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The antenna-shaped light harvesting complex of cyanobacteria, glaucocystophyta, and red algae is known as the phycobilisome which is composed of linear tetrapyrrole pigments. Pigment-protein complexes referred to as R-phycoerythrin are rod-like in shape and make up the rods and core of the phycobilisome. Little light r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Multistep-feedback loop mechanism also leads to ultrasensitivity.
There is paper introducing that engineering synthetic feedback loops using yeast mating mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway as a model system.
In Yeast mating pathway: alpha-factor activates receptor, Ste2, and Ste4 and activated Ste4 recruit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Heusler compounds are magnetic intermetallics with face-centered cubic crystal structure and a composition of XYZ (half-Heuslers) or XYZ (full-Heuslers), where X and Y are transition metals and Z is in the p-block. The term derives from the name of German mining engineer and chemist Friedrich Heusler, who studied such ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This was first called the liquid ordered phase by Ipsen et al. (1987). However, it has also been called the LG subgel phase by Huang et al. (1993) and the β phase by Vist and Davis (1990). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
2-Furoic acid can be the sole source of carbon and energy for the organism Pseudomonas putida. The organism aerobically degrades the compound. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is a sequence that suppress both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and white matter, and samples the remaining transverse magnetisation in fast spin echo, where the majority of the signals are from the grey matter. Thus, this sequence is useful in detecting small changes on the brain cortex such as focal cortical dysplasia ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transition metal amino acid complexes are a large family of coordination complexes containing the conjugate bases of the amino acids, the 2-aminocarboxylates. Amino acids are prevalent in nature, and all of them function as ligands toward the transition metals. Not included in this article are complexes of the amide... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Irène took a nursing course during college to assist her mother, Marie Curie, in the field as her assistant. She began her work as a nurse radiographer on the battlefield alongside her mother, but after a few months she was left to work alone at a radiological facility in Belgium. She taught doctors how to locate shrap... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Individual transmembrane adenylyl cyclase isoforms have been linked to numerous physiological functions. Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC, AC10) has a critical role in sperm motility. Adenylyl cyclase has been implicated in memory formation, functioning as a coincidence detector. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transition metal alkyl complexes are coordination complexes that contain a bond between a transition metal and an alkyl ligand. Such complexes are not only pervasive but are of practical and theoretical interest. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SBPase is involved in the regeneration of 5-carbon sugars during the Calvin cycle. Although SBPase has not been emphasized as an important control point in the Calvin cycle historically, it plays a large part in controlling the flux of carbon through the Calvin cycle. Additionally, SBPase activity has been found to ha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fractional population distribution of different conformers follows a Boltzmann distribution:
The left hand side is the proportion of conformer i in an equilibrating mixture of M conformers in thermodynamic equilibrium. On the right side, E (k = 1, 2, ..., M) is the energy of conformer k, R is the molar ideal gas c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biogenic sulfide corrosion is a bacterially mediated process of forming hydrogen sulfide gas and the subsequent conversion to sulfuric acid that attacks concrete and steel within wastewater environments. The hydrogen sulfide gas is biochemically oxidized in the presence of moisture to form sulfuric acid. The effect o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Etiocholanedione, also known as 5β-androstanedione or as etiocholane-3,17-dione, is a naturally occurring etiocholane (5β-androstane) steroid and an endogenous metabolite of androgens like testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and androstenedione. It is the C5 epimer of androstanedione (5α-a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This geometry has been applied to black hole thermodynamics, with some physically relevant results. The most physically significant case is for the Kerr black hole in higher dimensions, where the curvature singularity signals thermodynamic instability, as found earlier by conventional methods.
The entropy of a black ho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Water meniscus forces are highly interesting for AFM measurements in air. Due to the ambient humidity, a thin layer of water is formed between the tip and the sample during air measurements. The resulting capillary force gives rise to a strong attractive force that pulls the tip onto the surface. In fact, the adhesion ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Together with his longtime collaborator Joseph Chatt, Shaw contributed to the development of organoplatinum chemistry. They reported the first platinum hydride, PtHCl(PEt). This colourless, volatile solid was the first non-organometallic hydride (i.e., lacking a metal-carbon bond).
