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A highly ordered π-conjugation TP-COF, consisting of pyrene and triphenylene functionalities alternately linked in a mesoporous hexagonal skeleton, is highly luminescent, harvests a wide wavelength range of photons, and allows energy transfer and migration. Furthermore, TP-COF is electrically conductive and capable of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Myosins are a superfamily of actin motor proteins that convert chemical energy in the form of ATP to mechanical energy, thus generating force and movement. The first identified myosin, myosin II, is responsible for generating muscle contraction. Myosin II is an elongated protein that is formed from two heavy chains wit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A type III secretion system means that a molecular syringe is used through which a bacterium (e.g. certain types of Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia) can inject nutrients into protist cells. One such mechanism was first discovered in Y. pestis and showed that toxins could be injected directly from the bacterial cytoplasm... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Unruh temperature, sometimes called the Davies–Unruh temperature, was derived separately by Paul Davies and William Unruh and is the effective temperature experienced by a uniformly accelerating detector in a vacuum field. It is given by
where is the reduced Planck constant, is the proper uniform acceleration, i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aryl azo compounds are usually stable, crystalline species. Azobenzene is the prototypical aromatic azo compound. It exists mainly as the trans isomer, but upon illumination, converts to the cis isomer.
Aromatic azo compounds can be synthesized by azo coupling, which entails an electrophilic substitution reaction where... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dynamic sessile drop is similar to the static sessile drop but requires the drop to be modified. A common type of dynamic sessile drop study determines the largest contact angle possible without increasing its solid–liquid interfacial area by adding volume dynamically. This maximum angle is the advancing angle. Vol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The idea of rigid unit modes was developed for crystalline materials to enable an understanding of the origin of displacive phase transitions in materials such as silicates, which can be described as infinite three-dimensional networks of corner-lined SiO and AlO tetrahedra. The idea was that rigid unit modes could act... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The theory of tides is the application of continuum mechanics to interpret and predict the tidal deformations of planetary and satellite bodies and their atmospheres and oceans (especially Earth's oceans) under the gravitational loading of another astronomical body or bodies (especially the Moon and Sun). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Falcon semi batch centrifugal concentrator is primarily used for the recovery of free (liberated) precious metals such as gold, silver and platinum. The machine generates forces up to 200 times the force of gravity (200 Gs) and makes use of a two-stage rotating bowl for mineral separation. The smooth-walled lower p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It was given a Royal Charter in 1975. In 1977 it became the sixteenth constituent of the •Council of Engineering Institutions, which became the Engineering Council in 1981. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Surface ocean waters generally have oxygen concentrations close to equilibrium with the Earth's atmosphere. In general, colder waters hold more oxygen than warmer waters. As water moves out of the mixed layer into the thermocline, it is exposed to a rain of organic matter from above. Aerobic bacteria feed on this organ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric. In acid, it acts as a Brønsted–Lowry base. It neutralizes the acid, yielding a salt:
In bases, it acts as a Lewis acid by binding hydroxide ions: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Professor Zagal is also a man of many talents: he sings and plays several instruments, including the guitar and the scottish bagpipes. He also writes poetry, paints and draws cartoons. He played Caiphas in the Opera Rock Jesus Christ Superstar in the early 70s. He has been a volunteer firemen with the 14th British and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The largest subunit of Pol II (Rpb1) has a domain at its C-terminus called the CTD (C-terminal domain). This is the target of kinases and phosphatases. The phosphorylation of the CTD is an important regulation mechanism, as this allows attraction and rejection of factors that have a function in the transcription proces... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chitin (CHON) ( ) is a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, an amide derivative of glucose. Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature (behind only cellulose); an estimated 1 billion tons of chitin are produced each year in the biosphere. It is a primary component of cell walls in fungi (especial... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*“Fixed film ecology” has superseded systems based on hydroponics or a fluid medium. In fixed film systems the wetland cells are filled with a solid aggregate medium having extensive surface area for beneficial biofilm (treatment bacteria) growth. Fixed film ecology allows denser and more diverse micro-ecosystems to fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The bendo-capillary length of a flexible sheet is defined as:
where
B is the bending modulus of an elastic material.
γ is the surface tension of a liquid.
