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For his scientific achievements Choi received the New Technology Development Award from the Ministry of Science & Technology (1992), the Special Award from Korean Society for Molecular & Cell Biology from the Korean Society of Molecular and Cellular Biology (1999), the 11th Sangrok Agriculture & Life Science Award from... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ELISpot and FluoroSpot assays can be used in many research fields: vaccine development, cancer, allergies, monocytes/macrophages/dendritic cells characterization, apolipoproteins analysis, and veterinary research. With the ELISpot, you can study antigen-specific cytokine responses, antibody specific secreting cells... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Strictly speaking, the term "catalysis" should not be used unless it can be shown that the number of product molecules produced per number of active sites is greater than one; this is difficult to do in practice, although it is often assumed to be true if there is no loss in the photoactivity of the catalyst for an ext... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biological systems, only manganese (Mn) is readily capable of replacing Mg, but only in a limited set of circumstances. Mn is very similar to Mg in terms of its chemical properties, including inner and outer shell complexation. Mn effectively binds ATP and allows hydrolysis of the energy molecule by most ATPases. Mn... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Scientific works are normally published in peer-reviewed journals, but He failed to do so regarding the birth of gene-edited babies. This was one of the grounds on which He was criticized. It was later reported that He did submit two manuscripts to Nature and the Journal of the American Medical Association, which were ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some authors have shown that neurons can produce hydrogen cyanide upon activation of their opioid receptors by endogenous or exogenous opioids. They have also shown that neuronal production of HCN activates NMDA receptors and plays a role in signal transduction between neuronal cells (neurotransmission). Moreover, incr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coatings act as a barrier between the metal substrate and the surrounding environment, hindering the ingress of hydrogen atoms. These coatings can be applied through various techniques such as electroplating, chemical conversion coatings, or organic coatings. The choice of coating depends on factors such as the type of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In July 2020 researchers report the discovery of chemolithoautotrophic bacterial culture that feeds on the metal manganese after performing unrelated experiments and named its bacterial species Candidatus Manganitrophus noduliformans and Ramlibacter lithotrophicus. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The rationale for NeSSI originated from focus group meetings held in 1999 at the Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC) which called out for more reliable sampling and analysis for the manufacturing processes. Early work with NeSSI was started in July, 2000 by Peter van Vuuren (of ExxonMobil Chemical) and Rob D... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tc, half-life 211k years, is produced at a yield of about 6% per fission; see also the main fission products page. It is also produced (via the short lived nuclear isomer Technetium-99m) as a decay product of Molybdenum-99. Technetium is particularly mobile in the environment as it forms negatively charged pertechnetat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
E. coli cell lysate containing the cellular components required for transcription and translation are used in this in vitro method of protein production. The advantage of such system is that protein may be produced much faster than those produced in vivo since it does not require time to culture the cells, but it is al... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In materials science parlance, dislocations are defined as line defects in a material's crystal structure. The bonds surrounding the dislocation are already elastically strained by the defect compared to the bonds between the constituents of the regular crystal lattice. Therefore, these bonds break at relatively lower ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glycerate 3-phosphate (formed from 3-phosphoglycerate) is also a precursor for serine, which, in turn, can create cysteine and glycine through the homocysteine cycle. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These are the crystallographic groups of a cubic crystal system: 23, 432, , 3m, and . All of them contain four diagonal 3-fold axes. These axes are arranged as 3-fold axes in a cube, directed along its four space diagonals (the cube has symmetry). These symbols are constructed the following way:
* First position – sym... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although the acid catalyzed and base catalyzed hydrolysis of esters gives transition states for the rate determining steps that have differing charge densities, their structures differ only by two hydrogen atoms. Taft thus assumed that steric effects would influence both reaction mechanisms equally. Due to this, the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Each of the groups in this section has two cell structure diagrams, which are to be interpreted as follows (it is the shape that is significant, not the colour):
On the right-hand side diagrams, different equivalence classes of symmetry elements are colored (and rotated) differently.
