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The self-ionization of water (also autoionization of water, and autodissociation of water, or simply dissociation of water) is an ionization reaction in pure water or in an aqueous solution, in which a water molecule, HO, deprotonates (loses the nucleus of one of its hydrogen atoms) to become a hydroxide ion, OH. The h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Beractant, also known by the trade name of Survanta, is a modified bovine pulmonary surfactant containing bovine lung extract (phospholipids, neutral lipids,
fatty acids, and bovine surfactant proteins), to which synthetic DPPC, tripalmitin and palmitic acid are added. The composition provides 25 mg/mL phospholipids, 0... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The nucleus of deuterium is called a deuteron. It has a mass of (just over ).
The charge radius of the deuteron is .
Like the proton radius, measurements using muonic deuterium produce a smaller result: . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The spatial resolution achievable in topographic images can be limited by one or several of three factors:
the resolution (grain or pixel size) of the detector, the experimental geometry, and intrinsic diffraction effects.
First, the spatial resolution of an image can obviously not be better than the grain size (in the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the presence of lithium or aluminum amide bases, epoxides may open to give the corresponding allylic alcohols. Removal of a proton adjacent to the epoxide, elimination, and neutralization of the resulting alkoxide lead to synthetically useful allylic alcohol products. In reactions of chiral, non-racemic epoxides, th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid mechanics, the Rayleigh number (, after Lord Rayleigh) for a fluid is a dimensionless number associated with buoyancy-driven flow, also known as free (or natural) convection. It characterises the fluid's flow regime: a value in a certain lower range denotes laminar flow; a value in a higher range, turbulent fl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Al-Kindi was born in Kufa to an aristocratic family of the Arabian tribe of the Kinda, descended from the chieftain al-Ashath ibn Qays, a contemporary of Muhammad. The family belonged to the most prominent families of the tribal nobility of Kufa in the early Islamic period, until it lost much of its power following the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The activity of calcifediol and calcitriol can be reduced by hydroxylation at position 24 by vitamin D3 24-hydroxylase, forming secalciferol and calcitetrol, respectively. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemical kinetics, the Aquilanti–Mundim deformed Arrhenius model is a generalization of the standard Arrhenius law. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While the photothermal mechanism is universal, there could exist additional other mechanisms, superimposed on the photothermal mechanism, which may contribute significantly to the photoacoustic signal. These mechanisms are generally related to photophysical processes and photochemical reactions following light absorpt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By replacing the nitrogen donor of a Tp ligand atoms with sulfur atoms, a class of ligands known as Tm can be made. These are related to the thioureas.¹; Several research groups including Anthony F. Hill's group have been working on this ligand class. To form NaTm {Na HB(mt)), Methimazole and sodium borohydride are hea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This section will specifically address genome-wide CRISPR screens. For a review of CRISPR limitations see Lino et al. (2018) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Primary ketimines can be synthesized via a Grignard reaction with a nitrile. This method is known as Moureu-Mignonac ketimine synthesis. For example, benzophenone imine can also be synthesized by addition of phenylmagnesium bromide to benzonitrile followed by careful hydrolysis (lest the imine be hydrolyzed):
:CHCN ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common bases used in plastic scintillators are the aromatic plastics, polymers with aromatic rings as pendant groups along the polymer backbone, amongst which polyvinyltoluene (PVT) and polystyrene (PS) are the most prominent. While the base does fluoresce in the presence of ionizing radiation, its low yield a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1976, environmentalists found PCBs in the sludge at Waukegan Harbor, the southwest end of Lake Michigan. They were able to trace the source of the PCBs back to the Outboard Marine Corporation that was producing boat motors next to the harbor. By 1982, the Outboard Marine Corporation was court-ordered to release quan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The equations and their parameters are calibrated for adult humans with a body mass of 70 kg and a plasma volume of ca. 2.5 L. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Cells that are to be studied need to be collected.
* Breaking the cell membranes open exposes the DNA along with the cytoplasm within (cell lysis).
** Lipids from the cell membrane and the nucleus are broken down with detergents and surfactants.
** Breaking down proteins by adding a protease (optional).
** Breaking ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nitrobenzene can be obtained by treating benzenediazonium fluoroborate with sodium nitrite in presence of copper. Alternatively, the diazotisation of the aniline can be conducted in presence of cuprous oxide, which generates cuprous nitrite in situ: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A temporary construction site has been set up alongside the basin to fabricate the gate housing structures to be positioned on the sea bed (Malamocco and Lido San Nicolò barriers, seven housing structures and two for the abutment connections for each barrier have been built).
