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During the last 5–10 years, a new kind of DSSC has been developed – the solid state dye-sensitized solar cell. In this case the liquid electrolyte is replaced by one of several solid hole conducting materials. From 2009 to 2013 the efficiency of Solid State DSSCs has dramatically increased from 4% to 15%. Michael Grätz... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA. The segments of DNA transcribed into RNA molecules that can encode proteins produce messenger RNA (mRNA). Other segments of DNA are transcribed into RNA molecules called non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs).
Both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The members of genus Orbivirus within the Reoviridae family are arthropod borne viruses and are responsible for high morbidity and mortality in ruminants. Bluetongue virus (BTV) which causes disease in livestock (sheep, goat, cattle) has been in the forefront of molecular studies for the last three decades and now repr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hitherto, recent publications that broke the wall of putative chemical understanding and presented detection/isolation of novel compounds with intriguing bonding characters can still be provocative at times. The stir in such discoveries arose partly from the lack of a universally accepted bond descriptor. While bond di... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Until now, ten anammox species have been described, including seven that are available in laboratory enrichment cultures. All have the taxonomical status of Candidatus, as none were obtained as classical pure cultures. Known species are divided over five genera:
# Kuenenia, one species: Kuenenia stuttgartiensis.
# Br... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Society for Applied Spectroscopy (SAS) is an organization promoting research and education in the fields of spectroscopy, optics, and analytical chemistry. Founded in 1958, it is currently headquartered in Frederick, MD. In 2006 it had about 2,000 members worldwide.
SAS is perhaps best known for its technical confe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The formation of electrical double layer (EDL) has been traditionally assumed to be entirely dominated by ion adsorption and redistribution. With considering the fact that the contact electrification between solid-solid is dominated by electron transfer, it is suggested by Wang that the EDL is formed by a two-step proc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dynamic pressure, along with the static pressure and the pressure due to elevation, is used in Bernoulli's principle as an energy balance on a closed system. The three terms are used to define the state of a closed system of an incompressible, constant-density fluid.
When the dynamic pressure is divided by the prod... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is believed that a major driving force in the origin of aerobic fermentation was its simultaneous origin with modern fruit (~125 mya). These fruits provided an abundance of simple sugar food source for microbial communities, including both yeast and bacteria. Bacteria, at that time, were able to produce biomass at ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many high strength or electrically conductive polymers contain imide subunits, i.e., the polyimides. One example is Kapton where the repeat unit consists of two imide groups derived from aromatic tetracarboxylic acids. Another example of polyimides is the polyglutarimide typically made from polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Assay sensitivity is a property of a clinical trial defined as the ability of a trial to distinguish an effective treatment from a less effective or ineffective intervention. Without assay sensitivity, a trial is not internally valid and is not capable of comparing the efficacy of two interventions. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Assume that the phase space of the underlying dynamical system is the material configuration space of a continuum, such as a fluid or a deformable body. For instance, for a dynamical system generated by an unsteady velocity field
the open set of possible particle positions is a material configuration space. In this sp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pitzer equations are important for the understanding of the behaviour of ions dissolved in natural waters such as rivers, lakes and sea-water. They were first described by physical chemist Kenneth Pitzer. The parameters of the Pitzer equations are linear combinations of parameters, of a virial expansion of the excess G... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mg(I) dimers have the potential to be reducing agents that can be utilized in organic and organometallic synthesis. The thermal stability, moderate air and water sensitivity, and wide range of solubility in organic solvents may make the dimer attractive to chemists. An example of this can be shown through low oxidation... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An Epsilon ray or Epsilon radiation is a type of tertiary radiation. Epsilon rays are a form of particle radiation and are composed of electrons. The term was coined by J. J. Thomson, but is very rarely used as of 2019. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bacterial transcription is the process in which a segment of bacterial DNA is copied into a newly synthesized strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) with use of the enzyme RNA polymerase.
