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An oil formulation consists of the base or stock oil and oil additives. Most oil formulations contain basic additives and detergents, designed to react with and neutralise acids, preventing damage to engine parts, including corrosion of metal surfaces. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Karen K. Hsiao Ashe is a professor at the Department of Neurology and Neuroscience at the University of Minnesota (UMN) Medical School, where she holds the Edmund Wallace and Anne Marie Tulloch Chairs in Neurology and Neuroscience. She is the founding director of the N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tissue samples are lysed in buffer supplemented with leupeptin to maintain enzymatic activity. The samples are standardized for protein concentration and then loaded into a polyacrylamide gel for SDS-PAGE. After separation of proteins by molecular weight is complete, the gel is incubated in a renaturing buffer to resto... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the past, biologists have used lux or energy meters to quantify light intensity. They switched to using PPFD when it was realized that the flux of photons in the 400-700 nm range is the important factor in driving the photosynthetic process. However, PPFD is usually expressed as the photon flux per second. This is a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pyridine is readily degraded by bacteria to ammonia and carbon dioxide. The unsubstituted pyridine ring degrades more rapidly than picoline, lutidine, chloropyridine, or aminopyridines, and a number of pyridine degraders have been shown to overproduce riboflavin in the presence of pyridine. Ionizable N-heterocyclic com... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to Arrhenius's original molecular definition, an acid is a substance that dissociates in aqueous solution, releasing the hydrogen ion (a proton):
The equilibrium constant for this dissociation reaction is known as a dissociation constant. The liberated proton combines with a water molecule to give a hydroniu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
N-Oleoylsarcosine (Sarkosyl O) is an amphiphilic oleic acid derivative having a sarcosine head group (N-methylglycine) which is used as a water-in-oil emulsifier and corrosion inhibitor. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atomism (from Greek , atomon, i.e. "uncuttable, indivisible") is a natural philosophy proposing that the physical universe is composed of fundamental indivisible components known as atoms.
References to the concept of atomism and its atoms appeared in both ancient Greek and ancient Indian philosophical traditions. Leuc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID or PID) is a detailed diagram in the process industry which shows the piping and process equipment together with the instrumentation and control devices. It is also called as mechanical flow diagram (MFD).
Superordinate to the P&ID is the process flow diagram (PFD) which indi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*CCP4i – CCP4 Graphical User Interface
*CCP4MG – CCP4 Molecular Graphics Project
*Coot – Graphical Model Building
*HAPPy – automated experimental phasing
*MrBUMP – automated Molecular Replacement
*PISA – Protein Interfaces, Surfaces and Assemblies
*MOSFLM GUI – building a modern interface to MOSFLM | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The BOD is used in measuring waste loadings to treatment plants and in evaluating the BOD-removal efficiency of such treatment systems. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A hand boiler or (less commonly) love meter is a glass sculpture used as an experimental tool to demonstrate vapour-liquid equilibrium, or as a collector's item to whimsically "measure love." It consists of a lower bulb containing a volatile liquid and a mixture of gases that is connected usually by a twisting glass tu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gene guns have also been used to deliver DNA vaccines.
The delivery of plasmids into rat neurons through the use of a gene gun, specifically DRG neurons, is also used as a pharmacological precursor in studying the effects of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
The gene gun has become a common tool f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Catalysis --
Catalytic cracking --
Catalytic reforming --
Catalytic reaction engineering --
Ceramics --
Certified Chartered Chemical Engineers --
Chartered Chemical Engineers --
Chemical engineering --
Chemical kinetics --
Chemical reaction --
Chemical synthesis --
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) --
Chemical solution... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, a steady state is a situation in which all state variables are constant in spite of ongoing processes that strive to change them. For an entire system to be at steady state, i.e. for all state variables of a system to be constant, there must be a flow through the system (compare mass balance). A simple ex... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heating polymers to a sufficiently high temperature can cause damaging chemical changes, even in the absence of oxygen. This usually starts with chain scission, generating free radicals, which primarily engage in disproportionation and crosslinking.