The brown or yellow area indicates ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Currently utilized implants take a great deal of time to integrate with the body after the initial surgical procedure occurs. True adhesion between the implant and the bone has been difficult to achieve and, unfortunately, success rates of implant fixation are low due to the implant's failure to achieve long-term osseo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The word "alcohol" derives from the Arabic kohl (), a powder used as an eyeliner. The first part of the word () is the Arabic definite article, equivalent to the in English. The second part of the word () has several antecedents in Semitic languages, ultimately deriving from the Akkadian (), meaning stibnite or antimo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Radioactivity is present everywhere, and has been since the formation of the Earth. Natural radioactivity detected in soil is predominantly due to the following four natural radioisotopes: K, Ra, U, and Th. In one kilogram of soil, the potassium-40 amounts to an average 370 Bq of radiation, with a typical range of 100... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the 1600s, the Moon was divided into two terranes, terra and maria. The terra terrane was thought to be landmass, and the maria terrane was thought to be the Moon's ocean, although this is now known to be false. The maria terrane is lower in elevation and younger in age than the terra terrane, and was formed by la... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the spin–orbit interaction dominates over the effect of the external magnetic field, and are not separately conserved, only the total angular momentum is. The spin and orbital angular momentum vectors can be thought of as precessing about the (fixed) total angular momentum vector . The (time-)"averaged" spin vect... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The formation of sodium aluminosilicate makes the Bayer process uneconomical for bauxites high in silica. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After fatal accidents, it is common to check the blood alcohol levels of involved persons. However, soon after death, the body begins to putrefy, a biological process which produces ethanol. This can make it difficult to conclusively determine the blood alcohol content in autopsies, particularly in bodies recovered fro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sedimentation has been used to treat wastewater for millennia.
Primary treatment of sewage is removal of floating and settleable solids through sedimentation. Primary clarifiers reduce the content of suspended solids as well as the pollutant embedded in the suspended solids. Because of the large amount of reagent neces... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*MRPL9
*MRPL1
*MRPL10
*MRPL11
*MRPL12
*MRPL13
*MRPL14
*MRPL15
*MRPL16
*MRPL17
*MRPL18
*MRPL19
*MRPL2
*MRPL20
*MRPL21
*MRPL22
*MRPL23
*MRPL24
*MRPL27
*MRPL28
*MRPL3
*MRPL30
*MRPL32
*MRPL33
*MRPL35
*MRPL36
*MRPL37
*MRPL38
*MRPL4
*MRPL40
*MRPL41
*MRPL42
*MRPL43
*MRPL44
*MRPL45
*MRPL46
*MRP... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The SCODA DNA force results in the DNA sample concentrating in the center of the SCODA gel. To extract the DNA an extraction well can be pre-formed in the gel and filled with buffer. As the DNA does not experience non-linear mobility in buffer it accumulates in the extraction well. At the end of the concentration and p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The lipid component of MFGM is rich in phospholipids, glycosphingolipids, and cholesterol. Phospholipids make up approximately 30% of the total lipid weight of MFGM, the three most prominent being sphingomyelin (SM), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), which together represent up to 85% of tota... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A sample Irwin screen includes overt behavior observations and autonomic observations:
Overt Behavior
* increased activity
* decreased activity
* sedation
* tremor
* convulsions
** myoclonic
** tonic/clonic
* straub tail
* stereotypy
* increased exploration
* decreased exploration
* ataxia
* weakness
* catalepsy
* pain... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organic carbonates are used as solvents in lithium batteries. Due to their high polarity, they dissolve lithium salts. The problem of high viscosity is circumvented by using mixtures for example of dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and dimethoxyethane.
They are also used as solvents in organic synthesis. Classifie... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The pressure dependence of the equilibrium constant is usually weak in the range of pressures normally encountered in industry, and therefore, it is usually neglected in practice. This is true for condensed reactant/products (i.e., when reactants and products are solids or liquid) as well as gaseous ones.
For a gaseous... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorescence, chemiluminescence and phosphorescence are 3 different types of luminescence properties, i.e. emission of light from a substance.
Fluorescence is a property where light is absorbed and remitted within a few nanoseconds (approx. 10ns) at a lower energy (=higher wavelength), while bioluminescence is biologic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As compared to sodium-based liquid metal coolants such as liquid sodium or NaK, lead-based coolants have significantly higher boiling points, meaning a reactor can be operated without risk of coolant boiling at much higher temperatures. This improves thermal efficiency and could potentially allow hydrogen production th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In some cases where stereogenic centers are formed, the configuration must be specified. Without the presence of a non-covalent interaction, a compound is achiral. Some professionals have proposed a new rule to account for this. This rule states that "non-covalent interactions have a fictitious number between 0 and 1" ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species. It can be described as a variation (which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci) that can be observed. A genetic marker may be a short DNA sequence, such as a seque... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In crystalline metals, slip occurs in specific directions on crystallographic planes, and each combination of slip direction and slip plane will have its own Schmid factor. As an example, for a face-centered cubic (FCC) system the primary slip plane is {111} and primary slip directions exist within the direction, alon... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A common way to define a Henry volatility is dividing the partial pressure by the aqueous-phase concentration:
The SI unit for is Pa·m/mol. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In materials science, the Burgers vector, named after Dutch physicist Jan Burgers, is a vector, often denoted as , that represents the magnitude and direction of the lattice distortion resulting from a dislocation in a crystal lattice. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Physcomitrella plants were engineered with multiple knockouts to prevent the plant-specific glycosylation of proteins, an important post-translational modification. These knockout mosses are used to produce complex biopharmaceuticals in the field of molecular farming. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Like the closely related progestins hydroxyprogesterone caproate and 19-norprogesterone, gestonorone caproate shows poor activity orally and must be administered parenterally; specifically, via intramuscular injection. Gestonorone caproate is administered by intramuscular injection, and acts as a long-lasting depot by ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, the Graetz number (Gz) is a dimensionless number that characterizes laminar flow in a conduit. The number is defined as:
where
: D is the diameter in round tubes or hydraulic diameter in arbitrary cross-section ducts
: L is the length
: Re is the Reynolds number and
: Pr is the Prandtl number.