In April 2014, the lock for the transit of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methane chlorination is a chain reaction. If only the products and reactants are analyzed, the result is:
However, this reaction has 3 intermediate reactants which are formed during a sequence of 4 irreversible second order reactions until we arrive at the final product. This is why it is called a chain reaction. Follo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics was established in 1947 as Die Makromolekulare Chemie/Macromolecular Chemistry by Hermann Staudinger and obtained its current title in 1994. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 2.996. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carboxypeptidase E functions in the production of nearly all neuropeptides and peptide hormones. The enzyme acts as an exopeptidase to activate neuropeptides. It does that by cleaving off basic C-terminal amino acids, producing the active form of the peptide. Products of carboxypeptidase E include insulin, the enkephal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All cells in animal body tissues are electrically polarized – in other words, they maintain a voltage difference across the cell's plasma membrane, known as the membrane potential. This electrical polarization results from a complex interplay between protein structures embedded in the membrane called ion pumps and ion ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These phosphoric acids series are generally water-soluble considering the polarity of the molecules. Ammonium and alkali phosphates are also quite soluble in water. The alkaline earth salts start becoming less soluble and phosphate salts of various other metals are even less soluble. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isomorphic Labs Limited is a London-based drug discovery company, which uses artificial intelligence for drug discovery. Isomorphic Labs was founded by Demis Hassabis. The company was incorporated on February 4, 2021 and announced on November 5, 2021. It was established under Alphabet Inc. as a spin-off from its AI re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are multiple ways to represent a pharmacogenomic genotype. A commonly used nomenclature system is to report haplotypes using a star (*) allele (e.g., CYP2C19 *1/*2). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may be described using their assignment reference SNP cluster ID (rsID) or based on the location of the base ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With the latest technologies, reduction of electricity requirements, and miniaturization of the needed power supplies, EC systems have now become affordable for water treatment plants and industrial processes worldwide. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phelps is involved in several outreach projects to increase youth participation in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). She serves on ORNLs Educational Outreach Committee as its diversity chair for Knox County Schools. She has done outreach through the ASCEND program of the Alpha Kapp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These biological targets are conserved across species, making pharmaceutical pollution of the environment a danger to species who possess the same targets. For example, the synthetic estrogen in human contraceptives, 17-R-ethinylestradiol, has been shown to increase the feminization of fish downstream from sewage treat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These barriers are usually made out of zero-valent iron (ZVI) but can also be made with any other zero-valent metal. The most common way they are made is by filling a trench with ZVI, nanoscale iron, or palladium. Nanoscale iron particles can also be injected directly into the subsurface to treat plumes, and they have ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Blooming is commonly encountered in polymer additives such as stabilizers. Many polymers are essentially pure hydrocarbons whereas additives are often significantly more polar, this results their being forced out via hydrophobic forces. The blooming of additives may be desirable or undesirable. For example, the migrati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Radial chromatography is a form of chromatography, a preparatory technique for separating chemical mixtures. It can also be referred to as centrifugal thin-layer chromatography. It is a common technique for isolating compounds and can be compared to column chromatography as a similar process. A common device used for t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Konermann attended the prestigious Sächsisches Landesgymnasium Sankt Afra zu Meißen in Saxony, Germany, before matriculating in 2006 at ETH Zurich, where she completed her bachelor of science degree in neurobiology in three years.
She then moved to the United States and worked in the lab of Carlos Lois before enterin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DNA molecules often have a preferred direction to bend, i.e., anisotropic bending. This is, again, due to the properties of the bases which make up the DNA sequence - a random sequence will have no preferred bend direction, i.e., isotropic bending.