PVC is the most thermally sensitive common polymer, with major degrad... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This Fluid dynamics problem can be solved by different Numerical Methods. However, to solve it with Numerical Methods several assumptions have to be considered. And as a result shock layer properties and shock location is determined. Results vary with one or more than one of viscosity of the fluid, Mach number and angl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These oxidize the hydrogen to water. Examples include:
* Nitric acid, used in the Grove cell and Bunsen cell
* Chromic acid, used in the Chromic acid cell
* Manganese dioxide, used in the Leclanché cell and Dry cell
Nitric and chromic acids are powerful oxidizing agents, and effective depolarizers, but their hazardous... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When a light isotope is replaced with a heavy isotope (e.g., C for C), the bond between the two atoms will vibrate more slowly, thereby lowering the zero-point energy of the bond and acting to stabilize the molecule. An isotopologue with a doubly substituted bond is therefore slightly more thermodynamically stable, whi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The path or series of states through which a system passes from an initial equilibrium state to a final equilibrium state and can be viewed graphically on a pressure-volume (P-V), pressure-temperature (P-T), and temperature-entropy (T-s) diagrams.
There are an infinite number of possible paths from an initial point to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Butyrate is essential to host immune homeostasis. Although the role and importance of butyrate in the gut is not fully understood, many researchers argue that a depletion of butyrate-producing bacteria in patients with several vasculitic conditions is essential to the pathogenesis of these disorders. A depletion of but... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The spray head is one of the three new technologies that make "nano" spray drying possible.
A piezoelectric system precisely vibrates a fine mesh. Vibration produces fine droplets with a narrow size distribution. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lichens are eaten by many different cultures across the world. Although some lichens are only eaten in times of famine, others are a staple food or even a delicacy. Two obstacles are often encountered when eating lichens: lichen polysaccharides are generally indigestible to humans, and lichens usually contain mildly to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Herbivores have evolved cecums (or an abomasum in the case of ruminants). Ruminants have a fore-stomach with four chambers. These are the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. In the first two chambers, the rumen and the reticulum, the food is mixed with saliva and separates into layers of solid and liquid material. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Characterization techniques for copolymers are similar to those for other polymeric materials. These techniques can be used to determine the average molecular weight, molecular size, chemical composition, molecular homogeneity, and physiochemical properties of the material. However, given that copolymers are made of ba... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Yeast fermentation of various carbohydrate products is also used to produce the ethanol that is added to gasoline.
The dominant ethanol feedstock in warmer regions is sugarcane. In temperate regions, corn or sugar beets are used.
In the United States, the main feedstock for the production of ethanol is currently corn.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* [http://www.eanet.asia/ Acid Deposition Monitoring Program in East Asia (EANET)]
* [https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/air-pollution/monitoring-networks-data/canadian-air-precipitation.html Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN)]
* [https://www.epa.gov/castnet Clean Air S... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The primary mechanism of virokine interference with immune signaling is thought to be competitive inhibition of the binding of host signaling molecules to their target receptors. Virokines occupy binding sites on host receptors, thereby inhibiting access by signaling molecules. Viroceptors mimic host receptors and thus... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Irrotational flow occurs where the curl of the velocity of the fluid is zero everywhere. That is when
Similarly, if it is assumed that the fluid is incompressible:
Then, starting with the continuity equation:
The condition of incompressibility means that the time derivative of the density is 0, and that the density can... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since it is accepted that ion suppression has the potential to affect the other analytical parameters of any assay, a prudent approach to any LC-MS method development should include an evaluation of ion-suppression. There are two accepted protocols by which this may be achieved, described as follows. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Guttmann, Y.M. (1999). The Concept of Probability in Statistical Physics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While photosystem II photolyzes water to obtain and energize new electrons, photosystem I simply reenergizes depleted electrons at the end of an electron transport chain. Normally, the reenergized electrons are taken by NADP, though sometimes they can flow back down more H-pumping electron transport chains to transport... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Grating-coupled interferometry (GCI) is a biophysical characterization method mainly used in biochemistry and drug discovery for label-free analysis of molecular interactions. Similar to other optical methods such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or bio-layer interferometry (BLI), it is based on measuring refractive ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ninhydrin (2,2-dihydroxyindane-1,3-dione) is an organic compound with the formula CH(CO)C(OH). It is used to detect ammonia and amines. Upon reaction with these amines, ninhydrin gets converted into deep blue or purple derivatives, which are called Ruhemann's purple. Ninhydrin is most commonly used to detect fingerpri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Monoclonal antibodies are more expensive to manufacture than small molecules due to the complex processes involved and the general size of the molecules, all in addition to the enormous research and development costs involved in bringing a new chemical entity to patients. They are priced to enable manufacturers to reco... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A turbojet engine is a gas turbine engine that works by compressing air with an inlet and a compressor (axial, centrifugal, or both), mixing fuel with the compressed air, burning the mixture in the combustor, and then passing the hot, high pressure air through a turbine and a nozzle. The compressor is powered by the tu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hiyama received his Bachelor of Engineering (1969) and Master of Engineering (1971) from Kyoto University. He dropped out of the doctorate track in 1972, and subsequently started working as an assistant for Hitoshi Nozaki at Kyoto University. In 1975, he obtained his doctoral degree, and during 1975-1976 conducted post... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although biological filters have simple superficial structures, their internal hydrodynamics and the microorganisms' biology and ecology are complex and variable. These characteristics confer robustness to the process. In other words, the process has the capacity to maintain its performance or rapidly return to initial... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A receptor modulator, or receptor ligand, is a general term for a substance, endogenous or exogenous, that binds to and regulates the activity of chemical receptors. They are ligands that can act on different parts of receptors and regulate activity in a positive, negative, or neutral direction with varying degrees of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
), functioning as a hexadentate [[ligand]] -->
18-Crown-6 has a high affinity for the hydronium ion HO, as it can fit inside the crown ether. Thus, reaction of 18-crown-6 with strong acids gives the cation . For example, interaction of 18-crown-6 with HCl gas in toluene with a little moisture gives an ionic liquid lay... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Beiträge Zur Chemischen Kenntniss Der Mineralkörper . Vol. 1–5 . Rottmann, Berlin 1795–1810 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-11600 Digital edition] by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
* Chemisches Wörterbuch . Vol. 1–9 . Voss, Berlin 1807–1819 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-2882... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The March 11, 2011, Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami caused various nuclear accidents, the worst of which was the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. At an estimated eighty minutes after the tsunami strike, the temperatures inside Unit 1 of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant reached over 2,300 ˚C, causing the fuel ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HABs occur naturally off coasts all over the world. Marine dinoflagellates produce ichthyotoxins. Where HABs occur, dead fish wash up on shore for up to two weeks after a HAB has been through the area. In addition to killing fish, the toxic algae contaminate shellfish. Some mollusks are not susceptible to the toxin, an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RNA therapeutics are a new class of medications based on ribonucleic acid (RNA). Research has been working on clinical use since the 1990s, with significant success in cancer therapy in the early 2010s. In 2020 and 2021, mRNA vaccines have been developed globally for use in combating the coronavirus disease (COVID-19 p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2011, global spending on prescription drugs topped $954 billion, even as growth slowed somewhat in Europe and North America. The United States accounts for more than a third of the global pharmaceutical market, with $340 billion in annual sales followed by the EU and Japan. Emerging markets such as China, Russia, So... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To apply the strategy, a high-molecular-weight DNA strand is sheared into random fragments, size-selected (usually 2, 10, 50, and 150 kb), and cloned into an appropriate vector. The clones are then sequenced from both ends using the chain termination method yielding two short sequences. Each sequence is called an end-r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Macro-scale biological processes, such as the spread of virus infections, can be followed using GFP labeling. In the past, mutagenic ultra violet light (UV) has been used to illuminate living organisms (e.g., see) to detect and photograph the GFP expression. Recently, a technique using non-mutagenic LED lights have ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The rudder consists of a pair of slightly conical (usually but not always - designs vary), semi-cones mounted on a pivot either side of the propeller with the long axis of the cone running fore and aft when the helm is midships. They are pivoted about a vertical axis such that the cone may close off the propeller thru... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In coal-fired processes, part of the fuel is first burnt to heat the charge. The product of this combustion is CO. When the temperature reaches 1,000 °C, the CO reacts with the unburned carbon to create CO:
The production of H cannot be achieved by the thermal decomposition of water, as the temperatures involved are to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the synthesis of spirotryprostatin B, an azomethine ylide is formed from condensation of an amine with an aldehyde. The ylide then reacts with an electron-deficient alkene on an indolinone, resulting in formation of a spirocyclic pyrrolidine and four contiguous stereocenters. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Neurofurans are 22-carbon compounds formed nonenzymatically by free radical mediated peroxidation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an ω-3 essential fatty acid. The neurofurans are similar to the isofurans and are formed under similar conditions of oxidative stress, containing a substituted tetrahydrofuran ring. Measureme... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Scheele achieved astonishingly prolific and important results without the expensive laboratory equipment to which his Parisian contemporary Antoine Lavoisier was accustomed. Through the studies of Lavoisier, Priestley, Scheele, and others, chemistry was made a standardized field with consistent procedures. Although Sc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lubricity is the measure of the reduction in friction and/or wear by a lubricant. The study of lubrication and wear mechanisms is called tribology. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When dealing with gases, fugacity, f, is used rather than activity. However, whereas activity is dimensionless, fugacity has the dimension of pressure. A consequence is that chemical potential has to be defined in terms of a standard pressure, p</sup>:
By convention p</sup> is usually taken to be 1 bar.