The process occurs in three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination; and the end result is a strand of mRNA that is complementar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A nuclide is a species of an atom with a specific number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, for example, carbon-13 with 6 protons and 7 neutrons. The nuclide concept (referring to individual nuclear species) emphasizes nuclear properties over chemical properties, whereas the isotope concept (grouping all atoms of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ELPs modified with certain functional groups have the capacity to be conjugated with drugs, including chemotherapeutic agents. Together, the ELP-drug complex can be taken up by tumor cells to a greater extent, promoting the cytotoxic activity of the drug. The reason that the complexes preferentially target the tumor c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In physics, maximum entropy thermodynamics (colloquially, MaxEnt thermodynamics) views equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics as inference processes. More specifically, MaxEnt applies inference techniques rooted in Shannon information theory, Bayesian probability, and the principle of maximum entropy. The... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the presence of base or cyanide, 3-sulfolene isomerizes to a mixture of 2-sulfolene and 3-sulfolene.
At 50 °C an equilibrium mixture is obtained containing 42% 3-sulfolene and 58% 2-sulfolene. The thermodynamically more stable 2-sulfolene can be isolated from the mixture of isomers as pure substance in the form of w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Once a nickel allergy is detected, the best treatment is avoidance of nickel-releasing items. The top 13 categories that contain nickel include beauty accessories, eyeglasses, money, cigarettes, clothes, kitchen and household, electronics and office equipment, metal utensils, aliment, jewelry, batteries, orthodontic an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
L-amino-acid alpha-ligase - L-ornithine N5 monooxygenase - lambda - Lamprin - Laser capture microdissection - latarcin - leucine zipper - leukemia - leukotriene-B4 20-monooxygenase - library - licodione synthase - ligase - linear epitope - linkage - linker protein - linoleate diol synthase - lipofectin - lipopolysaccha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Dawson structure is a well-known structural motif for heteropoly acids. The Dawson structure can be viewed as the fusion of two defect Keggin structure, fragments with three missing octahedra. As in Keggin structures, the Dawson structure has an oxyanion at its core. Unlike Keggin structures, there are two such an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Catenin beta-1, also known as β-catenin (beta-catenin), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTNNB1 gene.
β-Catenin is a dual function protein, involved in regulation and coordination of cell–cell adhesion and gene transcription. In humans, the CTNNB1 protein is encoded by the CTNNB1 gene. In Drosophila, the h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
See Fullmers work for a full list of Davys articles.
Humphry Davy's books are as follows:
* (on Davy's safety lamp)
Davy also contributed articles on chemistry to Reess Cyclopædia', but the topics are not known.
His collected works were published in 1839–1840: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Esters react with nucleophiles at the carbonyl carbon. The carbonyl is weakly electrophilic but is attacked by strong nucleophiles (amines, alkoxides, hydride sources, organolithium compounds, etc.). The C–H bonds adjacent to the carbonyl are weakly acidic but undergo deprotonation with strong bases. This process is th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pseudoenzymes are variants of enzymes (usually proteins) that are catalytically-deficient (usually inactive), meaning that they perform little or no enzyme catalysis. They are believed to be represented in all major enzyme families in the kingdoms of life, where they have important signaling and metabolic functions, m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TopFIND is the Termini oriented protein Function Inferred Database (TopFIND) is an integrated knowledgebase focused on protein termini, their formation by proteases and functional implications. It contains information about the processing and the processing state of proteins and functional implications thereof derived ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Much of what is known about uranium carbide is in the form of pin-type fuel elements for liquid metal fast reactors during their intense study during the 1960s and 1970s. However, recently there has been a revived interest in uranium carbide in the form of plate fuel and most notably, micro fuel particles (such as TRIS... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The IUPAC name of alcohols can derive from the following rules:
# Identify the longest carbon chain, and number each carbon. Name the base alkane according to the organic nomenclature rules.