Preferred DNA bend direction is determined by the stability of stacking... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first suggestion of ADP-ribosylation surfaced during the early 1960s. At this time, Pierre Chambon and coworkers observed the incorporation of ATP into hen liver nuclei extract. After extensive studies on the acid insoluble fraction, several different research laboratories were able to identify ADP-ribose, derived ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Antistasin contains an N- and a C-terminal domain which are similar in their amino acid sequences with ~40% identity and ~56% homology. Each of them contains a short β-sheet structure and 5 disulfide bonds. Only the N-terminal domain is necessary to inhibit Xa while the C-terminal domain does not contribute to the inhi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, Taylor–Culick flow describes the axisymmetric flow inside a long slender cylinder with one end closed, supplied by a constant flow injection through the sidewall. The flow is named after Geoffrey Ingram Taylor and F. E. C. Culick. In 1956, Taylor showed that when a fluid forced into porous sheet of c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The presence of ANAs in blood can be confirmed by a screening test. Although there are many tests for the detection of ANAs, the most common tests used for screening are indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Following detection of ANAs, various subtypes are determined. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The herpes simplex virus is a human neurotropic virus. This is mostly examined for gene transfer in the nervous system. The wild type HSV-1 virus is able to infect neurons and evade the host immune response, but may still become reactivated and produce a lytic cycle of viral replication. Therefore, it is typical to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, alkynols (hydroxyalkynes) are organic compounds that contain both alkyne and alcohol functional groups. Thus, as structural features, they have a C≡C triple bond and a hydroxyl group. Some alkynols play a role as intermediates in the chemical industry.
The shortened term ynol typically refers to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surface chemistry can be roughly defined as the study of chemical reactions at interfaces. It is closely related to surface engineering, which aims at modifying the chemical composition of a surface by incorporation of selected elements or functional groups that produce various desired effects or improvements in the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Elizabeth MacGregor Hardy (July 31, 1915 – June 26, 2008) was a North American chemist who discovered the Cope rearrangement while working in Arthur C. Cope's research group at Bryn Mawr College. The rearrangement drew upon the electronic models of Edward D. Hughes and Christopher Kelk Ingold, but also the non-electron... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nitrifying bacteria are chemolithotrophic organisms that include species of genera such as Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrobacter, Nitrospina, Nitrospira and Nitrococcus. These bacteria get their energy from the oxidation of inorganic nitrogen compounds. Types include ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To cope with high volume mass flows and for application, where a changing physical location of the sensor-based sorting process is of no benefit for the financial feasibility of the operation, stationary installations are applied. Another reason for applying stationary installations are multistage (Rougher, Scavenger, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There is one assay office in Praha.
Assay Office was established by the Czech National Council Law No. 19/1993 Coll., concerning
the Administration Authorities of the Czech Republic in the Field of Hallmarking and Precious Metal Testing, from which the Assay Office competences and duties are resulting. The provision o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Level P vectors are similar to level M constructs except that the BpiI sites are replaced by BsaI sites and the BsaI sites are replaced by BpiI sites. Several level M constructs with compatible fusion sites can be subcloned into a level P vector in one step. Theoretically, as many as 36 genes can be assembled in one co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chiral oxazolidinones have been employed most widely in stereoselective aldol reactions.
Soft enolization with the Lewis acid dibutylboron triflate and the base diisopropylethylamine gives the (Z)-enolate, which undergoes a diastereoselective aldol reaction with an aldehyde substrate. The transformation is particularl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nonbonded 1,3-diaxial interaction energies are commonly used to approximate strain energy in cyclic molecules, as values for these interactions are available. By taking the difference in nonbonded interactions for each conformer, the equilibrium enthalpy can be estimated. The strain energy for methylidenecyclohexane ha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, hydration energy (also hydration enthalpy) is the amount of energy released when one mole of ions undergoes hydration. Hydration energy is one component in the quantitative analysis of solvation. It is a particular special case of water. The value of hydration energies is one of the most challenging aspe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hollow fiber membranes are ubiquitously used in industrial separations, especially the filtration of drinking water.