Fugacity can be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Luciferins are a class of small-molecule substrates that react with oxygen in the presence of a luciferase (an enzyme) to release energy in the form of light. It is not known just how many types of luciferins there are, but some of the better-studied compounds are listed below.
Because of the chemical diversity of luc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Viscosity, a physical property, is a measure of how well adjacent molecules stick to one another. A solid can withstand a shearing force due to the strength of these sticky intermolecular forces. A fluid will continuously deform when subjected to a similar load. While a gas has a lower value of viscosity than a liquid,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Effects of Pyrazinamide on Fatty Acid Synthesis by Whole Mycobacterial Cells and Purified Fatty Acid Synthase I. Helena I. Boshoff, Valerie Mizrahi, Clifton E. Barry. Journal of Bacteriology, 2002
* The impact of drug resistance on Mycobacterium tuberculosis physiology: what can we learn from rifampicin?. Anastasia K... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A stationary normal shock wave is classified as going in the normal direction of the flow direction. For example, when a piston moves at a constant rate inside a tube, sound waves that travel down the tube are produced. As the piston continues to move, the wave begins to come together and compresses the gas inside the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The study of beta decay provided the first physical evidence for the existence of the neutrino. In both alpha and gamma decay, the resulting alpha or gamma particle has a narrow energy distribution, since the particle carries the energy from the difference between the initial and final nuclear states. However, the kine... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While the AnMBR has not been applied at anindustrial scale yet, there are a few companies that produce the technology and are marketing it as a viable alternative to current wastewater treatment technologies. Two prominent companies who are marketing the AnMBR system are Aquatech and Evoqua. Currently, Aquatech produce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When foods with a high glycemic index are consumed, the carbohydrates in the food are more easily digested than low glycemic index foods. Hence, more glucose is available for absorption. It should not be misunderstood that glucose is absorbed more rapidly because, once formed, glucose is absorbed at the same rate. It i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) is an isotopic standard for water, that is, a particular sample of water whose proportions of different isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen are accurately known. VSMOW is distilled from ocean water and does not contain salt or other impurities. Published and distributed by the Vienn... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Abortive initiation, also known as abortive transcription, is an early process of genetic transcription in which RNA polymerase binds to a DNA promoter and enters into cycles of synthesis of short mRNA transcripts which are released before the transcription complex leaves the promoter. This process occurs in both eukar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sequencing depth inconsistencies on open chromatin regions and signals derived from up/downstream orientation-sensitive sequencing read densities, this method infers the tissue of origin of the cfDNA fragments obtained from bisulfite sequencing. The method uses a mathematical formulation to generate signals for orienta... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plantations typically consisted of a nearly self-sufficient community, including the head iron master, workers and their families, and other shopkeepers, blacksmiths, and agricultural workers needed to sustain mining and smelting operations as well as life on the plantation. Plantations were foremost land-intensive o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organofluorine chemistry, many perfluorinated compounds are prepared by electrochemical synthesis, which is conducted in liquid HF at voltages near 5–6 V using Ni anodes. The method was invented in the 1930s. Amines, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and sulfonic acids are converted to perfluorinated derivatives using thi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most importantly, with the sequential order rules, also referred to as Nodas rules', the sequence of the intensity changes can be determined. By carefully interpreting the signs of the 2D synchronous and asynchronous cross peaks with the following rules, the sequence of spectral events during the experiment can be dete... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Class B foams are designed for class B fires—flammable liquids. The use of class A foam on a class B fire may yield unexpected results, as class A foams are not designed to contain the explosive vapours produced by flammable liquids. Class B foams have two major subtypes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This table (Figure 2) lists the correlation coefficients between the experimentally observed backbone chemical shifts and the calculated/predicted backbone shifts for different chemical shift predictors using an identical test set of 61 test proteins. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Bancroft rule in colloidal chemistry states: "The phase in which an emulsifier is more soluble constitutes the continuous phase." This means that water-soluble surfactants tend to give oil-in-water emulsions and oil-soluble surfactants give water-in-oil emulsions. It is a general rule of thumb, still used, but rega... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RNase cleavage of the last six nucleotides is the next step following the ligation, ultimately extending the primer strand by a single base. Such cleavage allows rezipping of 6 nucleotides of the hairpin, signaled by a decrease in hairpin length of ~4 nm. Therefore, an incorporation of a complementary nucleotide is ind... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phenols undergo esterification. Phenol esters are active esters, being prone to hydrolysis. Phenols are reactive species toward oxidation. Oxidative cleavage, for instance cleavage of 1,2-dihydroxybenzene to the monomethylester of 2,4 hexadienedioic acid with oxygen, copper chloride in pyridine Oxidative de-aromatizati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Kenya, a number of cases have been reported in the 2010s of thieves selling transformer oil, stolen from electric transformers, to the operators of roadside food stalls for use in deep frying. When used for frying, it is reported that transformer oil lasts much longer than regular cooking oil. The downside of this m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Roasting is a process of oxidizing zinc sulfide concentrates at high temperatures into an impure zinc oxide, called "Zinc Calcine". The chemical reactions that take place are as follows:
Approximately 90% of zinc in concentrates are oxidized to zinc oxide. However, at the roasting temperatures around 10% of the zinc re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neuroepithelial cells (NEC) are thought to be neuron-like chemoreceptor cells because they rely on membrane potential changes for the release of neurotransmitters and signal transmission onto nearby cells. Once NEC of the zebrafish gills come in contact with either environmental or aortic hypoxia, an outward K "leak"... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glycans and glycan-based molecules have been used as drugs themselves. The two main functions of these drugs are to either bind protein or inhibit glycosyl degradation. For example, engineered glycans, such as Zanamivir and Oseltamivir have been designed to bind to viral sialidases, which are enzymes that play key role... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The advantages are:
*Decrease in yield strength, therefore it is easier to work and uses less energy or force
*Increase in ductility
*Elevated temperatures increase diffusion which can remove or reduce chemical inhomogeneities
*Pores may reduce in size or close completely during deformation
*In steel, the weak, ductile... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Omni processor is a term coined in 2012 by staff of the Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Program of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to describe a range of physical, biological or chemical treatments to remove pathogens from human-generated fecal sludge, while simultaneously creating commercially valuable byproducts (e.g.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The preparation of closo-dicarbadodecaboranes was reported independently by groups at Olin Corporation and the Reaction Motors Division of Thiokol Chemical Corporation working under the U.S. Air Force and published in 1963. These groups demonstrated the high stability in air of 1,2-closo-dodecaborane and related compo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Survivin, also called baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat-containing 5 or BIRC5, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the BIRC5 gene.
Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family. The survivin protein functions to inhibit caspase activation, thereby leading to negative regulation of apop... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sustainable Development Goal 6 has a Target 6.3 which is formulated as follows: "By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse glo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vapor diffusion is the most commonly employed method of protein crystallization. In this method, droplets containing purified protein, buffer, and precipitant are allowed to equilibrate with a larger reservoir containing similar buffers and precipitants in higher concentrations. Initially, the droplet of protein soluti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Genetic regulatory circuits (also referred to as transcriptional regulatory circuits) is a concept that evolved from the Operon Model discovered by François Jacob and Jacques Monod. They are functional clusters of genes that impact each other's expression through inducible transcription factors and cis-regulatory elem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the iron and steel industry, direct reduction is a set of processes for obtaining iron from iron ore, by reducing iron oxides without melting the metal. The resulting product is pre-reduced iron ore.