# Identify the hydroxyl group and which carbon it is on. To be alcohol, the -OH must be bonded to a carbon.
# Use the suffix -ol ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Products using amphetamine base are now marketed. Dyanavel XR, a liquid suspension form became available in 2015, and contains about 24% levoamphetamine. Adzenys XR, an orally dissolving tablet came to market in 2016 and contains 25% levoamphetamine. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The related sulfinamides (R(S=O)NHR) are amides of sulfinic acids (R(S=O)OH) (see sulfinyl). Chiral sulfinamides such as tert-butanesulfinamide, p-toluenesulfinamide and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfinamide are relevant to asymmetric synthesis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A sinusoidal wave, of small surface-elevation amplitude and with a constant wavelength, propagates with the phase velocity, also called celerity or phase speed. While the phase velocity is a vector and has an associated direction, celerity or phase speed refer only to the magnitude of the phase velocity. According to l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sir Frederick Charles Frank, OBE, FRS (6 March 1911 – 5 April 1998) was a British theoretical physicist. He is best known for his work on crystal dislocations, including (with Thornton Read) the idea of the Frank–Read source of dislocations. He also proposed the cyclol reaction in the mid-1930s, and made many other con... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Perfluorocarbon emulsions are emulsions containing either bubbles or droplets which have perfluorocarbons inside them. Some of them are commonly used in medicine as ultrasound contrast agents, and others have been studied for use as oxygen therapeutics. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For efficient TTA upconversion, the sensitizer should absorb strongly in the desired excitation range and have high conversion efficiency from the singlet excited state to the triplet excited state. The emitter should have a singlet energy level just below twice the energy of the first triplet excited state. Both the e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, an acetal is a functional group with the connectivity . Here, the R groups can be organic fragments (a carbon atom, with arbitrary other atoms attached to that) or hydrogen, while the R groups must be organic fragments not hydrogen. The two R groups can be equivalent to each other (a "symmetric ac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vibrational spectroscopy provides the most widely used means for characterizing ion associates. Both infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy have been used. Anions containing a CN group, such as cyanide, cyanate and thiocyanide have a vibration frequency a little above 2000 cm, which can be easily observed, as the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pitch, a traditional naval store, was traditionally used to help caulk the seams of wooden sailing vessels (see shipbuilding). Other important historic uses included coating earthenware vessels for the preservation of wine, waterproofing wooden containers, and making torches. Petroleum-derived pitch is black in colour... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The table below describes properties of several different thermocouple types. Within the tolerance columns, T represents the temperature of the hot junction, in degrees Celsius. For example, a thermocouple with a tolerance of ±0.0025×T would have a tolerance of ±2.5 °C at 1000 °C.
Each cell in the Color Code columns d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Xylose, fucose, mannose, and GlcNAc phosphoserine glycans have been reported in the literature. Fucose and GlcNAc have been found only in Dictyostelium discoideum, mannose in Leishmania mexicana, and xylose in Trypanosoma cruzi. Mannose has recently been reported in a vertebrate, the mouse, Mus musculus, on the cell-su... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To derive the Rayleigh equation for a barotropic fluid, the barotropic vorticity equation is used. This equation assumes that the absolute vorticity is conserved: here, is the material derivative. The absolute vorticity is the relative vorticity plus the planetary vorticity: Here, and are the zonal and meridional c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first substrate-level phosphorylation occurs after the conversion of 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and Pi and NAD+ to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate via glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is then dephosphorylated via phosphoglycerate kinase, producing 3-phosphoglycerate and ATP through a substrate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The aforementioned hydrodynamic and hydrostatic instruments may be employed in a variety of ways, or modes of operation, in order to address the particular separation needs of the scientist. Many modes of operation have been devised to take advantage of the strengths and potentialities of the countercurrent chromatogra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A planet is in thermal equilibrium when the incident energy reaching it (typically the solar irradiance from its parent star) is equal to the infrared energy radiated away to space. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Improvements in viticulture and warmer vintages have led to increasing levels of sugar in wine grapes, which have translated to higher levels of alcohol - which can reach over 15% ABV in Zinfandels from California. Some producers feel that this unbalances their wine, and use spinning cones to reduce the alcohol by 1-2 ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vitamin A is found in many foods. Vitamin A in food exists either as preformed retinol an active form of vitamin A found in animal liver, dairy and egg products, and some fortified foods, or as provitamin A carotenoids, which are plant pigments digested into vitamin A after consuming carotenoid-rich plant foods, typi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solid foams, both open-cell and closed-cell, are considered as a sub-class of cellular structures. They often have lower nodal connectivity as compared to other cellular structures like honeycombs and truss lattices, and thus, their failure mechanism is dominated by bending of members. Low nodal connectivity and the re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The MG-RAST pipeline incorporates a series of steps for quality control and artifacts removal, ensuring robust processing of metagenomic and metatranscriptome datasets. The initial stage involves trimming low-quality regions using SolexaQA and eliminating reads with inappropriate lengths. In the case of metagenome and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluid models describe plasmas in terms of smoothed quantities, like density and averaged velocity around each position (see Plasma parameters). One simple fluid model, magnetohydrodynamics, treats the plasma as a single fluid governed by a combination of Maxwell's equations and the Navier–Stokes equations. A more gener... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Production of QGP in the laboratory is achieved by colliding heavy atomic nuclei (called heavy ions as in an accelerator atoms are ionized) at relativistic energy in which matter is heated well above the Hagedorn temperature T = 150 MeV per particle, which amounts to a temperature exceeding 1.66×10 K. This can be accom... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A slip bond is a type of chemical noncovalent bond whose dissociation lifetime decreases with tensile force applied to the bond. This is the expected behaviour for chemical bonds, but exceptions, like catch bonds exist. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SEC can be used as a measure of both the size and the polydispersity of a synthesized polymer, that is, the ability to find the distribution of the sizes of polymer molecules. If standards of a known size are run previously, then a calibration curve can be created to determine the sizes of polymer molecules of interest... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Extensive research has been carried out on the metallurgical material from Tell Hammeh. Both excavation and archaeometric analyses were carried out by Dr H.A. Veldhuijzen, first at Leiden University, then since 2001 at the UCL Institute of Archaeology, as a part of the joint excavations conducted by Yarmouk University ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two functional groups contribute significantly to aminosteroidal neuromuscular blocking potency, it is presumed to enable them to bind the receptor at two points. A bis-quaternary two point arrangement on A and D-ring (binding inter-site) or a D-ring acetylcholine moiety (binding at two points intra-site) are most like... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The convention for a polypeptide is to list its constituent amino acid residues as they occur from the amino terminus to the carboxylic acid terminus. The amino acid residues are always joined by peptide bonds. Protein, though used colloquially to refer to any polypeptide, refers to larger or fully functional forms and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cadet's fuming liquid was a red-brown oily liquid prepared in 1760 by the French chemist Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt (1731-1799) by the reaction of potassium acetate with arsenic trioxide. It consisted mostly of dicacodyl (((CH)As)) and cacodyl oxide (((CH)As)O).
The global reaction (mass balance) corresponding t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing research and review articles on any aspect of physical chemistry, chemical physics, and biophysical chemistry. It is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry on behalf of eighteen participating societies. The editor-in-chief ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Woodward and Eschenmoser embarked on the project of a chemical synthesis of vitamin B independently from each other. The ETH group started with a model study on how to synthesize a corrin ligand system in December 1959. In August 1961, the Harvard group began attacking the buildup of the B structure directly by aiming ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anthraquinone glycosides are found in senna, rhubarb, and Aloe.
The cardiac glycosides are phytochemicals from plants including foxglove and lily of the valley. They include digoxin and digitoxin which act as diuretics. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These sterically constrained phosphorus compounds show remarkable reactivity towards protic reagents such as primary amines and alcohols, which results in intermolecular oxidative addition of these O−H and N−H bonds. This reaction tolerates a variety of different substrates, including ammonia and water. Two mechanisms ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, the law of mass action is the proposition that the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the activities or concentrations of the reactants. It explains and predicts behaviors of solutions in dynamic equilibrium. Specifically, it implies that for a chemical reaction mixture... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cornforth was the focus of a skit on an episode of Comedy Inc., whereby a fictional Who Wants to Be A Millionaire? contestant (played by Genevieve Morris) is asked "Which Australian scientist won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1975?" for the million-dollar question. As it happens, the contest gleefully claims they ar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A biological half-life or elimination half-life is the time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose one-half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiological activity. In a medical context, the half-life may also describe the time that it takes for the concentration of a substance in bl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An avalanche breakdown process can happen in semiconductors, which in some ways conduct electricity analogously to a mildly ionized gas. Semiconductors rely on free electrons knocked out of the crystal by thermal vibration for conduction. Thus, unlike metals, semiconductors become better conductors the higher the tempe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In systematics, an ideotype is a specimen identified as belonging to a specific taxon by the author of that taxon, but collected from somewhere other than the type locality.