Th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermal decomposition (or thermolysis) is a chemical decomposition caused by heat. The decomposition temperature of a substance is the temperature at which the substance chemically decomposes. The reaction is usually endothermic as heat is required to break chemical bonds in the compound undergoing decomposition. If de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The IUBMB is associated with the journals IUBMB Life, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education (formerly Biochemical Education), BioFactors, Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, Molecular Aspects of Medicine and Trends in Biochemical Sciences. The publishing program supports the IUBMB's mission of fostering grow... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Meropenem, sold under the brand name Merrem among others, is an intravenous carbapenem antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. Some of these include meningitis, intra-abdominal infection, pneumonia, sepsis, and anthrax.
Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, constipation, headache, rash, and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Airflow Sciences Corporation (ASC) is an engineering consulting company based in Livonia, Michigan, USA that specializes in the design and optimization of equipment and processes involving flow, heat transfer, combustion, and mass transfer. Engineering techniques include Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling, ex... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates are used commercially in the same way as other common sugar alcohols. They are often used as both a sweetener and as a humectant (moisture-retaining ingredient). As a crystallization modifier, they can prevent syrups from forming crystals of sugar. It is used to add bulk, body, texture,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The pressure-gradient force is the force that results when there is a difference in pressure across a surface. In general, a pressure is a force per unit area, across a surface. A difference in pressure across a surface then implies a difference in force, which can result in an acceleration according to Newtons second... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Pesticide detection kit is a kit that scientific test kit detects the presence of pesticide residues. Various organizations create them, among them Defence Food Research Laboratory of India. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In botany, a photoassimilate is one of a number of biological compounds formed by assimilation using light-dependent reactions. This term is most commonly used to refer to the energy-storing monosaccharides produced by photosynthesis in the leaves of plants.
Only NADPH, ATP and water are made in the "light" reactions. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* The rotary vacuum drum filter is a continuous and automatic operation, so the operating cost is low.
* The variation of the drum speed rotating can be used to control the cake thickness.
* The process can be easily modified (pre-coating filter process).
* Can produce relatively clean product by adding a showering dev... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The aryl group can be coupled to another using arenediazonium salts. For example, treatment of benzenediazonium chloride with benzene (an aromatic compound) in the presence of sodium hydroxide gives diphenyl:
This reaction is known as the Gomberg–Bachmann reaction. A similar conversion is also achieved by treating benz... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The portmanteau word "pheromone" was coined by Peter Karlson and Martin Lüscher in 1959, based on the Greek φέρω phérō (I carry) and ὁρμων hórmōn (stimulating). Pheromones are also sometimes classified as ecto-hormones. They were researched earlier by various scientists, including Jean-Henri Fabre, Joseph A. Lintner, A... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With its future thus assured, in 1966 additional laboratories in a new building were opened on the Stoke Poges site. Also in that year Fulmer strengthened its expertise, particularly in electron metallography, by recruiting several key staff who transferred from Aeon Laboratories of Egham, Surrey.
In 1969 Mr Liddiard ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A polyatomic ion (also known as a molecular ion) is a covalent bonded set of two or more atoms, or of a metal complex, that can be considered to behave as a single unit and that has a net charge that is not zero. The term molecule may or may not be used to refer to a polyatomic ion, depending on the definition used. Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The C-B bonds generated by hydroboration are reactive with various reagents, the most common one being hydrogen peroxide. Because the addition of H-B to olefins is stereospecific, this oxidation reaction will be diastereoselective when the alkene is trisubstituted. Hydroboration-oxidation is thus an excellent way of pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Frémys salt is a chemical compound with the formula (K[ON(SO)]), sometimes written as (K[NO(SO)]). It is a bright yellowish-brown solid, but its aqueous solutions are bright violet. The related sodium salt, disodium nitrosodisulfonate (NDS, NaON(SO), CAS 29554-37-8) is also referred to as Frémys salt.