This provides a comparison between bending stiffness (elasticity) and surface tension (capillarity). An elastic structure will be significantly deformed once its len... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Articles in the engineering field of heat transfer, including the mechanisms of radiation, convection, conduction. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The properties of a compound relating to human olfactory perception includes its odour quality, threshold and intensity as a function of its concentration.
The odour quality of a (odour-active) compound is assessed using odour descriptors in sensory descriptive analyses. It shows the sensory–chemical relationship in vo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The advent of Wacker Process has spurred on many investigations into the utility and applicability of the reactions to more complex terminal olefins. The Tsuji-Wacker oxidation is the palladium(II)-catalyzed transformation of such olefins into carbonyl compounds. Clement and Selwitz were the first to find that using an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Low-energy surfaces primarily interact with liquids through dispersive (van der Waals) forces. William Zisman produced several key findings:
Zisman observed that cos θ increases linearly as the surface tension (γ) of the liquid decreased. Thus, he was able to establish a linear function between cos θ and the surface te... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Estimating lake metabolism requires approximating processes that influence the production and consumption of organic carbon by organisms within the lake. Cyclical changes on a daily scale occur in most lakes on Earth because sunlight is available for photosynthesis and production of new carbon only for a portion of the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The "upper phase" is formed by the more hydrophobic polyethylene glycol (PEG), which is of lower density than the "lower phase," consisting of the more hydrophilic and denser dextran solution.
Although PEG is inherently denser than water, it occupies the upper layer. This is believed to be due to its solvent ordering p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Conduction in a gas requires charge carriers, which can be either electrons or ions. Charge carriers come from ionizing some of the gas molecules. In terms of current flow, glow discharge falls between dark discharge and arc discharge.
*In a dark discharge, the gas is ionized (the carriers are generated) by a radiati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A range of different sources can be used:
* A nuclear reactor
* An actinoid such as californium which emits neutrons through spontaneous fission
* An alpha source such as radium or americium, mixed with beryllium; this generates neutrons by a (α,C+n) reaction
* A D-T fusion reaction in a gas discharge tube | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
GPCRs become desensitized when exposed to their ligand for a long period of time. There are two recognized forms of desensitization: 1) homologous desensitization, in which the activated GPCR is downregulated; and 2) heterologous desensitization, wherein the activated GPCR causes downregulation of a different GPCR. The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In vertebrates, the majority of gene promoters contain a CpG island with numerous CpG sites. When many of a gene's promoter CpG sites are methylated the gene becomes silenced. Colorectal cancers typically have 3 to 6 driver mutations and 33 to 66 hitchhiker or passenger mutations. However, transcriptional silencing... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The successful operation and development of the demonstration copper ISASMELT, and the degree of interest shown in the new process by the global smelting community, gave MIM Holdings sufficient confidence to license the ISASMELT technology to external companies, so an agreement under which MIM could incorporate the Sir... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
[Ru(bpy)] absorbs ultraviolet and visible light. Aqueous solutions of [Ru(bpy)]Cl are orange due to a strong MLCT absorption at 452 ± 3 nm (extinction coefficient of 14,600 Mcm). Further absorption bands are found at 285 nm corresponding to ligand centered π← π transitions and a weak transition around 350 nm (d-d trans... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria. After formation in the cytosol, acyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of acyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1998 Kubista founded LightUp Technologies AB after his research finding of lightUp probes, a company that specializes in the development of real-time PCR tests for human infectious diseases. Three years later In 2001, Kubista's research led to the establishments of MultiD Analyses AB, which develops GenEx software f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The COLUMBUS PROGRAMS are a computational chemistry software suite for calculating ab initio molecular electronic structures, designed as a collection of individual programs communicating through files. The programs focus on extended multi-reference calculations of atomic and molecular ground and excited states. In add... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the process of sewage treatment, sewage is digested by enzymes secreted by bacteria. Solid organic matters are broken down into harmless, soluble substances and carbon dioxide. Liquids that result are disinfected to remove pathogens before being discharged into rivers or the sea or can be used as liquid fertilizers.