With an interest in cyclometallatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The linear dispersion relation – unaffected by wave amplitude – is for nonlinear waves also correct at the second order of the perturbation theory expansion, with the orders in terms of the wave steepness (where a is wave amplitude). To the third order, and for deep water, the dispersion relation is
: so
This impli... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Despite the difficulty of theoretical interpretation, measured conductivity is a good indicator of the presence or absence of conductive ions in solution, and measurements are used extensively in many industries. For example, conductivity measurements are used to monitor quality in public water supplies, in hospitals, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to the lone pair of electrons, halogen groups are available for donating electrons. Hence they are therefore ortho / para directors. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* B40.200-2008: Thermometers, Direct Reading and Remotes Reading.
* PTC 19.3-1974(R2004): Performance test code for temperature measurement. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In combustion, the Karlovitz number is defined as the ratio of chemical time scale to Kolmogorov time scale , named after Béla Karlovitz. The number reads as
In premixed turbulent combustion, the chemical time scale can be defined as , where is the thermal diffusivity and is the laminar flame speed and the flame thi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Langerin is expressed in LCs which are located in the epidermis and in vaginal and oral mucosa. LCs are immune cells closely related to macrophages, but by their function, they are more like conventional dendritic cells (cDCs). Langerin recognizes and binds carbohydrates, such as mannose, fucose and N-acetylglucosamine... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Modern puddling was one of several processes developed in the second half of the 18th century in Great Britain for producing bar iron from pig iron without the use of charcoal. It gradually replaced the earlier charcoal-fueled process, conducted in a finery forge. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One method of measuring FRET efficiency is to measure the variation in acceptor emission intensity. When the donor and acceptor are in proximity (1–10 nm) due to the interaction of the two molecules, the acceptor emission will increase because of the intermolecular FRET from the donor to the acceptor. For monitoring pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Tolman cone angle method assumes empirical bond data and defines the perimeter as the maximum possible circumscription of an idealized free-spinning substituent. The metal-ligand bond length in the Tolman model was determined empirically from crystal structures of tetrahedral nickel complexes. In contrast, the soli... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This equation for gives satisfactory agreement with experimental measurements for low electrolyte concentrations, typically less than 10 mol/L. Deviations from the theory occur at higher concentrations and with electrolytes that produce ions of higher charges, particularly unsymmetrical electrolytes. Essentially thes... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PFASs are commonly used in Class B firefighting foams due to their hydrophobic and lipophobic properties, as well as the stability of the chemicals when exposed to high heat.
Research into occupational exposure for firefighters is emergent, though frequently limited by underpowered study designs. A 2011 cross-sectional... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ionic interactions involve the attraction of ions or molecules with full permanent charges of opposite signs. For example, sodium fluoride involves the attraction of the positive charge on sodium (Na) with the negative charge on fluoride (F). However, this particular interaction is easily broken upon addition to water,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Animal products such as meat, fish, shellfish, fowl, eggs, and dairy contain zinc. The concentration of zinc in plants varies with the level in the soil. With adequate zinc in the soil, the food plants that contain the most zinc are wheat (germ and bran) and various seeds, including sesame, poppy, alfalfa, celery, and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The main classes of painkillers are NSAIDs, opioids, and local anesthetics.