Regardless of the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The word atropisomer (, , meaning "without turn") was coined in application to a theoretical concept by German biochemist Richard Kuhn for Karl Freudenbergs seminal Stereochemie' volume in 1933. Atropisomerism was first experimentally detected in a tetra substituted biphenyl, a diacid, by George Christie and James Kenn... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CS is synthesized by the reaction of 2-chlorobenzaldehyde and malononitrile via the Knoevenagel condensation:
::ClCHCHO + HC(CN) → ClCHCHC(CN) + HO
The reaction is catalysed with a weak base like piperidine or pyridine. The production method has not changed since the substance was discovered by Corson and Stoughton. Ot... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gallium nitride () is a binary III/V direct bandgap semiconductor commonly used in blue light-emitting diodes since the 1990s. The compound is a very hard material that has a Wurtzite crystal structure. Its wide band gap of 3.4 eV affords it special properties for applications in optoelectronic, high-power and high-fre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Young equation assumes a perfectly flat and rigid surface. In many cases, surfaces are far from this ideal situation, and two are considered here: the case of rough surfaces , to the so-called receding contact angle, . The equilibrium contact angle () can be calculated from and as was shown by Tadmor as,
where | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Naturally occurring crude bitumen impregnated in sedimentary rock is the prime feed stock for petroleum production from "oil sands", currently under development in Alberta, Canada. Canada has most of the worlds supply of natural bitumen, covering 140,000 square kilometres (an area larger than England), giving it the se... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tamejiro Hiyama (born August 24, 1946) is a Japanese organic chemist. He is best known for his work in developing the Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi reaction and the Hiyama coupling. He is currently a professor at the Chuo University Research and Development Initiative, and a Professor Emeritus of Kyoto University. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The nucleus can capture a neutron only if the kinetic energy of the neutron is close to the energy of one of the energy levels of the new nucleus formed as a result of capture. The capture cross section of such a neutron by the nucleus increases sharply. The energy at which the neutron-nucleus interaction cross section... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the kinetic-molecular picture, a non-zero bulk viscosity arises in gases whenever there are non-negligible relaxational timescales governing the exchange of energy between the translational energy of molecules and their internal energy, e.g. rotational and vibrational. As such, the bulk viscosity is for a monatomic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The TASF reagent or tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicate is a reagent in organic chemistry with structural formula [((CH)N)S][FSi(CH)]. It is an anhydrous source of fluoride and is used to cleave silyl ether protective groups. Many other fluoride reagents are known, but few are truly anhydrous, beca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nuclear spin is an intrinsic angular momentum that is quantized. This means that the magnitude of this angular momentum is quantized (i.e. S can only take on a restricted range of values), and also that the x, y, and z-components of the angular momentum are quantized, being restricted to integer or half-integer multipl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The majority of known chemical cycles on Venus involve its dense atmosphere and compounds of carbon and sulphur, the most significant being a strong carbon dioxide cycle. The lack of a complete carbon cycle including a geochemical carbon cycle, for example, is thought to be a cause of its runaway greenhouse effect, due... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Minor flow separation;
* Low deviations of airloads and small hysteresis;
* The same order of the viscous zone thickness as the airfoil thickness;
* Sensitivity to airfoil geometry, reduced frequency and Mach number. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mehdi Mollapour (born June 14, 1973) is a British-American Biochemist and Cancer Biologist. He is a Professor, Vice Chair for Translational Research and Director of Renal Cancer Biology Program for the Department of Urology, and Adjunct Professor at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at SUNY Upstate M... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In die casting the most common defects are misruns and cold shuts. These defects can be caused by cold dies, low metal temperature, dirty metal, lack of venting, or excessive lubricant. Other possible defects are gas porosity, shrinkage porosity, hot tears, and flow marks. Flow marks are marks left on the surface of th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Triple bonds between sulfur and carbon in sulfaalkynes are rare and can be found in carbon monosulfide (CS) and have been suggested for the compounds FCCSF and FSCSF. The compound HCSOH is also represented as having a formal triple bond. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fatty acids are an integral part of the phospholipids that make up the bulk of the plasma membranes, or cell membranes, of cells. These phospholipids can be cleaved into diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP) through hydrolysis of the phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP), by the cell ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two alternate techniques have been described that allow for 5’ tag analysis in organisms that do not have trans-spliced leader sequences. The techniques presented by Toshiyuki et al. and Shin-ichi et al. are called CAGE and 5’ SAGE respectively. CAGE utilizes biotinylated cap-trapper technology to maintain mRNA signal ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
From 1963 until 1965, Suzuki worked as a postdoctoral student with Herbert C. Brown at Purdue University and after returning to the Hokudai he became a full professor there. The postdoctoral experience was utilized in the study of the coupling reaction with his assistant Norio Miyaura and led to the discovery of Suzuki... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Companion planting can help to increase crop productivity through a variety of mechanisms, which may sometimes be combined. These include pollination, weed suppression, and pest control, including by providing habitat for beneficial insects.