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The iminium form of anabaseine binds to most nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in both the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system. But, there is a higher binding affinity for receptors in the brain with a α7 subunit, as well as skeletal muscle receptors. Binding causes the depolarization of neurons, and i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rust is a general name for a complex of oxides and hydroxides of iron, which occur when iron or some alloys that contain iron are exposed to oxygen and moisture for a long period of time. Over time, the oxygen combines with the metal, forming new compounds collectively called rust, in a process called rusting. Rusting... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The DNA formed after reverse transcription (the provirus) is longer than the RNA genome because each of the terminals have the U3 - R - U5 sequences called long terminal repeat (LTR). Thus, 5' terminal has the extra U3 sequence, while the other terminal has the U5 sequence. LTRs are able to send signals for vital tasks... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In plumbing, an adapter is generally a fitting that interfaces two different parts. The term commonly refers to:
*any fitting that connects pipes of different materials, including:
**expansion adapters which have a flexible section to absorb expansion or contraction from two dissimilar pipe materials
**mechanical joint... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Smelting is a process of applying heat and a chemical reducing agent to an ore to extract a desired base metal product. It is a form of extractive metallurgy that is used to obtain many metals such as iron, copper, silver, tin, lead and zinc. Smelting uses heat and a chemical reducing agent to decompose the ore, drivin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Somewhere between 1 and 2 billion years ago,
a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell, either as food or as an internal parasite, but managed to escape the phagocytic vacuole it was contained in. The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts correspond to the outer and in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A variety of bioaerosols may contribute to cloud condensation nuclei or cloud ice nuclei, possible bioaerosol components are living or dead cells, cell fragments, hyphae, pollen, or spores. Cloud formation and precipitation are key features of many hydrologic cycles to which ecosystems are tied. In addition, global clo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, kinetic resolution is a means of differentiating two enantiomers in a racemic mixture. In kinetic resolution, two enantiomers react with different reaction rates in a chemical reaction with a chiral catalyst or reagent, resulting in an enantioenriched sample of the less reactive enantiomer. As op... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The composition of the human body can be classified as follows:
*Water
*Proteins
*Fats (or lipids)
*Hydroxyapatite in bones
*Carbohydrates such as glycogen and glucose
*DNA and RNA
*Inorganic ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate
*Gases mainly being oxygen, carbon dioxide
*Many cofactors.
The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The MTBE controversy concerns Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a gasoline additive that replaced tetraethyllead. MTBE is an oxygenate and raises gasoline's octane number. Its use declined in the United States in response to environmental and health concerns. It has polluted groundwater due to MTBE-containing gasoline b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diphenylamine is considered practically insoluble according to the 2014 MSDS. It exhibits very low persistence in direct water photolysis experiments in the laboratory and is moderately volatile. Indirect photooxidation in the atmosphere through reaction with hydroxyl radicals was estimated. Despite limited data, the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following derivation of the extended Butler–Volmer equation is adapted from that of Bard and Faulkner and Newman and Thomas-Alyea. For a simple unimolecular, one-step reaction of the form:
:O+ne → R
The forward and backward reaction rates (v and v) and, from Faradays laws of electrolysis, the associated electrical ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Karl Schlögl (October 5, 1924 – May 4, 2007) was professor of organic chemistry at the University of Vienna and secretary as well as vice-president of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The peripheral attack model is based on predicting lowest energy conformations of an inherently complicated system, where nuanced perturbations can cause huge stereodifferentiating consequences. By modeling peripheral attack using the Curtin-Hammett scenario depicted above, the transition state is excluded from this c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxygen is one of the reagents consumed during cyanidation, accepting the electrons from the gold, and a deficiency in dissolved oxygen slows leaching rate. Air or pure oxygen gas can be purged through the pulp to maximize the dissolved oxygen concentration. Intimate oxygen-pulp contactors are used to increase the parti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A trap crop is a plant that attracts agricultural pests, usually insects, away from nearby target crops. This form of companion planting can save a target crop from decimation by pests without the use of artificial pesticides. A trap crop is used for attracting the insect and pests away from a target crop field. Many t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After her postdoctoral research, she joined Indiana University, where she became an associate professor. She moved to the University of Maryland School of Pharmacy in 2016.