For consciousness (anesthetic drugs)
Some anesthetics include benzodiazepines and barbiturates. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In humans, dietary starches are composed of glucose units arranged in long chains called amylose, a polysaccharide. During digestion, bonds between glucose molecules are broken by salivary and pancreatic amylase, resulting in progressively smaller chains of glucose. This results in simple sugars glucose and maltose (2... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because of the specificity of toll-like receptors (and other innate immune receptors) they cannot easily be changed in the course of evolution, these receptors recognize molecules that are constantly associated with threats (i.e., pathogen or cell stress) and are highly specific to these threats (i.e., cannot be mistak... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iodolactonization has been used in the synthesis of many biologically important products such as the tumor growth inhibitors vernolepin and vernomenin, the pancreatic lipase inhibitor vibralactone, and prostaglandins, a lipid found in animals. The following total syntheses all use iodolactonization as a key step in obt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are two methods for the production of spiropyrans. The first one can be by condensation of methylene bases with o-hydroxy aromatic aldehydes (or the condensation of the precursor of methylene bases). Spiropyrans generally could be obtained by boiling the aldehyde and the respective benzazolium salts in presence ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As most electromagnetic fields encountered in everyday situations are those generated by household or industrial appliances, the majority of EMF meters available are calibrated to measure 50 and 60 Hz alternating fields (the frequency of European and US mains electricity). There are other meters which can measure field... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mass-flux fraction (or Hirschfelder-Curtiss variable or Kármán-Penner variable) is the ratio of mass-flux of a particular chemical species to the total mass flux of a gaseous mixture. It includes both the convectional mass flux and the diffusional mass flux. It was introduced by Joseph O. Hirschfelder and Charles F... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The C−H bond in general is very strong, so it is relatively unreactive. In several compound classes, collectively called carbon acids, the C−H bond can be sufficiently acidic for proton removal. Unactivated C−H bonds are found in alkanes and are not adjacent to a heteroatom (O, N, Si, etc.). Such bonds usually only par... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When an electric field is applied to a metal or semiconductor, the electronic structure of the material changes. The electrons (and other charged particles) will react to the electric field, by repositioning themselves within the material. Electrons in metals can relatively easily move around and are available in abund... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In mathematics, especially in geometry, a double lattice in is a discrete subgroup of the group of Euclidean motions that consists only of translations and point reflections and such that the subgroup of translations is a lattice. The orbit of any point under the action of a double lattice is a union of two Bravais la... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NAD is synthesized through two metabolic pathways. It is produced either in a de novo pathway from amino acids or in salvage pathways by recycling preformed components such as nicotinamide back to NAD. Although most tissues synthesize NAD by the salvage pathway in mammals, much more de novo synthesis occurs in the live... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For example, there are three distinct compounds with the molecular formula :
The first two isomers shown of are propanols, that is, alcohols derived from propane. Both have a chain of three carbon atoms connected by single bonds, with the remaining carbon valences being filled by seven hydrogen atoms and by a hydrox... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is well known that at low temperature many metals become superconductors. A metal can be viewed in part as a Fermi liquid of electrons, and below a critical temperature, an attractive phonon-mediated interaction between the electrons near the Fermi surface causes them to pair up and form a condensate of Cooper pairs... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 999.999—six nines fine: The purest gold ever produced. Refined by the Perth Mint in 1957.
* 999.99—five nines fine: The purest type of gold currently produced; the Royal Canadian Mint regularly produces commemorative coins in this fineness, including the world's largest, at 100 kg.
* 999.9—four nines fine: Most popul... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many bacteria use the anaerobic pathway for synthesizing unsaturated fatty acids. This pathway does not utilize oxygen and is dependent on enzymes to insert the double bond before elongation utilizing the normal fatty acid synthesis machinery. In Escherichia coli, this pathway is well understood.
* FabA is a β-hydroxyd... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As early as the 1860s, experiments demonstrated that biologically relevant molecules can be produced from interaction of simple carbon sources with abundant inorganic catalysts. The spontaneous formation of complex polymers from abiotically generated monomers under the conditions posited by the "soup" theory is not str... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Enantiomers of a chiral drug often interact in an enantioselective way in a chiral environment. This may be offered by different biotic substances (viz. proteins, nucleic acids, phospholipids and oligosaccharides). They are made up of chiral building blocks that are put together in space in handed conformations. These ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heteroatoms aside from the transition metal are a defining feature of heteropolymetalates. Many different elements can serve as heteroatoms but most common are Phosphate|, Silicate|, and Arsenate|. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ion balance is a key factor in plant development to produce yield. Too high salt concentration in soil lowers the water potential in root tissue which becomes toxic; stunting growth and inhibiting flowering by dehydrating the plant. Stomatal closure is also a response to high salinity, leading to lowered sugar producti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Newtons law of viscosity is not a fundamental law of nature, but rather a constitutive equation (like Hookes law, Ficks law, and Ohms law) which serves to define the viscosity . Its form is motivated by experiments which show that for a wide range of fluids, is independent of strain rate. Such fluids are called Newton... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two aspects to surface integrity: topography characteristics and surface layer characteristics. The topography is made up of surface roughness, waviness, errors of form, and flaws. The surface layer characteristics that can change through processing are: plastic deformation, residual stresses, cracks, hardnes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The flow reversal is primarily caused by adverse pressure gradient imposed on the boundary layer by the outer potential flow. The streamwise momentum equation inside the boundary layer is approximately stated as
where are streamwise and normal coordinates.