The concept of ideotype in plant breeding was introduced by Donald in 1968 to describe the idealized appearance of a plant variety. It literally m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The synthesis of metal carbonyls is a widely studied subject of organometallic research. Since the work of Mond and then Hieber, many procedures have been developed for the preparation of mononuclear metal carbonyls as well as homo- and heterometallic carbonyl clusters. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
FRET is often used to detect and track interactions between proteins. Additionally, FRET can be used to measure distances between domains in a single protein by tagging different regions of the protein with fluorophores and measuring emission to determine distance. This provides information about protein conformation, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The bacteriophage P1 was first isolated by Dr. Giuseppe Bertani. In his study, he noticed that the lysogen produced abnormal non-continuous phages, and later found phage P1 was produced from the Lisbonne lysogen strain, in addition to bacteriophages P2 and P3. P1 has the ability to copy a bacteria's host genome and int... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The thermocouple's behaviour is captured by a characteristic function , which needs only to be consulted at two arguments:
In terms of the Seebeck coefficients, the characteristic function is defined by
The constant of integration in this indefinite integral has no significance, but is conventionally chosen such that .... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Octahedral clusters are inorganic or organometallic cluster compounds composed of six metals in an octahedral array. Many types of compounds are known, but all are synthetic. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following classification method is based on the American AISI/SAE standard. Other international standards including DIN (Germany), GB (China), BS/EN (UK), AFNOR (France), UNI (Italy), SS (Sweden) , UNE (Spain), JIS (Japan), ASTM standards, and others.
Carbon steel is broken down into four classes based on carbon co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Wealden iron industry was located in the Weald of south-eastern England. It was formerly an important industry, producing a large proportion of the bar iron made in England in the 16th century and most British cannon until about 1770. Ironmaking in the Weald used ironstone from various clay beds, and was fuelled ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Michel Strickmann, a scholar of Daoist and Buddhist studies, analyzed the well-documented Shangqing Schools alchemy in the Maoshan revelations and in the life of Tao Hongjing, and concluded that scholars need to reexamine the Western stereotype of "accidental elixir poisoning" that supposedly applied to "misguided alch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tic100 is a nuclear encoded protein thats 871 amino acids long. The 871 amino acids collectively weigh slightly less than 100 thousand daltons, and since the mature protein probably doesnt lose any amino acids when itself imported into the chloroplast (it has no cleavable transit peptide), it was named Tic100. Tic100 i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The United States became interested in gas turbine development around 1905. From 1910-1915, austenitic ( γ phase) stainless steels were developed to survive high temperatures in gas turbines. By 1929, 80Ni-20Cr alloy was the norm, with small additions of Ti and Al. Although early metallurgists did not know it yet, they... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter found in the brain, neuromuscular junctions and the autonomic ganglia.
Muscarinic receptors are used in the following roles: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many synthetic ionophores are based on crown ethers, cryptands, and calixarenes. Pyrazole-pyridine and bis-pyrazole derivatives have also been synthesized. These synthetic species are often macrocyclic. Some synthetic agents are not macrocyclic, e.g. carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone. Even simple organ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Specific mutations in different splice sites in various genes that cause inherited disorders, including, for example, Type 1 diabetes (e.g., PTPN22, TCF1 (HCF-1A)), hypertension (e.g., LDL, LDLR, LPL), Marfan syndrome (e.g., FBN1, TGFBR2, FBN2), cardiac diseases (e.g., COL1A2, MYBPC3, ACTC1), eye disorders (e.g., EVC, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photosynthetic pigments convert light into biochemical energy. Examples for photosynthetic pigments are chlorophyll, carotenoids and phycobilins. These pigments enter a high-energy state upon absorbing a photon which they can release in the form of chemical energy. This can occur via light-driven pumping of ions across... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DNA computing is a form of parallel computing in that it takes advantage of the many different molecules of DNA to try many different possibilities at once. For certain specialized problems, DNA computers are faster and smaller than any other computer built so far. Furthermore, particular mathematical computations have... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The forerunners of the chemistry set were 17th century books on "natural magick", "which all excellent wise men do admit and embrace, and worship with great applause; neither is there any thing more highly esteemed, or better thought of, by men of learning." Authors, such as Giambattista della Porta, included chemical ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Binding of a ligand to a binding site on protein often triggers a change in conformation in the protein and results in altered cellular function. Hence binding site on protein are critical parts of signal transduction pathways. Types of ligands include neurotransmitters, toxins, neuropeptides, and steroid hormones. Bin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RNA-Seq experiments generate a large volume of raw sequence reads which have to be processed to yield useful information. Data analysis usually requires a combination of bioinformatics software tools (see also List of RNA-Seq bioinformatics tools) that vary according to the experimental design and goals. The process ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inhibitors disrupt the interaction between enzyme and substrate, slowing down the rate of a reaction. There are different types of inhibitor, including both reversible and irreversible forms.