In her research, Jones focusses on structural proteomics, having developed fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) which uses an excimer la... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The DNA sense strand looks like the messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript, and can therefore be used to read the expected codon sequence that will ultimately be used during translation (protein synthesis) to build an amino acid sequence and then a protein. For example, the sequence "ATG" within a DNA sense strand corresponds... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their associated fauna were first discovered along the Galapagos Rift in the eastern Pacific in 1977. Vents are now known to occur along all active mid ocean ridges and back-arc spreading centres, from fast to ultra-slow spreading ridges. The interest in chemosynthetic environments was s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The styrene-maleic acid (SMA) alternating copolymer displays amphiphilicity depending on pH, allowing it to change conformations in different environments. Some conformations that SMA can take are random coil formation, compact globular formation, micelles, and nanodiscs. SMA has been used as a dispersing agent for dye... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An activated complex with high symmetry can decrease the accuracy of rate expressions. Error can arise from introducing symmetry numbers into the rotational partition functions for the reactants and activated complexes. To reduce errors, symmetry numbers can by omitted by multiplying the rate expression by a statistica... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In solar power plants, heat transfer fluids are used in concentrators like linear Fresnel and parabolic trough systems for efficient energy generation and thermal storage. Molten salts and synthetic heat transfer fluids are utilized based on their ability to function at various temperature ranges, contributing to the g... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sodium-22 and chlorine-36 are commonly used to study ion transporters. However, sodium-22 is hard to screen off and chlorine-36, with a half-life of 300,000 years, has low activity. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Global paleoclimate indicators are the proxies sensitive to global paleoclimatic environment changes. They are mostly derived from marine sediments. Paleoclimate indicators derived from terrestrial sediments, on the other hand, are commonly influenced by local tectonic movements and paleogeographic variations. Factors ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The enzyme is important for carotenoid biosynthesis during chloroplast biogenesis. In developing plastids, its activity prevents the over-reduction of the plastoquinone pool. Knockout plants for PTOX exhibit phenotypes of variegated leaves with white patches. Without the enzyme, the carotenoid synthesis pathway slows d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As river mouths are the site of large-scale sediment deposition and allow for easy travel and ports, many towns and cities are founded there. Many places in the United Kingdom take their names from their positions at the mouths of rivers, such as Plymouth (i.e. mouth of the Plym River), Sidmouth (i.e. mouth of the Sid ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A high-frequency approximation (or "high energy approximation") for scattering or other wave propagation problems, in physics or engineering, is an approximation whose accuracy increases with the size of features on the scatterer or medium relative to the wavelength of the scattered particles.
Classical mechanics and g... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The scanning helium microscope (SHeM) is a novel form of microscopy that uses low-energy (5–100 meV) neutral helium atoms to image the surface of a sample without any damage to the sample caused by the imaging process. Since helium is inert and neutral, it can be used to study delicate and insulating surfaces. Images a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, headed by Victor Sourjik, aims to elucidate general principles of evolutionary optimization of cellular networks and implement these principles in the design of novel networks in microorganisms. Having a single research group, microbial networks is also led by Sourj... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
All kinetic and equilibrium isotope effects result from differences in atomic mass. As a result, a reaction that fractionates S will also fractionate S and S, and the fractionation factor for each isotope will be mathematically proportional to its mass. Because of the mathematical relationships of their masses, the obs... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In principle, all types of liquids can behave as solvents: liquid noble gases, molten metals, molten salts, molten covalent networks, and molecular liquids. In the practice of chemistry and biochemistry, most solvents are molecular liquids. They can be classified into polar and non-polar, according to whether their mol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bohrs model of the atom was essentially a planetary one, with the electrons orbiting around the nuclear "sun". However, the uncertainty principle states that an electron cannot simultaneously have an exact location and velocity in the way that a planet does. Instead of classical orbits, electrons are said to inhabit at... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sensor-based sorting, is an umbrella term for all applications in which particles are detected using a sensor technique and rejected by an amplified mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic process.