An adverse pressure gradient is when , which then can be seen ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Machine perfusion (MP) is a technique used in organ transplantation as a means of preserving the organs which are to be transplanted.
Machine perfusion has various forms and can be categorised according to the temperature of the perfusate: cold (4 °C) and warm (37 °C). Machine perfusion has been applied to renal transp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Through a continual process of stretching and folding, much like in a "baker's map,"
tracers advected in chaotic flows will develop into complex fractals.
The fractal dimension of a single contour will be between 1 and 2.
Exponential growth ensures that the contour, in the limit of very
long time integration, becomes f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first major contribution of Woodwards career in the early 1940s was a series of papers describing the application of ultraviolet spectroscopy in the elucidation of the structure of natural products. Woodward collected together a large amount of empirical data, and then devised a series of rules later called the Woo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The convection–diffusion equation can only rarely be solved with a pen and paper. More often, computers are used to numerically approximate the solution to the equation, typically using the finite element method. For more details and algorithms see: Numerical solution of the convection–diffusion equation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*ADMS 3 (Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling System) – advanced atmospheric pollution dispersion model for calculating concentrations of atmospheric pollutants emitted both continuously from point, line, volume and area sources, or intermittently from point sources.
*AUSTAL
*AERMOD
*CANARY (By Quest)
*CALPUFF
*DISP... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glass disease, also referred to as sick glass or glass illness, is a degradation process of glass that can result in weeping, crizzling, spalling, cracking and fragmentation.
Glass disease is caused by an inherent instability in the chemical composition of the original glass formula.
Properties of a particular glass ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MAGS is an alternative to discrete and composite soil sampling. MAGS, while it does not describe the sample with as much precision as the previously mentioned sampling methods, is more powerful statistically: it represents a larger area of a site which is more useful in determining the presence of a compound. Besides i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Data from 2009 found that the global mean concentration was rising at a rate of approximately 2 ppm/year and accelerating.
* The daily average concentration of atmospheric at Mauna Loa Observatory first exceeded 400 ppm on 10 May 2013 although this concentration had already been reached in the Arctic in June 2012. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mechanistically, eukaryotic translation termination matches its prokaryotic counterpart. In this case, termination of the polypeptide chain is achieved through the hydrolytic action of a heterodimer consisting of release factors, eRF1 and eRF3. Translation termination is said to be leaky in some cases as noncoding-tRNA... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A neuron's ability to generate and propagate an action potential changes during development. How much the membrane potential of a neuron changes as the result of a current impulse is a function of the membrane input resistance. As a cell grows, more channels are added to the membrane, causing a decrease in input resist... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The coalescence happens in a brush after removing it from water is an example of elastocapillarity. Elastocapillary wrapping driven by drop impact is another example.
Most of the small scale devices such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), magnetic head-disk interface (HDI), and the tip of atomic force microscopy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
N-glycan processing is carried out in endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi body. Initial trimming of the precursor molecule occurs in the ER and the subsequent processing occurs in the Golgi.
Upon transferring the completed glycan onto the nascent polypeptide, two glucose residues are removed from the structure. Enzymes... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Assume a two-stream problem having one portion of the boundary the fuel stream with fuel mass fraction and another portion of the boundary the oxidizer stream with oxidizer mass fraction . For example, if the oxidizer stream is air and the fuel stream contains only the fuel, then and . In addition, assume there is no... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NADH-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase, also known as NADH dehydrogenase or complex I, is the first protein in the electron transport chain. Complex I is a giant enzyme with the mammalian complex I having 46 subunits and a molecular mass of about 1,000 kilodaltons (kDa). The structure is known in detail only from a bacterium; ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dithionite is used in conjunction with complexing agents (for example, citric acid) to reduce iron(III) oxy-hydroxide into soluble iron(II) compounds and to remove amorphous iron(III)-bearing mineral phases in soil analyses (selective extraction).
