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The adsorption and absorption rate of a diluted solute in gas or liquid solution to a surface or interface can be calculated using Fick's laws of diffusion. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Laser spectroscopy can be used to measure isotope enrichments of gases in the environment. Laser spectroscopy takes advantage of the different vibrational frequencies of isotopologues which cause them to absorb different wavelengths of light. Transmission of light through the gaseous sample at a controlled temperature ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The applications of photophoresis expand into the various divisions of science, thus physics, chemistry as well as in biology. Photophoresis is applied in particle trapping and levitation, in the field flow fractionation of particles, in the determination of thermal conductivity and temperature of microscopic grains a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Bouguer-Lambert law may be applied to describe the attenuation of solar or stellar radiation as it travels through the atmosphere. In this case, there is scattering of radiation as well as absorption. The optical depth for a slant path is , where refers to a vertical path, is called the relative airmass, and for ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) is most versatile and most widely used sub-technique within the family of field flow fractionation (FFF) methods. AF4 can be used in aqueous and organic solvents and is able to characterize nanoparticles, polymers and proteins. The theory for AF4 was conceived in 1986 an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During the development of the vertebrate nervous system, many neurons become redundant (because they have died, failed to connect to target cells, etc.) and are eliminated. At the same time, developing neurons send out axon outgrowths that contact their target cells. Such cells control their degree of innervation (the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Synthesis is the step where the structure of the flowsheet is chosen. It is also in this step that one initializes values for variables which one is free to set. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dynamic kinetic resolution under Curtin–Hammett conditions has also been applied to enantioselective lithiation reactions. In the reaction below, it was observed that product enantioselectivities were independent of the chirality of the starting material. The use of (−)-sparteine is essential to enantioselectivit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A patient undergoing a nuclear medicine procedure will receive a radiation dose. Under present international guidelines it is assumed that any radiation dose, however small, presents a risk. The radiation dose delivered to a patient in a nuclear medicine investigation, though unproven, is generally accepted to present ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Quartz dolerite or quartz diabase is an intrusive rock similar to dolerite (also called diabase), but with an excess of quartz. Dolerite is similar in composition to basalt, which is volcanic, and gabbro, which is plutonic. The differing crystal sizes are due to the different rate of cooling, basalt cools quickly and h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The asymmetric atom is called a chirality center, a type of stereocenter. A chirality center is also called a chiral center or an asymmetric center. Some sources use the terms stereocenter, stereogenic center, stereogenic atom or stereogen to refer exclusively to a chirality center, while others use the terms more broa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The BindingDB project was conceived in the mid-1990s, based upon recognition of the broad value of quantitative affinity data and the inadequacy of journal articles as a means of making these data accessible. A NIST-sponsored workshop in September 1997 validated the concept, and funding from the NSF and NIST enabled i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1962, Atalla joined Hewlett-Packard, where he co-founded Hewlett-Packard and Associates (HP Associates), which provided Hewlett-Packard with fundamental solid-state capabilities. He was the Director of Semiconductor Research at HP Associates, and the first manager of HP's Semiconductor Lab.