Industrial water filters are mainly equipped with ultrafiltration hollow fiber membranes. Domestic water filtration systems have microfiltration hollow fiber membranes. In microfiltration a membrane por... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
cDNA molecules can be cloned by using restriction site linkers. Linkers are short, double stranded pieces of DNA (oligodeoxyribonucleotide) about 8 to 12 nucleotide pairs long that include a restriction endonuclease cleavage site e.g. BamHI. Both the cDNA and the linker have blunt ends which can be ligated together usi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Common components of a phase diagram are lines of equilibrium or phase boundaries, which refer to lines that mark conditions under which multiple phases can coexist at equilibrium. Phase transitions occur along lines of equilibrium. Metastable phases are not shown in phase diagrams as, despite their common occurrence,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dennis Gail Peters (April 17, 1937 – April 13, 2020) was an American analytical chemist who specialized in electrochemistry and was named the Herman T. Briscoe Professor at Indiana University in 1975. Peters led his own research group at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana until his death in 2020. Peters' resear... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anthocyanins generally are degraded at higher pH. However, some anthocyanins, such as petanin (petunidin 3-[6-O-(4-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl-O-α--rhamnopyranosyl)-β--glucopyranoside]-5-O-β--glucopyranoside), are resistant to degradation at pH 8 and may be used effectively as a food colorant. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nearly 180 sites in all were used for this process, having a furnace, a forge or both between the 15th century and 18th century. Waterpower was the means of operating the bellows in the blast furnaces and for operating bellows and helve hammers in finery forges. Scattered through the Weald are ponds still to be found... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term is known as the volume term. The volume of the nucleus is proportional to A, so this term is proportional to the volume, hence the name.
The basis for this term is the strong nuclear force. The strong force affects both protons and neutrons, and as expected, this term is independent of Z. Because the number o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Impure pyridine was undoubtedly prepared by early alchemists by heating animal bones and other organic matter, but the earliest documented reference is attributed to the Scottish scientist Thomas Anderson. In 1849, Anderson examined the contents of the oil obtained through high-temperature heating of animal bones. Amon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, Luke's variational principle is a Lagrangian variational description of the motion of surface waves on a fluid with a free surface, under the action of gravity. This principle is named after J.C. Luke, who published it in 1967. This variational principle is for incompressible and inviscid potential f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Calcium in a blood sample should be estimated when required medically. Calcium should be precipitated out of 0.1 mL of the blood sample serum as calcium oxalate. After that, the decomposition of the calcium oxalate should occur by heat. Then, the sample should be estimated colorimetrically by o-cresolphthalein complexo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the 8th edition of the International Patent Classification (IPC), which entered into force on January 1, 2006, a special subclass has been created for patent applications and patents related to inventions in the domain of combinatorial chemistry: "C40B". | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Much of the chemistry of glycosides is explained in the article on glycosidic bonds. For example, the glycone and aglycone portions can be chemically separated by hydrolysis in the presence of acid and can be hydrolyzed by alkali. There are also numerous enzymes that can form and break glycosidic bonds. The most import... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A sump in a basement can be built in dry well form, allowing the sump pump to cycle less frequently (handling only occasional peak demand). A French drain can resemble a horizontal dry well that is not covered. A larger open pit or artificial swale that receives stormwater and dissipates it into the ground is called an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Meteoroids enter Earths atmosphere from outer space traveling at hypersonic speeds of at least 11 km/s (7 mi/s) and often much faster. Despite moving through the rarified upper reaches of Earths atmosphere the immense speed at which a meteor travels nevertheless rapidly compresses the air in its path, creating a shock ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Born in New Plymouth on 10 April 1931, Waters was the son of Kathleen Emily Waters (née Morris) and Edwin Benjamin Waters. He was educated at New Plymouth Boys High School, and went on to study chemistry at Auckland University College, graduating Bachelor of Science in 1953, Master of Science with second-class honours ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
# Finite difference method proved to be convergent for the Navier–Stokes equations and the equations are numerically solved by the 1960s. It is proved that there are smooth and globally defined solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations in 2 dimensions.
# If the initial velocity is sufficiently small then the statement... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electrochemical fluorination (ECF) (also known as the Simons' process) involves electrolysis of a substrate dissolved in hydrogen fluoride. As fluorine is itself manufactured by the electrolysis of hydrogen fluoride, ECF is a rather more direct route to fluorocarbons. The process proceeds at low voltage (5 – 6 V) so th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SMA actuators are typically actuated electrically, where an electric current results in Joule heating. Deactivation typically occurs by free convective heat transfer to the ambient environment. Consequently, SMA actuation is typically asymmetric, with a relatively fast actuation time and a slow deactuation time. A numb... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An historical example, the Pratt & Whitney J58, illustrates the significance of using corrected values.