Historically, direct reduction was used to obtain a burr in a low furnace. At the beginning of the 20th century, this... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ablation doses are usually administered on an inpatient basis, and IAEA International Basic Safety Standards recommend that patients are not discharged until the activity falls below 1100 MBq. ICRP advice states that "comforters and carers" of patients undergoing radionuclide therapy should be treated as members of the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Exemestane is known chemically as 6-methylideneandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione. Like the aromatase inhibitors formestane and atamestane, exemestane is a steroid that is structurally similar to 4-androstenedione, the natural substrate of aromatase. It is distinguished from the natural substance only by the methylidene gro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adverse effects at targets other than those desired for pharmaceutical treatments often occur with drugs that are nonspecific. If a drug can bind to unexpected proteins, receptors, or enzymes that can alter different pathways other than those desired for treatment, severe downstream effects can develop. An example of t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the largest and most diverse uses of the intercalation process by the early 2020s is in lithium-ion electrochemical energy storage, in the batteries used in many handheld electronic devices, mobility devices, electric vehicles, and utility-scale battery electric storage stations.
By 2023, all commercial Li-ion c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Endre Qvie Berner (24 September 1893 – 30 January 1983) was a Norwegian organic chemist, author and educator. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermal radiation plays a crucial role in human comfort, influencing perceived temperature sensation. Various technologies have been developed to enhance thermal comfort, including personal heating and cooling devices.
The mean radiant temperature is a metric used to quantify the exchange of radiant heat between a hum... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The physical and societal aspects of the Curies' work contributed to shaping the world of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Cornell University professor L. Pearce Williams observes:
In addition to helping to overturn established ideas in physics and chemistry, Curie's work has had a profound effect in the socie... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyclooxygenase (COX) catalyzes the conversion of the free essential fatty acids to prostanoids by a two-step process.
In the first step, two molecules of O are added as two peroxide linkages and a 5-member carbon ring is forged near the middle of the fatty acid chain. This forms the short-lived, unstable intermedia... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Taylor microscale falls in between the large-scale eddies and the small-scale eddies, which can be seen by calculating the ratios between and the Kolmogorov microscale . Given the length scale of the larger eddies , and the turbulence Reynolds number referred to these eddies, the following relations can be obtain... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A commercially important family of metal carboxylates are derived from aminopolycarboxylates, e.g., EDTA. Related to these synthetic chelating agents are the amino acids, which form large families of amino acid complexes. Two amino acids, glutamate and aspartate, have carboxylate side chains, which function as ligands ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polypeptides have an N-terminus and a C-terminus, which refer to the ends of the polymer in a way that reflects the direction in which the polymer was synthesized. The chronological sequence of each amino acid sub-unit is the basis for directionality notation in polypeptides; a given protein can be represented as its s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In aeronautics and fluid dynamics the "International Standard Atmosphere" (ISA) is a specification of pressure, temperature, density, and speed of sound at each altitude. The International Standard Atmosphere is representative of atmospheric conditions at mid latitudes. In the US this information is specified the U.S. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The chief reaction of imines, often undesirable, is their hydrolysis back to the amine and the carbonyl precursor.
:RC=NR + HO RC=O + RNH | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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Organic acid anhydrides are prepared in industry by diverse means. Acetic anhydride is mainly produced by the carbonylation of methyl acetate. Maleic anhydride is produced by the oxidation of benzene or butane. Laboratory routes emphasize the dehydration of the corresponding acids. The conditions vary from acid to acid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
5-methylcytidine, m5C, is abundantly found in mRNA and ncRNAs, especially tRNA and rRNAs. In tRNAs, this modification stabilizes the secondary structure and influences anticodon stem-loop conformation. In rRNAs, m5C affects translational fidelity.
Two principles have been used to develop m5C sequencing methods. The fir... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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