He continued research on ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Roberts attended Wellesley College in 1880. Wellesley made her a graduate assistant in 1881, an instructor in 1882, and an associate professor in 1886. In 1885 she spent a year at Cambridge University working with Sir James Dewar, a chemist and physicist. In 1896 she published The Development and Present Aspects of Ste... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
E.coli are shown to be more sensitive to accumulations of guanosine tetraphosphate than guanosine pentaphosphate. A complete absence of (p)ppGpp causes multiple amino acid requirements, poor survival of aged cultures, aberrant cell division, morphology, and immotility, as well as being locked in a growth mode during e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Crithidia luciliae are haemoflaggelate single celled protists. They are used as a substrate in immunofluorescence for the detection of anti-dsDNA antibodies. They possess an organelle known as the kinetoplast which is a large mitochondrion with a network of interlocking circular dsDNA molecules. After incubation with s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Early models of the nucleus viewed the nucleus as a rotating liquid drop. In this model, the trade-off of long-range electromagnetic forces and relatively short-range nuclear forces, together cause behavior which resembled surface tension forces in liquid drops of different sizes. This formula is successful at explaini... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cases of inhalation are also known. A man inhaled palytoxin when he tried to kill a Palythoa in his aquarium with boiling water. In 2018, six people from Steventon, Oxfordshire, England were hospitalized after probable exposure by inhalation to "palytoxins" which were released by coral that was being removed from a per... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) is an optical diagnostic technique widely used for flow visualization and quantitative measurements. PLIF has been shown to be used for velocity, concentration, temperature and pressure measurements. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, hydrodynamic stability is the field which analyses the stability and the onset of instability of fluid flows. The study of hydrodynamic stability aims to find out if a given flow is stable or unstable, and if so, how these instabilities will cause the development of turbulence. The foundations of hyd... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To perform microcrystallization, a small piece of lichen is extracted using acetone or other solvents, filtered, and evaporated to yield a residue. The residue is transferred to a microscope slide, and a drop of microcrystallization reagent is added before capping with a cover glass. Commonly used reagents include GAW ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For plants to absorb nitrogen from urea it must first be broken down:
Urease is a naturally occurring enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to unstable carbamic acid. Rapid decomposition of carbamic acid occurs without enzyme catalysis to form ammonia and carbon dioxide. The ammonia will likely escape to the at... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several general trends are recognized in determining the structure of Fe–Ni clusters. Larger clusters, containing both iron and nickel, are most stable with Fe atoms located in the inner parts of the cluster and Ni metals on outside. In other terms, when iron and nickel form body-centered cubic structures the preferred... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Prime editing was developed in the lab of David R. Liu at the Broad Institute and disclosed in Anzalone et al. (2019). Since then prime editing and the research that produced it have received widespread scientific acclaim, being called "revolutionary" and an important part of the future of editing. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the arts, silicon carbide is a popular abrasive in modern lapidary due to the durability and low cost of the material. In manufacturing, it is used for its hardness in abrasive machining processes such as grinding, honing, water-jet cutting and sandblasting. SiC provides a much sharper and harder alternative for san... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This book describes smelting, which Agricola describes as perfecting the metal by fire. The design of furnaces is first explained.
These are very similar for smelting different metals, constructed of brick or soft stone with a brick front and mechanically driven bellows at the rear. At the front is a pit called the for... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SoluForce is a type of Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe (RTP, also known as flexible composite pipe or FCP). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some major bacterial strains identified as being able to ferment lactose are in the genera Escherichia, Citrobacter, Enterobacter and Klebsiella . All four of these groups fall underneath the family of Enterobacteriaceae. These four genera are able to be separated from each other by using biochemical testing, and simpl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tolaasin, a toxic secretion by Pseudomonas tolaasii, is the cause of bacterial brown blotch disease of edible mushrooms. Tolaasin is composed of 18 amino acids, including a beta-hydroxy-octanoic acid chain located at the N terminus. Tolaasin is a 1985 Da lipodepsipeptide non-host specific toxin. In addition to forming... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Early researchers found that an electric or magnetic field could split radioactive emissions into three types of beams. The rays were given the names alpha, beta, and gamma, in increasing order of their ability to penetrate matter. Alpha decay is observed only in heavier elements of atomic number 52 (tellurium) and gre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The similarity to histone H1 explains how fork head factors are able to bind chromatin by interacting with the major groove of only the one available side of DNA wrapped around a nucleosome. Fork head domains also have a helix that confers sequence specificity unlike linker histone. The C terminus is associated with ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cross-polarization (CP) if a fundamental RF pulse sequence and a building-block in many solid-state NMR. It is typically used to enhance the signal of a dilute nuclei with a low gyromagnetic ratio (e.g. , ) by magnetization transfer from an abundant nuclei with a high gyromagnetic ratio (e.g. ), or as a spectral editin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ancient societies used moulds to treat infections, and in the following centuries many people observed the inhibition of bacterial growth by moulds. While working at St Marys Hospital in London in 1928, Scottish physician Alexander Fleming was the first to experimentally determine that a Penicillium mould secretes an a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Kiick first became interested in a career in the chemical sciences when she was at high school. She studied chemistry at the University of Delaware, from which she graduated summa cum laude as a Eugene du Pont memorial distinguished scholar. She was a Masters student at the University of Georgia, where she was awarded ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, the Joule–Thomson effect (also known as the Joule–Kelvin effect or Kelvin–Joule effect) describes the temperature change of a real gas or liquid (as differentiated from an ideal gas) when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while keeping it insulated so that no heat is exchanged with the envi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Argillaceous rocks are those in which clay minerals are a significant component. For example, argillaceous limestones are limestones consisting predominantly of calcium carbonate, but including 10-40% of clay minerals: such limestones, when soft, are often called marls. Similarly, argillaceous sandstones such as grey... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
17α-Epiestriol, or simply 17-epiestriol, also known as 16α-hydroxy-17α-estradiol or estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16α,17α-triol, is a minor and weak endogenous estrogen, and the 17α-epimer of estriol (which is 16α-hydroxy-17β-estradiol). It is formed from 16α-hydroxyestrone. In contrast to other endogenous estrogens like es... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Robinson was an undergraduate student at the University of Cambridge, where she studied natural sciences. She moved to the University of Oxford for her graduate studies, where she investigated pleistocene climate chronology. After completing her doctorate, Robinson moved to California. She was appointed a postdoctoral... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gamma rays are produced in many processes of particle physics. Typically, gamma rays are the products of neutral systems which decay through electromagnetic interactions (rather than a weak or strong interaction). For example, in an electron–positron annihilation, the usual products are two gamma ray photons. If the an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Irradiation causes the properties of steels to become poorer, for instance SS316 becomes less ductile and less tough. Also creep and stress corrosion cracking become worse. Papers on this effect continue to be published. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cycling probe technology utilizes a cyclic, isothermal process that begins with the hybridization of the chimeric probe with the target DNA. Once hybridized, the probe becomes a suitable substrate for RNase H. RNase H, an endonuclease, cleaves the RNA portion of the probe, resulting in two chimeric fragments. The melti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Melainabacteria is a phylum related to Cyanobacteria. Organisms belonging to this phylum have been found in the human gut and various aquatic habitats such as groundwater. By analyzing genomes of Melainabacteria, predictions are possible about the cell structure and metabolic abilities. The bacterial cell is similar to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This idea consists of introducing a modified version of the forcing term: (or equilibrium distribution) into the LBM as a stress divergence force. This force is considered space-time dependent and contains solid properties
where denotes the Cauchy stress tensor. and are respectively the gravity vector and solid matt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A properly designed and installed extensive green-roof system can cost while an intensive green roof costs However, since most of the materials used to build the green roof can be salvaged, it is estimated that the cost of replacing a green roof is generally one third of the initial installation costs.
With the initi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There has been considerable interest in use of SAMs for new materials e.g. via formation of two- or three-dimensional metal organic superlattices by assembly of SAM capped nanoparticles or layer by layer SAM-nanoparticle arrays using dithiols. A detailed review on this subject using dithiols is given by Hamoudi and Esa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
S. aureus causes a number of diseases. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has generated growing concerns over its resistance to almost all antibiotics except vancomycin. However, most serious S. aureus infections in the community, and many in hospitals, are caused by methicillin-susceptible isolates (MSSA) and ther... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The human body has many defense mechanisms against pathogens, one of which is humoral immunity. This defence mechanism produces antibodies (large glycoproteins) in response to an immune stimulus. Many cells of the immune system are required for this process, including lymphocytes (T-cells and B-cells) and antigen prese... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biosurveys are used by government agencies responsible for management of public lands, environmental planning and/or environmental regulation to assess ecological resources, such as rivers, streams, lakes and wetlands. They involve collection and analysis of animal and/or plant samples which serve as bioindicators. The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2006 the U.S. National Research Council published a report, Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals. The report recognized the value of biomonitoring for better understanding exposure to environmental chemicals, and included several findings and recommendations to improve the utility of biomonitoring data fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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