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Observational longitudinal studies have further evaluated REMS T-score performance in the identification of patients at risk for fragility fracture. Specifically, in Adami et al., a group of more than 1.500 patients has undergone both DXA and REMS scans. Afterwards, these patients have been monitored for a period up to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although some of the steps in photosynthesis are still not completely understood, the overall photosynthetic equation has been known since the 19th century.
Jan van Helmont began the research of the process in the mid-17th century when he carefully measured the mass of the soil a plant was using and the mass of the pla... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Prior to, and during the 1920s, refrigerators used toxic gases as refrigerants, including ammonia, sulphur dioxide, and chloromethane. Later in the 1920s after a series of fatal accidents involving the leaking of chloromethane from refrigerators, a major collaborative effort began between American corporations Frigidai... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This could happen in two different ways: ammonia itself might simply diffuse (as NH3) or be transported (as NH4+) across the cell membranes in and out of the extracellular space, or a shuttle system involving carrier molecules (amino acids) might be employed. Certainly, ammonia can diffuse across lipid membranes, and i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In thiol–disulfide exchange, a thiolate group displaces one sulfur atom in a disulfide bond . The original disulfide bond is broken, and its other sulfur atom is released as a new thiolate, carrying away the negative charge. Meanwhile, a new disulfide bond forms between the attacking thiolate and the original sulfur a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adding a monolayer to the surface reduces the surface tension, and the surface pressure, is given by the following equation:
where is equal to the surface tension of the water and is the surface tension due to the monolayer. But the concentration-dependence of surface tension (similar to Langmuir isotherm) is as fol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Along with other aggregates, a hollow, spherical structure self-assembles from approximately 1,165 Mo wheels. This was termed a vesicle by analogy with lipid vesicles. Unlike lipid vesicles that are stabilised by hydrophobic interactions it is believed that the vesicle is stabilised by an interplay of van der Waals att... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*If are the solutions for a particular value of , then solutions for other values of are obtained from the following integro-differential equations
* For conservative case, this integral property reduces to
*If the abbreviations for brevity are introduced, then we have a relation stating In the conservative, this... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The transition state of a structure can best be described in regards to statistical mechanics where the energies of bonds breaking and forming have an equal probability of moving from the transition state backwards to the reactants or forward to the products. In enzyme-catalyzed reactions, the overall activation energy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2018, RT001 was given to a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) under a "compassionate use scheme". | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bioretention controls the stormwater quantity through interception, infiltration, evaporation, and transpiration. First, rainfall is captured by plant tissue (leaves and stems) and in the soil micropores. Then, water performs infiltration - the downward movement of water through soil - and is stored in the soil until t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rouging is a form of corrosion found in stainless steel. It can be due to iron contamination of the stainless steel surface due to welding of non-stainless steel for support columns, or other temporary means, which when welded off leaves a low chromium area.
There are three classes of rouging: Class I, Class II, and Cl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The relation between mass concentration and density of a pure component (mass concentration of single component mixtures) is:
where is the density of the pure component, the volume of the pure component before mixing. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PG5 is the largest stable synthetic molecule ever made. PG5 was designed by the organic chemistry research group working at the Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Embryonic biomarkers are very important to fetuses, as each cell's role is decided through the use of biomarkers. Research has been conducted concerning the use of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in regenerative medicine. This is because certain biomarkers within a cell could be altered (most likely in the tertiary stage o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tosyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) is a protease inhibitor. Its structural formula is 1-chloro-3-tosylamido-4-phenyl-2-butanone. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first information about the atomic nucleus was obtained at the beginning of the 20th century by studying radioactivity. For a long period of time only three kinds of nuclear decay modes (alpha, beta, and gamma) were known. They illustrate three of the fundamental interactions in nature: strong, weak, and electromag... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As you can see above, SFP can be expressed in units of pressure, since pressure is a measure of energy per m³ air. The relationship between SFP, fan pressure rise, and fan system efficiency is simply:
where:
* is the overall efficiency of the driven fan system [-]
* is the rise in total pressure though the fan [kPa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Wades rules are successful in describing the geometry of the anionic sublattice of Zintl phases and of Zintl ions but not the electronic structure. Other spherical shell models with spherical harmonic wave functions for molecular orbitals—analogous to atomic orbitals—that describe the clusters as pseduo elements. The J... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An alternative approach to the identification and quantification of patient samples is through the use of mass spectrometry. This approach offers excellent precision and sensitivity in the identification, characterization and quantification of metabolites in multiple patient sample types, such as blood and urine. The m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sulfolene is formed by the cheletropic reaction between butadiene and sulfur dioxide. The reaction is typically conducted in an autoclave. Small amounts of hydroquinone or pyrogallol are added to inhibit polymerization of the diene. The reaction proceeds at room temperature over the course of days. At 130 °C, only 3... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The computation method Saltmod is based on seasonal water balances of agricultural lands. Four seasons in one year can be distinguished, e.g. dry, wet, cold, hot, irrigation or fallow seasons. The number of seasons (Ns) can be chosen between a minimum of one and a maximum of four. The larger the number of seasons becom... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cerebrospinal fluid is found in the brain and spinal cord. It is a clear fluid that provides a barrier to absorb shock and prevent injury to the brain. It is useful for diagnosing neuro-degenerative diseases such as Alzheimers. There are various substances in the cerebrospinal fluid that can be measured including urea,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The modification of the self-HLA, of TCR, or of the TCR-peptide-HLA complex by non-covalent, bindings of drugs is a reversible, transient process, whose effect is highly dependent on the affinity of drug-protein interactions. The drug can bind first to the HLA-peptide complex (p-i HLA) or the TCR complex (p-i TCR). Som... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Social insect colonies are an excellent example of a decentralized system, because no individual is in charge of directing or making decisions for the colony. Several groups of social insects have been shown to use quorum sensing in a process that resembles collective decision-making. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Zinc has five stable isotopes, tabulated along with their natural abundances below:
The isotopic composition of Zn is reported in delta notation (in ‰):
where Zn is a Zn isotope other than Zn (commonly either Zn or Zn). Standard reference materials used for Zn isotope measurements are JMC 3-0749C, NIST-SRM 683 or NIST-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In vertebrates, the majority of gene promoters contain a CpG island with numerous CpG sites. When many of a gene's promoter CpG sites are methylated the gene becomes inhibited (silenced). Colorectal cancers typically have 3 to 6 driver mutations and 33 to 66 hitchhiker or passenger mutations. However, transcriptional i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These reaction rates R can be calculated by following models:
# Laminar finite rate model
# Eddy dissipation model
# Eddy dissipation concept | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Improper maintenance would cause potential sources of fracture to go untreated and lead to premature failure of a component in the future. The reason for improper maintenance could be either intentional, such as skipping a yearly maintenance to avoid the cost, or unintentional, such as using the wrong engine oil. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alkaline phosphatase from E. coli can be purified using a DEAE-Cellulose matrix. A. phosphatase has a slight negative charge, allowing it to weakly bind to the positively charged amine groups in the matrix. The enzyme can then be eluted out by adding buffer with higher salt concentrations. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The practical uses of an instrument that uses a single probe are that it allows for the developing of a high throughput device. A high throughput surface tension device can be used for formulation in real time for understanding the penetration of drugs in the blood–brain barrier (BBB), understanding the solubility of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cavitation has been applied to vegetable oil degumming and refining since 2011 and is considered a proven and standard technology in this application. The implementation of hydrodynamic cavitation in the degumming and refining process allows for a significant reduction in process aid, such as chemicals, water and bleac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The substance loosely called selenium sulfide (with the approximate formula SeS) is the active ingredient in some anti-dandruff shampoos. The selenium compound kills the scalp fungus Malassezia, which causes shedding of dry skin fragments. The ingredient is also used in body lotions to treat Tinea versicolor due to inf... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga. Euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes—it is thought that the membrane of the primary endosymbiont was lost, leaving the cyanobacterial membranes, and the secondary host's phagosomal membrane. Euglenoph... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Silent antagonists are competitive receptor antagonists that have zero intrinsic activity for activating a receptor. They are true antagonists, so to speak. The term was created to distinguish fully inactive antagonists from weak partial agonists or inverse agonists. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hyperspectral imaging is part of a class of techniques commonly referred to as spectral imaging or spectral analysis. The term “hyperspectral imaging” derives from the development of NASA's Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) and AVIRIS in the mid-1980s. Although NASA prefers the earlier term “imaging spectroscopy” ove... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
All metals can be classified into a galvanic series representing the electrical potential they develop in a given electrolyte against a standard reference electrode. The relative position of two metals on such a series gives a good indication of which metal is more likely to corrode more quickly. However, other factors... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Avrami equation describes how solids transform from one phase to another at constant temperature. It can specifically describe the kinetics of crystallisation, can be applied generally to other changes of phase in materials, like chemical reaction rates, and can even be meaningful in analyses of ecological systems... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Antonio de Ulloa (12 January 1716 – 3 July 1795) was a Spanish naval officer, scientist, and administrator. At the age of nineteen, he joined the French Geodesic Mission to what is now the country of Ecuador. That mission took more than eight years to complete its work, during which time Ulloa made many astronomical,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lanthanum aluminate is an inorganic compound with the formula LaAlO, often abbreviated as LAO. It is an optically transparent ceramic oxide with a distorted perovskite structure. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*amp = ampicillin resistance
*azi = azide resistance
*bla = beta-lactam resistance
*cat = chloramphenicol resistance
*kan = kanamycin resistance
*rif = rifampicin resistance
*tonA = phage T1 resistance | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is an iron meteorite (medium octahedrite) and belongs to the chemical group IIIAB.
There are abundant elongated troilite nodules. The troilite nodules contain inclusions of chromite, sulfides, phosphates, silica and copper. The rare nitride mineral carlsbergite (CrN) occurs within the matrix of the metal phase. Grap... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* adenylosuccinate synthase converts IMP to adenylosuccinate
* adenylosuccinate lyase converts adenylosuccinate into AMP
* AMP deaminase converts AMP back into IMP | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a synthetic fluoropolymer used in various applications including non-stick coatings. Teflon is a brand of PTFE, often used as a generic term for PTFE. The metallic substrate is roughened by abrasive blasting, then sometimes electric-arc sprayed with stainless steel. The irregular surfa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By the early 1970s the climate for R&D was again changing.
Government R&D budgets continued to tighten.
The earlier pattern of Fulmer sponsorship, with a large proportion of contracts from UK ministries and government agencies, no longer applied. In 1955 this proportion had been 70% but by 1970 it had fallen to 45%. B... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Correct selection of the material by the design engineer affects the design life of a structure. Sometimes stainless steel is not the correct choice and carbon steel would be better. There is a misconception that stainless steel has excellent corrosion resistance and will not corrode. This is not always the case and sh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The World Health Organization in 1987 found that comfortable indoor temperatures of between were not associated with health risks for healthy adults with appropriate clothing, humidity, and other factors. For infants, elderly, and those with significant health problems, a minimum was recommended. Temperatures lower t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aziridine is highly toxic with an LD of 14 mg (oral, rats). It is a skin irritant. As an alkylating agent, it is also a mutagen. It is reactive toward DNA, potentially relevant to its mutagenicity. Aziridine containing compounds also appear to be similarly dangerous. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