Competitive inhibitors are inhibitors that only target free enzyme molecules. They compete with substrates for free enzyme accep... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Natural isotopes are either stable isotopes or radioactive isotopes that have a sufficiently long half-life to allow them to exist in substantial concentrations in the Earth (such as bismuth-209, with a half-life of 1.9 years, potassium-40 with a half-life of 1.251(3) years), daughter products of those isotopes (such a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, an inorganic compound is typically a chemical compound that lacks carbon–hydrogen bondsthat is, a compound that is not an organic compound. The study of inorganic compounds is a subfield of chemistry known as inorganic chemistry.
Inorganic compounds comprise most of the Earth's crust, although the compos... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When an electronic conductor is brought in contact with a solid or liquid ionic conductor (electrolyte), a common boundary (interface) among the two phases appears. Hermann von Helmholtz was the first to realize that charged electrodes immersed in electrolyte solutions repel the co-ions of the charge while attracting c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CH has been measured directly in the environment since the 1970s. The Earth's atmospheric methane concentration has increased 160% since preindustrial levels in the mid-18th century.
Long term atmospheric measurements of methane by NOAA show that the build up of methane nearly tripled since pre-industrial times since 1... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*2021: Murray Goodman Memorial Prize
*2021: Honorary Doctorate of Science (DSc) from University College London
*2021: Royal Society of Chemistry Khorana Prize
*2020: Elected Fellow of the Royal Society
*2020: Biophysical Society Innovation Award
*2015: Elected Foreign Member of the Academia Europaea.
*2014: Elected M... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phenol red, sometimes labelled with a different name, such as "Guardex Solution #2", is used as a pH indicator in home swimming pool test kits.
Chlorine can result in the bleaching of the dye in the absence of thiosulfate to inhibit the oxidizing chlorine. High levels of bromine can convert phenol red to bromophenol re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mechanical alloying (MA) is a solid-state and powder processing technique involving repeated cold welding, fracturing, and re-welding of blended powder particles in a high-energy ball mill to produce a homogeneous material. Originally developed to produce oxide-dispersion strengthened (ODS) nickel- and iron-base supera... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Similar to other N-linked glycan types, the biosynthesis of paucimannosidic proteins across most species has been documented to be facilitated by the actions of a limited set of glyco-enzymes including beta-N-acetylhexosaminidases (Hex) and alpha-mannosidases, through GnT-I-dependent and -independent truncation pathway... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is anecdotally said that hot peppers help people in the tropics “cool off.” This theory is consistent with the peripheral vasodilatory effect of capsaicin that has been shown to lower skin temperature in humans exposed to a hot environment. Capsaicin feels hot in the mouth because it activates sensory receptors on t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following excerpt from Takashi Fujii (1960) summarises well the limits of the Vegard’s law in the context of mineralogy and also makes the link with the Gladstone–Dale equation: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reactive transport models couple a large number chemical reactions with mass transport. Certain applications, such as geothermal energy production and ore deposit modeling, require the additional calculation of heat transfer. In modeling carbon sequestration and hydraulic fracturing, moreover, it may be necessary to de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Understanding of genetic regulatory circuits are key in the field of synthetic biology, where disparate genetic elements are combined to produce novel biological functions. These biological gene circuits can be used synthetically to act as physical models for studying regulatory function.
By engineering genetic regulat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NMR chemical shifts are often called the mileposts of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Chemists have used chemical shifts for more than 50 years as highly reproducible, easily measured parameters to map out the covalent structure of small organic molecules. Indeed, the sensitivity of NMR chemical shifts to the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Linear resistance meters, also called laminar flowmeters, measure very low flows at which the measured differential pressure is linearly proportional to the flow and to the fluid viscosity. Such flow is called viscous drag flow or laminar flow, as opposed to the turbulent flow measured by orifice plates, Venturis and o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Upregulation of PDE5 gene expression has been observed in animal models of pulmonary hypertension, and is thought to contribute to vasoconstriction in the lung. Several randomised controlled trials investigating PDE5 inhibitors use in pulmonary arterial hypertension, a subtype of pulmonary hypertension, have demonstrat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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