The technique is generally applied in mining, recycling and food processing and used in the particle size range between . Sinc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The compound prepared by treating urea with hydrazine:
:OC(NH) + NH → OC(NH)(NH) + NH
A further reaction can occur to give carbohydrazide:
:OC(NH)(NH) + NH → OC(NH) + NH | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mechanisms that damage kidneys during hypothermic storage can be sub-divided as follows:
# Injury to the metabolic processes of the cell caused by:
## Cold
## Anoxia when the kidney is warm both before and after the period of hypothermic storage.
## Failure to supply the correct nutrients.
## Toxin accumulation in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The main distinguishing feature between p90 and p70 is that the 90 kDa family contain two non-identical kinase domains, while the 70 kDa family contain only one kinase domain. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy conversion is a direct conversion process from heat to electricity via photons. A basic thermophotovoltaic system consists of a hot object emitting thermal radiation and a photovoltaic cell similar to a solar cell but tuned to the spectrum being emitted from the hot object.
As TPV system... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The flux method is a crystal growth method where starting materials are dissolved in a solvent (flux), and are precipitated out to form crystals of a desired compound. The flux lowers the melting point of the desired compound, analogous to a wet chemistry recrystallization. The flux is molten in a highly stable crucibl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At the back end of the truck is a powered reel with video cable reinforced with kevlar or steel wire braid. Some trucks also contain a powered winch that booms out from the truck allowing for lowering and retrieval of the inspection equipment from the pipeline. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SERS substrates are used to detect the presence of low-abundance biomolecules, and can therefore detect proteins in bodily fluids. Early detection of pancreatic cancer biomarkers was accomplished using SERS-based immunoassay approach. A SERS-base multiplex protein biomarker detection platform in a microfluidic chip is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Genomic editing takes place by transfecting cells with the pegRNA and the fusion protein. Transfection is often accomplished by introducing vectors into a cell. Once internalized, the fusion protein nicks the target DNA sequence, exposing a 3’-hydroxyl group that can be used to initiate (prime) the reverse transcriptio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Due to its high abundance in plants (generally 40% of the total protein content), RuBisCO often impedes analysis of important signaling proteins such as transcription factors, kinases, and regulatory proteins found in lower abundance (10-100 molecules per cell) within plants. For example, using mass spectrometry on pla... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Despite the presence of the de novo pathway, the salvage reactions are essential in humans; a lack of niacin in the diet causes the vitamin deficiency disease pellagra. This high requirement for NAD results from the constant consumption of the coenzyme in reactions such as posttranslational modifications, since the cyc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In mathematics, a stereographic projection is a perspective projection of the sphere, through a specific point on the sphere (the pole or center of projection), onto a plane (the projection plane) perpendicular to the diameter through the point. It is a smooth, bijective function from the entire sphere except the cente... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the United States, drug costs are partially unregulated, but instead are the result of negotiations between drug companies and insurance companies.
High prices have been attributed to monopolies given to manufacturers by the government. New drug development costs continue to rise as well. Despite the enormous advanc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Photo-reflectance measures differential reflectivities as small as one part per million, whereas ellipsometry and/or standard reflectance measure differential reflectivities on the order of one part per thousand.
* Photo-reflectance spectra exhibits sharp derivative-like structures localized at interband transition ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mezlocillin can be made in a variety of ways including reaction of ampicillin with chlorocarbamate 1 in the presence of triethylamine. Chlorocarbamate 1 itself is made from ethylenediamine by reaction with phosgene to form the cyclic urea followed by monoamide formation with methanesulfonyl chloride and then reaction o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The interface between a crystal and its vapor can be molecularly sharp at temperatures well below the melting point. An ideal crystalline surface grows by the spreading of single layers, or equivalently, by the lateral advance of the growth steps bounding the layers. For perceptible growth rates, this mechanism require... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In physics and thermodynamics, the Redlich–Kwong equation of state is an empirical, algebraic equation that relates temperature, pressure, and volume of gases. It is generally more accurate than the van der Waals equation and the ideal gas equation at temperatures above the critical temperature. It was formulated by ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anodizing will raise the surface since the oxide created occupies more space than the base metal converted. This will generally not be of consequence except where there are tight tolerances. If so, the thickness of the anodizing layer has to be taken into account when choosing the machining dimension. A general practic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbon is a necessary component of all known life. C, a stable isotope of carbon, is abundantly produced in stars due to three factors:
# The decay lifetime of a Be nucleus is four orders of magnitude larger than the time for two He nuclei (alpha particles) to scatter.