POU class 1 homeobox 1, also known as pituitary-specific positive transcription factor 1 (PIT1), POU domain, class 1, transcription factor 1 (POU1F1) and growth hormone factor 1 (GHF1), is a transcription factor for growth hormone encoded by the gene POU1F1. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diamond battery is the name of a nuclear battery concept proposed by the University of Bristol Cabot Institute during its annual lecture held on 25 November 2016 at the Wills Memorial Building. This battery is proposed to run on the radioactivity of waste graphite blocks (previously used as neutron moderator material i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For example, a new radiolabelled compound is injected intravenously into a group of 16-20 rodents (typically mice or rats). At intervals of 1, 2, 4, and 24 hours, smaller groups (4-5) of the animals are euthanized, then dissected. The organs of interest (usually: blood, liver, spleen, kidney, muscle, fat, adrenals, p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The calculation of K at a particular temperature from a known K at another given temperature can be approached as follows if standard thermodynamic properties are available. The effect of temperature on equilibrium constant is equivalent to the effect of temperature on Gibbs energy because:
where ΔG</sup> is the reacti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These inequalities set a stringent maximum limit to the time step size and represents a serious limitation for the explicit scheme. This method is not recommended for general transient problems because the maximum possible time step has to be reduced as the square of . | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1956, two British scientists, John Barnes and Peter Magee, reported that a simple member of the large class of N-nitrosamines, dimethylnitrosamine, produced liver tumours in rats. Subsequent studies showed that approximately 90% of the 300 nitrosamines tested were carcinogenic in a wide variety of animals. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sucrose esters are stable in the pH range of 4 to 8, so they can be used as an additive in most foods. At pH higher than 8, saponification (hydrolysis of the ester bond to release the original sucrose and the salt of fatty acids) might occur. Hydrolysis could also occur at pH lower than 4. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Until recently, the application of molecular evolution in the laboratory had been limited to display technologies involving biological molecules, where small molecules lead discovery was considered beyond this biological approach. DELs have opened the field of display technology to include non-natural compounds such as... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anthoxanthins (flavones and flavonols) are a type of flavonoid pigments in plants. Anthoxanthins are water-soluble pigments which range in color from white or colorless to a creamy to yellow, often on petals of flowers. These pigments are generally whiter in an acid medium and yellowed in an alkaline medium. They are ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Yeast ATP synthase is one of the best-studied eukaryotic ATP synthases; and five F, eight F subunits, and seven associated proteins have been identified. Most of these proteins have homologues in other eukaryotes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reaction involving benzaldehyde was discovered by Claisen using sodium benzylate as base. The reaction produces benzyl benzoate.
Enolizable aldehydes are not amenable to Claisen's conditions. Vyacheslav Tishchenko discovered that aluminium alkoxides allowed the conversion of enolizable aldehydes to esters. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aurin was first prepared in 1834 by the German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, who obtained it by distilling coal tar. He named it Rosölsäure or Rosaölsäure (red oil acid). In 1861, the German chemists Hermann Kolbe and Rudolf Schmitt presented the synthesis of aurin by heating oxalic acid and creosote (which cont... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The photodegradation of pesticides is of great interest because of the scale of agriculture and the intensive use of chemicals. Pesticides are however selected in part not to photodegrade readily in sunlight in order to allow them to exert their biocidal activity. Thus, more modalities are implemented to enhance their ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The majority of current advancements in muscle tissue engineering reside in the skeletal muscle category, so the majority of these examples will have to do with skeletal muscle engineering and regeneration. We will review a couple of examples of smooth muscle tissue engineering and cardiac muscle tissue engineering in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While C enhances the efficiency of RuBisCO, the concentration of carbon is highly energy intensive. This means that C plants only have an advantage over C organisms in certain conditions: namely, high temperatures and low rainfall. C plants also need high levels of sunlight to thrive. Models suggest that, without wildf... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorescent labeling is known for its non-destructive nature and high sensitivity. This has made it one of the most widely used methods for labeling and tracking biomolecules. Several techniques of fluorescent labeling can be utilized depending on the nature of the target. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The idea of eating "natural foods" was promoted by cookbook writers in the United States during the 1970s with cookbooks emphasizing "natural," "health" and "whole" foods in opposition to processed foods which were considered bad for health. In 1971, Eleanor Levitt authored The Wonderful World of Natural Food Cookery w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Institute of Organoelement Compounds. A. N. Nesmeyanov RAS. In front of Institute building a memorial bust was installed (sculptor Oleg Komov). At the Institute of the annual annual day of memory of A. N. Nesmeyanov with relatives and graduate students.