The decomposition of dithionite produces reduced species of sulfur that ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
HIV belongs to the class of viruses called retroviruses, which carry genetic information in the form of RNA. HIV infects T cells that carry the CD4 antigen on their surface. When HIV infects its target cell it requires fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. The first step is the interaction between envelope protei... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Shaw died on 8 November 2020, aged 90.
A short (18 minute) video of his funeral service, held during covid lockdown, is available [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mx4Y7qu7XTQ here]. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a reaction much similar to the enamine alkylation, enamines can be acylated to form a final dicarbonyl product. The enamine starting material undergoes a nucleophilic addition to acyl halides forming the iminium salt intermediate which can hydrolyze in the presence of acid. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electrofusion welding is characterized by four distinct stages that occur during the welding process:
# Incubation period
# Joint formation and consolidation
# Plateau region
# Cooling period
During the incubation period, heat is introduced into the joint as current is passed through the coil. Although there is no joi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Van t Hoff equation relates the change in the equilibrium constant, , of a chemical reaction to the change in temperature, T, given the standard enthalpy change, , for the process. The subscript means "reaction" and the superscript means "standard". It was proposed by Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Depending mostly upon the change in conditions from a previous inspection various improvements may be made to the pipe. It may be cleaned with a rotating root cutting blade on the end of a segmented rotating chain, or a chemical foam may be applied to discourage root growth. If damage is found limited to only a few loc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diffusing-wave spectroscopy (DWS) is an optical technique derived from dynamic light scattering (DLS) that studies the dynamics of scattered light in the limit of strong multiple scattering. It has been widely used in the past to study colloidal suspensions, emulsions, foams, gels, biological media and other forms of s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Between 2000 and 2010, the effects of volumetric muscle loss (VML) were assessed as it pertains to muscle tissue engineering. VML can be caused by a variety of injuries or diseases, including general trauma, postoperative damage, cancer ablation, congenital defects, and degenerative myopathy. Although muscle contains a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In molecular biology, a termination factor is a protein that mediates the termination of RNA transcription by recognizing a transcription terminator and causing the release of the newly made mRNA. This is part of the process that regulates the transcription of RNA to preserve gene expression integrity and are present i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An isoscape is a geologic map of isotope distribution. It is a spatially explicit prediction of elemental isotope ratios (δ) that is produced by executing process-level models of elemental isotope fractionation or distribution in a geographic information system (GIS).
The word isoscape is derived from isotope landscape... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Just as iron produced by a blast furnace comes out alloyed with other chemical elements as cast iron, copper extracted from ore becomes an alloy with sulfur, iron, etc. called matte. To apply the same purification processes to these two metals is therefore logical. Applying the Bessemer process to copper metallurgy was... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An orally disintegrating tablet or orodispersible tablet (ODT), is a drug dosage form available for a limited range of over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider the case of a vibrating wire of length (L) vibrating with an amplitude (L). The wire has a linear density (M/L) and is under tension (LM/T), and we want to know the energy (LM/T) in the wire. Let and be two dimensionless products of powers of the variables chosen, given by
The linear density of the wi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Unnatural processes are logically conceivable but do not occur in nature. They would decrease the sum of the entropies if they occurred. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cells secrete ATP to communicate with other cells in a process called purinergic signalling. ATP serves as a neurotransmitter in many parts of the nervous system, modulates ciliary beating, affects vascular oxygen supply etc. ATP is either secreted directly across the cell membrane through channel proteins or is pumpe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One method of study attempts to characterize the blinking behavior by studying single crystals or single quantum dots. A powerful microscope is employed along with video equipment. Another method uses ensembles or large quantities of quantum dots and develops statistical information. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A key consideration of hydroformylation is the "normal" vs. "iso" selectivity. For example, the hydroformylation of propylene can afford two isomeric products, butyraldehyde or isobutyraldehyde:
These isomers reflect the regiochemistry of the insertion of the alkene into the M–H bond. Since both products are not equall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solvent extraction and electrowinning (SX/EW) is a two-stage hydrometallurgical process that first extracts and upgrades copper ions from low-grade leach solutions into a solvent containing a chemical that selectively reacts with and binds the copper in the solvent. The copper is extracted from the solvent with strong ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lipid droplets bud off the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Initially, a lens is formed by accumulation of TAGs between the two layers of its phospholipid membrane. Nascent lipid droplets may grow by diffusion of fatty acids, endocytosis of sterols, or fusion of smaller lipid droplets through the aid of SNARE pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The development of models for a better representation of real processes is the core of the further development of the simulation software. Model development is done through the principles of chemical engineering but also control engineering and for the improvement of mathematical simulation techniques. Process simulati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These principles have been applied in multiple natural product targets containing medium and large rings. The syntheses of cladiell-11-ene-3,6,7-
triol, (±)-periplanone B, eucannabinolide, and neopeltolide are all significant in their usage of macrocyclic stereocontrol en route to obtaining the desired structural targe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The company processed about 1,000 pounds of ore daily while in operation, which was dumped on the site. The radon and radiation resulting from the 1,600 tons of material on the abandoned factory resulted in the site's designation as a Superfund site by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in 1983. From 199... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a "relaxed" double-helical segment of B-DNA, the two strands twist around the helical axis once every 10.4–10.5 base pairs of sequence. Adding or subtracting twists, as some enzymes do, imposes strain. If a DNA segment under twist strain is closed into a circle by joining its two ends, and then allowed to move freel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Membership comprises almost 140 member companies in Europe as well as from the rest of the world. Members are:
* Coil coaters companies
* Paint, film and pre-treatment chemical suppliers
* Service centres/Stockholders
* Raw material suppliers
* Equipment manufacturers
* Technology providers
* Related associations/i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Periphyton is a complex mixture of algae, cyanobacteria, heterotrophic microbes, and detritus that is attached to submerged surfaces in most aquatic ecosystems. The related term Aufwuchs (German "surface growth" or "overgrowth", ) refers to the collection of small animals and plants that adhere to open surfaces in aqua... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mefloquine is useful for the prevention of malaria in all areas except for those where parasites may have resistance to multiple medications, and is one of several anti-malarial medications recommended by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for this purpose. It is also recommended by the Infect... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Her menstrual product plus her educational campaign has helped in removing the stigma surrounding menstruation and stopped girls from dropping out of schools due to the stigma. The non profit organization Dignity Period has distributed more than 150,000 free menstrual supplies purchased from Freweni's factory. It was r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sirtuin-activating compounds (STAC) are chemical compounds having an effect on sirtuins, a group of enzymes that use NAD+ to remove acetyl groups from proteins. They are caloric restriction mimetic compounds that may be helpful in treating various aging-related diseases. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many compounds are known that can act to inhibit the action of a glycoside hydrolase. Nitrogen-containing, sugar-shaped heterocycles have been found in nature, including deoxynojirimycin, swainsonine, australine and castanospermine. From these natural templates many other inhibitors have been developed, including iso... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
C12-15 pareth-12 (INCI name) is an emulsifier and surfactant commonly used in cosmetics formulations. It is a polyethylene glycol ether formed by combining synthetic C–C fatty alcohols with 12 moles of ethylene oxide.
According to the INCI, "the term Pareth applies to ethoxylated paraffinic alcohols containing both eve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1948, Pauling discovered that many proteins included helical (see alpha helix) shapes. Pauling had deduced this structure from X-ray patterns and from attempts to physically model the structures. (Pauling was also later to suggest an incorrect three chain helical DNA structure based on Astbury's data.) Even in the i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In metallurgy, gas flushing removes dissolved gases from the molten metal prior to the material being processed. For example, before casting aluminium alloys, argon bubbles are injected into liquid aluminium using a rotary degasser. The argon bubbles rise to the surface, bringing with them some of the dissolved hydroge... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A marsh terrace is an artificially created berm that is built in a wetland to prevent erosion, reduce wave energy, and improve habitat for wildlife. Marsh terracing is most common throughout the upper Gulf Coast of the United States, where it is used to prevent coastal erosion, with 980 linear km (609 mi) having been b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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