Rotating stall occurs at low corrected speeds so occurs during starting and also above idle. It may be relieved by opening a bleed valve to increase airflow. At very high flight speeds the compressor will return to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2, also known as Grb2, is an adaptor protein involved in signal transduction/cell communication. In humans, the GRB2 protein is encoded by the GRB2 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene binds receptors such as the epidermal growth factor receptor and contains one SH2 domain and tw... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vitamin B is the preeminent bioorganometallic species. Vitamin B is actually a collection of related enzyme cofactors, several of which contain cobalt–alkyl bonds, and is involved in biological methylation and 1,2-carbon rearrangement reactions. For a long time since its structure was elucidated by Hodgkin in 1955, i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
IV dose 1-1.5mg/kg or 3 to 5 x ED
Paralysis occurs in one to two minutes.
Clinical duration of action (time from drug administration to recovery of single twich to 25% of baseline) is 7-12 minutes.
If IV access is unavailable, intramuscular administration 3-4mg/kg. Paralysis occurs at 4 minutes.
Use of succinylcholine ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mammalian FAS consists of a homodimer of two identical protein subunits, in which three catalytic domains in the N-terminal section (-ketoacyl synthase (KS), malonyl/acetyltransferase (MAT), and dehydrase (DH)), are separated by a core region (known as the interdomain) of 600 residues from four C-terminal domains (enoy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All the HIV protease inhibitors on the market contain a central core motif consisting of a hydroxyethylen scaffold, with the only exception being the central core of tipranavir, which is based on a coumarin scaffold. A very important group on the HIV protease inhibitors is a hydroxyl group on the core motif which form... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Between 3 and 10% of children taking amoxicillin (or ampicillin) show a late-developing (>72 hours after beginning medication and having never taken penicillin-like medication previously) rash, which is sometimes referred to as the "amoxicillin rash". The rash can also occur in adults and may rarely be a component of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pervious concrete (also called porous concrete, permeable concrete, no fines concrete and porous pavement) is a special type of concrete with a high porosity used for concrete flatwork applications that allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through, thereby reducing the runoff from a site a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In aeroacoustics, jet noise is the field that focuses on the noise generation caused by high-velocity jets and the turbulent eddies generated by shearing flow. Such noise is known as broadband noise and extends well beyond the range of human hearing (100 kHz and higher). Jet noise is also responsible for some of the l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ming dynasty (1368–1644) authorities strongly disapproved of immortality elixirs, but the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567) supposedly died from consuming them. The emperor was interested in the art of immortality and put great confidence in Daoist physicians, magicians, and alchemists. One named Wang Jin 王金, who was appo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electrophoresis is used for estimating zeta potential of particulates, whereas streaming potential/current is used for porous bodies and flat surfaces.
In practice, the zeta potential of dispersion is measured by applying an electric field across the dispersion. Particles within the dispersion with a zeta potential wil... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Filter papers are widely used in laboratory experiments across many different fields, from biology to chemistry. The type of filter used will differ according to the purpose of the procedure and the chemicals involved. Generally, filter papers are used with laboratory techniques such as gravity or vacuum filtration.
Hi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Other phenomena in which large effects may be achieved faster than small effects are:
* Latent heat: Turning ice to water takes the same amount of energy as heating water from to .
* Leidenfrost effect: Lower temperature boilers can sometimes vaporize water faster than higher temperature boilers. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The evolution of hominoid communication is evident through chimpanzee hoo vocalizations and alarm calls. Researchers propose that communication evolved as natural selection diversified hoo vocalizations into context-dependent hoos for travel, rest, and threats. Context-dependent communication is beneficial and likely m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ability of one compound to dissolve in another compound is called solubility. When a liquid can completely dissolve in another liquid the two liquids are miscible. Two substances that can never mix to form a solution are said to be immiscible.
All solutions have a positive entropy of mixing. The interactions betwee... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Entropy generation and inefficiency in a PV cell is the result of photons more energetic than the band gap producing electrons with kinetic energy in addition to the potential energy provided by the band gap. Similarly, optical phonon energy in excess of the band gap generates an entropy flow in the pV cell, rather tha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Xe is the heaviest noble gas in the Earth's atmosphere. It has seven stable isotopes (Xe,Xe,Xe,Xe,Xe, Xe, Xe) and two isotopes (Xe, Xe) with long-lived half-lives. Xe has four synthetic radioisotopes with very short half-lives, usually less than one month.