* On September 26, 1980, one of the streets of the Gagarinsky di... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anion-exchange chromatography is a process that separates substances based on their charges using an ion-exchange resin containing positively charged groups, such as diethyl-aminoethyl groups (DEAE). In solution, the resin is coated with positively charged counter-ions (cations). Anion exchange resins will bind to nega... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Typical dispersities vary based on the mechanism of polymerization and can be affected by a variety of reaction conditions. In synthetic polymers, it can vary greatly due to reactant ratio, how close the polymerization went to completion, etc. For typical addition polymerization, Đ can range around 5 to 20. For typical... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flucloxacillin can reduce the excretion of methotrexate, potentially resulting in a risk of methotrexate toxicity. The level of flucloxacillin in the blood may rise in kidney failure and with the use of probenecid. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common vehicle currently used for targeted drug delivery is the liposome. Liposomes are non-toxic, non-hemolytic, and non-immunogenic even upon repeated injections; they are biocompatible and biodegradable and can be designed to avoid clearance mechanisms (reticuloendothelial system (RES), renal clearance, che... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The compounds used as isotopic references have a relatively complex history. The broad evolution of reference materials for the hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and sulfur stable isotope systems are shown in Figure 1. Materials with red text define the primary reference commonly reported in scientific publications and materia... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To formally describe time-translation symmetry we say the equations, or laws, that describe a system at times and are the same for any value of and .
For example, considering Newton's equation:
One finds for its solutions the combination:
does not depend on the variable . Of course, this quantity describes the tota... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T., & Smith, K. A. (1998). Cooperative learning returns to college what evidence is there that it works?. Change: the magazine of higher learning, 30(4), 26–35.
*Smith, K.A. (2000). Going deeper: Formal small-group learning in large classes. In MacGregor, J., Cooper, J., Smith, K, and Robin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Titanium tetrachloride is the inorganic compound with the formula . It is an important intermediate in the production of titanium metal and the pigment titanium dioxide. is a volatile liquid. Upon contact with humid air, it forms thick clouds of titanium dioxide () and hydrochloric acid, a reaction that was formerly e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Particulate organic carbon (POC) is operationally defined as all combustible, non-carbonate carbon that can be collected on a filter. The oceanographic community has historically used a variety of filters and pore sizes, most commonly 0.7, 0.8, or 1.0 μm glass or quartz fiber filters. The biomass of living zooplankton ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Z-factor defines a characteristic parameter of the capability of hit identification for each given assay. The following categorization of HTS assay quality by the value of the Z-Factor is a modification of Table 1 shown in Zhang et al. (1999); note that the Z-factor cannot exceed one.
Note that by the standards of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glass has been around since the Egyptian XVIII Dynasty, as the very earliest specimen is a glass bead that has been dated to that time during the reign of Queen Hatshepsut. Glass is very versatile, and there many different types of glass that serve various purposes, such as stained-glass windows, table glassware, and e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Prior to these studies, HPLC analyses were tuned by modifying the mobile and stationary phases only. Gradient elution for HPLC merely meant changing the ratio of solvents to improve column efficiency, and this requires the use of sophisticated solvent pumping mechanisms along with extra steps and precautions in the chr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On Saturns largest moon, Titan, lakes of liquid hydrocarbons comprising methane, ethane, propane and other constituents, occur naturally. Data collected by the space probe Cassini–Huygens yield an estimate that the visible lakes and seas of Titan contain about 300 times the volume of Earths proven oil reserves. Drilled... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phasor analysis is commonly used for fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) data analysis and has been adapted for pump–probe imaging data analysis. Signals are decomposed into their real and imaginary parts of the Fourier transform at a given frequency. By plotting the real and imaginary parts against one ano... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Lorentzian line shape function can be represented as
where L signifies a Lorentzian function standardized, for spectroscopic purposes, to a maximum value of 1; is a subsidiary variable defined as
where is the position of the maximum (corresponding to the transition energy E), p is a position, and w is the full widt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In alphabetic order
* Alanine transaminase (ALT)
* Body fat percentage
* Body mass index
* Body temperature
* Blood pressure
* Blood sugar level
* Complete blood count
* Creatinine
* C-reactive protein (inflammation)
* Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
* Heart rate
* Hematocrit (HCT)
* Hemoglobin (Hgb)
* Mean corp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following are examples of cyclic compounds exhibiting more complex ring systems and stereochemical features: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compressibility is an important factor in aerodynamics. At low speeds, the compressibility of air is not significant in relation to aircraft design, but as the airflow nears and exceeds the speed of sound, a host of new aerodynamic effects become important in the design of aircraft. These effects, often several of the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An acid dissociation constant is a particular example of an equilibrium constant. The dissociation of a monoprotic acid, HA, in dilute solution can be written as
The thermodynamic equilibrium constant can be defined by
where represents the activity, at equilibrium, of the chemical species X. is dimensionless since a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1961, Peter Mitchell proposed chemiosmosis as a cell's primary system of energy conversion. The mechanism, now ubiquitous in living cells, powers energy conversion in micro-organisms and in the mitochondria of eukaryotes, making it a likely candidate for early life. Mitochondria produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP),... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Molecular propeller is a molecule that can propel fluids when rotated, due to its special shape that is designed in analogy to macroscopic propellers: it has several molecular-scale blades attached at a certain pitch angle around the circumference of a shaft, aligned along the rotational axis.