# An excited state of the C nucleus exists a littl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Steel pipe (or black iron pipe) was once the most popular choice for supply of water and flammable gases. Steel pipe is still used in many homes and businesses to convey natural gas or propane fuel, and is a popular choice in fire sprinkler systems due to its high heat resistance. In commercial buildings, steel pipe i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the process industry, there exist a variety of cases where a high pressure jet release incident can occur. LNG storage facilities or NG pipeline systems leakage can degenerate into a jet fire and, through a domino effect, cause heavy damage to the workforce, equipment and surrounding environment. For different scena... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lead compounds are sometimes called developmental candidates. This is because the discovery and selection of lead compounds occurs prior to preclinical and clinical development of the candidate. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Coinduction in anesthesia is a pharmacological tool whereby a combination of sedative drugs may be used to greater effect than a single agent, achieving a smoother onset of general anesthesia. The use of coinduction allows lower doses of the same anesthetic agents to be used which provides enhanced safety, faster recov... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
AT receptors are mainly found in the heart, adrenal glands, brain, liver and kidneys. Their main role is to regulate blood pressure as well as fluid and electrolyte balance. <br />
AT receptors are highly expressed in the developing fetus but they decline rapidly after birth. In the adult, AT receptors are present only... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
N-demethylation of 3° amines is by the von Braun reaction, which uses BrCN as the reagent to give the corresponding nor- derivatives. A modern variation of the von Braun reaction was developed, where BrCN was superseded by ethyl chloroformate. The preparation of Paxil from arecoline is an application of this reaction, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*[http://www.epa.gov/owow/showcase/whiteriver/river_bend/riverbend.html EPA - River Bend Project]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20021231051820/http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/flood/maintenance.html Levee and Revetment Routine Maintenance]
*[http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/pubs/hec/hec11si.pdf US DOT - Design ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Redox reactions are prevalent for the transition elements. Two classes of redox reaction are considered: atom-transfer reactions, such as oxidative addition/reductive elimination, and electron-transfer. A fundamental redox reaction is "self-exchange", which involves the degenerate reaction between an oxidant and a re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Similar to intermolecular reactions, intramolecular reactions can show significant stereoselectivity from the ground state conformation of the molecule. In the intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction depicted below, the lowest energy conformation yields the observed product. The structure minimizing repulsive steric intera... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An eccentric reducer is a fitting used in piping systems between two pipes of different diameters. The same fitting can be used in reverse as an eccentric increaser or expander. They are used where the diameter of the pipe on the upstream side of the fitting (i.e. where flow is coming from) is larger than the downstrea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The curve is usually best described by a sigmoid plot, using a formula of the kind:
A hemoglobin molecule can bind up to four oxygen molecules in a reversible method.
The shape of the curve results from the interaction of bound oxygen molecules with incoming molecules. The binding of the first molecule is difficult. Ho... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The largest use of vanillin is as a flavoring, usually in sweet foods. The ice cream and chocolate industries together comprise 75% of the market for vanillin as a flavoring, with smaller amounts being used in confections and baked goods.
Vanillin is also used in the fragrance industry, in perfumes, and to mask unplea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The function of this intron in the vectors is unknown, but it is theorized that it might be involved in splicing or translation efficiency.
Vectors such as pME18s contain it. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Which friction factor formula may be applicable depends upon the type of flow that exists:
*Laminar flow
*Transition between laminar and turbulent flow
*Fully turbulent flow in smooth conduits
*Fully turbulent flow in rough conduits
*Free surface flow. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Composite metal foam panels, manufactured using 2 mm steel hollow spheres embedded in a stainless steel matrix and processed using a powder metallurgy technique, were used together with boron carbide ceramic and aluminium 7075 or Kevlar back panels to fabricate a new composite armour system. This composite armour was t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Flory–Stockmayer Theory predicts the gel point for the system consisting of three types of monomer units
:linear units with two A-groups (concentration ),
:linear units with two B groups (concentration ),
:branched A units (concentration ).
The following definitions are used to formally define the system
The theo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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