Xenon-129 can be used to examine the early history of the Earth... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The modified Arrhenius equation makes explicit the temperature dependence of the pre-exponential factor. The modified equation is usually of the form
The original Arrhenius expression above corresponds to . Fitted rate constants typically lie in the range . Theoretical analyses yield various predictions for n. It has b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lathrop was born in Lawton, Oklahoma, on June 16, 1915. She attended Oklahoma A&M, where she earned bachelors degrees in home economics and chemistry. She met her husband, Clarence Lathrop, while they were both studying for masters degrees in chemistry.. They married in 1938 and had five children.
Upon completion of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Simple:
* Strontium titanate
* Calcium titanate
* Lead titanate
* Bismuth ferrite
* Lanthanum ytterbium oxide
* Silicate perovskite
* Lanthanum manganite
* Yttrium aluminum perovskite (YAP)
* Lutetium aluminum perovskite (LuAP)
Solid solutions:
* Lanthanum strontium manganite
* LSAT (lanthanum aluminate – strontium alu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With metals in group 4 or 5 a so-called edge-capped octahedral clusters are more common. Twelve halides are located along the edge of the octahedron and six are terminal. Examples of this structure type are tungsten(III) chloride, TaCl(HO), NbF, and NbF.
Many of the early metal clusters can only be prepared when they ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The liquid is placed on horizontal plate and a shallow cone placed into it. The angle between the surface of the cone and the plate is around 1–2 degrees but can vary depending on the types of tests being run. Typically the plate is rotated and the torque on the cone measured. A well-known version of this instrument... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methods of importance to cellular biology, such as fluorescence probes (e.g., FRAP, FRET and GFP) and imaging, will be covered as appropriate within the context of the content below.
A. Cellular Compartments of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Organization, Dynamics and Functions
Cellular membrane systems (e.g., structure a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Wave-making resistance is a form of drag that affects surface watercraft, such as boats and ships, and reflects the energy required to push the water out of the way of the hull. This energy goes into creating the wave. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Semi-synthetic bio-hybrid channels constructed by modifications of natural ion channels had been constructed. Leveraging modern synthetic organic chemistry, these allows pinpoint modifications of existing structures to either elucidate their transport mechanisms or to graft on new functionalities.
Gramicidin and alame... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adding PDE5 inhibitors to SSRI drugs (e.g. paroxetine) for the treatment of premature ejaculation could result in better ejaculatory control according to recent studies. Possible mechanism is based on nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP transduction system as a central and peripheral mediator of inhibitory non-adrenergic, non-choli... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The protein AKT1 (also known as Protein Kinase B or PKB) in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is an important driver of the tumor glycolytic phenotype and stimulates ATP generation. AKT1 stimulates glycolysis by increasing the expression and membrane translocation of glucose transporters and by phosphorylating key glycolytic e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) uses antigen-coated microtitre plates for the detection of ANAs. Each well of a microtitre plate is coated with either a single antigen or multiple antigens to detect specific antibodies or to screen for ANAs, respectively. The antigens are either from cell extracts or recombin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
FASTpp measures the quantity of protein that resists digestion under various conditions. To this end, a thermostable protease is used, which cleaves specifically at exposed hydrophobic residues. The FASTpp assay combines the thermal unfolding, specificity of a thermostable protease for the unfolded fraction with the se... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rietti worked as a researcher at various Argentine universities and state agencies including the Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Physicochemistry at the University of Buenos Aires between 1955 and 1956. She was also a member of the board of directors of the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences of the University ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The aim is to find new compounds or agents with improved properties such as a new mode of action or lower application rate. Another aim is to replace older pesticides which have been banned for reasons of toxicity or environmental harm or have become less effective due to development of resistance.
The process starts w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The hallmark of linear azol(in)e-containing peptide (LAP) biosynthesis is the formation of azol(in)e heterocycles from the nucleophilic amino acids serine, threonine, or cysteine. This is accomplished by three enzymes referred to as the B, C, and D proteins; the precursor peptide is referred to as the A protein, as in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, IUPAC changed its definition of standard temperature and pressure in 1982:
* Until 1982, STP was defined as a temperature of 273.15 K (0 °C, 32 °F) and an absolute pressure of exactly 1 atm (101.325 kPa).
* Since 1982, STP has been defined as a temperature of 273.15 K (0 °C, 32 °F) and an absolute press... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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