The molecular propellers... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drug repositioning is a "universal strategy" for neglected diseases due to 1) reduced number of required clinical trial steps could reduce the time and costs for the medicine to reach market, 2) existing pharmaceutical supply chains could facilitate "formulation and distribution" of the drug, 3) known possibility of co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polymer scattering experiments are one of the main scientific methods used in chemistry, physics and other sciences to study the characteristics of polymeric systems: solutions, gels, compounds and more. As in most scattering experiments, it involves subjecting a polymeric sample to incident particles (with defined wav... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Countries in the Caspian region, particularly Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, have high-value natural-resource-based economies, where the oil and gas compose more than 10 percent of their GDP and 40 percent of their exports. All the Caspian region economies are highly dependent on this type of mineral wealth. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The rise of systems biology, seeking to comprehend biological processes as a whole, highlighted the need to not only develop corresponding quantitative models but also to create standards allowing their exchange and integration. This concern drove the community to design common data formats, such as SBML and CellML. SB... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the mechanical stream of thinking about a process of transfer of energy between two bodies or closed systems, heat transferred is defined as a residual amount of energy transferred after the energy transferred as work has been determined, assuming for the calculation the law of conservation of energy, without refere... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compared to the elemental form, potassium iodide has a median lethal dose (LD) that is relatively high in several animals: in rabbits, it is 10 g/kg; in rats, 14 g/kg, and in mice, 22 g/kg. The tolerable upper intake level for iodine as established by the Food and Nutrition Board is 1,100 µg/day for adults. The safe up... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another simple case of diffusion is the Brownian motion of one particle. The particle's Mean squared displacement from its original position is:
where is the dimension of the particle's Brownian motion. For example, the diffusion of a molecule across a cell membrane 8 nm thick is 1-D diffusion because of the spherical... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polysaccharides (), or polycarbohydrates, are the most abundant carbohydrates found in food. They are long-chain polymeric carbohydrates composed of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages. This carbohydrate can react with water (hydrolysis) using amylase enzymes as catalyst, which produces constitue... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Sommerfeld–Kossel displacement law states that the first spark (singly ionized) spectrum of an element is similar in all details to the arc (neutral) spectrum of the element preceding it in the periodic table. Likewise, the second (doubly ionized) spark spectrum of an element is similar in all details to the first... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With an appropriate exercise program, dietary supplementation with 3 grams of HMB per day has been shown to increase exercise-induced gains in muscle size, muscle strength and power, and lean body mass, reduce exercise-induced skeletal muscle damage, and expedite recovery from high-intensity exercise. Based upon limite... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Adenoviruses are viruses that carry their genetic material in the form of double-stranded DNA. They cause respiratory, intestinal, and eye infections in humans (especially the common cold). When these viruses infect a host cell, they introduce their DNA molecule into the host. The genetic material of the adenoviruses i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A rapid antigen test (RAT), sometimes called a rapid antigen detection test (RADT), antigen rapid test (ART), or loosely just a rapid test, is a rapid diagnostic test suitable for point-of-care testing that directly detects the presence or absence of an antigen. RATs are a type of lateral flow test detecting antigens, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Potency is the amount of agonist needed to elicit a desired response. The potency of an agonist is inversely related to its EC value. The EC can be measured for a given agonist by determining the concentration of agonist needed to elicit half of the maximum biological response of the agonist. The EC value is useful for... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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