Companion planting can reduce insect damage to crops, whether by disrupting p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide (5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 5-HPETE) is an intermediate in the metabolism of arachidonic acid by the ALOX5 enzyme in humans or Alox5 enzyme in other mammals. The intermediate is then further metabolized to: a) leukotriene A4 which is then metabolized to the chemotactic factor f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first recorded observation is attributed to English scholar Francis Bacon when he recorded in his 1620 Novum Organum that "It is well known that all sugar, whether candied or plain, if it be hard, will sparkle when broken or scraped in the dark." The scientist Robert Boyle also reported on some of his work on tribo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The advent of dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) in recent years represented a revolution in nanoscale patterning technology. With sub-100-nanometer resolution and an architecture conducive to massive parallelization, DPN is capable of producing large arrays of nanoscale features. As such, conventional DPN and other probe-b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Bupropion
* DHβE
* Mecamylamine
* Memantine
* Methyllycaconitine
* PelA-5466, very selective, 300 fold more potent on α3β2 than α6/α3β2β3
* Tubocurarine | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ACV frequency is used to monitor the Faradaic current, which quantifies target binding. The generation of signal has been reported to be insensitive to ACV frequency as long as the ACV is in a sensible range, therefore, not too low to be detected or too fast. The ACV frequency is used instead of a single-directiona... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Edwards equation in organic chemistry is a two-parameter equation for correlating nucleophilic reactivity, as defined by relative rate constants, with the basicity of the nucleophile (relative to protons) and its polarizability. This equation was first developed by John O. Edwards in 1954 and later revised based on... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Denudation is the process of wearing away the top layers of Earths landscape. Because the rate of denudation is normally too small to directly measure, it can be indirectly determined by measuring the sediment load of the streams that drain the area in question. This is possible because any material that passes through... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Salts or esters of cyclic polyphosphoric acids are often called "metaphosphates". What are commonly called trimetaphosphates actually have a mixture of ring sizes. A general formula for such cyclic compounds is where x = number of phosphoric units in the molecule.
When metaphosphoric acids lose their hydrogens as , cy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One application of the technique includes detection of protein modifications in two bacterial species Ehrlichia- E. muris and IOE. Cholera toxin B subunit (which binds to gangliosides), concanavalin A (which detects mannose-containing glycans) and nitrophospho molybdate-methyl green (which detects phosphoproteins) were... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acid rain was first systematically studied in Europe, in the 1960s, and in the United States and Canada, the following decade. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Alchemical Door, also known as the Alchemy Gate or Magic Portal ( or Porta Magica), is a monument built between 1678 and 1680 by Massimiliano Palombara, marquis of Pietraforte, in his residence, the , which was located on the Esquiline Hill, near Piazza Vittorio, in Rome. This is the only one of five former gates o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fionn Patrick Edward Dunne is a Professor of Materials Science at Imperial College London and holds the Chair in Micromechanics and the Royal Academy of Engineering/Rolls-Royce Research Chair. Professor Dunne specialises in computational crystal plasticity and microstructure-sensitive nucleation and growth of short f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Watson and Crick's model attracted great interest immediately upon its presentation. Arriving at their conclusion on February 21, 1953, Watson and Crick made their first announcement on February 28. In an influential presentation in 1957, Crick laid out the "central dogma of molecular biology", which foretold the relat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1965, Rice and Whitehead published the seminal contribution to the theory of the transport of electrolyte solutions in long (ideally infinite) nanometer-diameter capillaries.
Briefly, the potential, ϕ, at a radial distance, r, is given by the Poisson-Boltzmann equation,
where κ is the inverse Debye length,
determin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thiocarbamates can be synthesised by the reaction of water or alcohols upon thiocyanates (Riemschneider thiocarbamate synthesis):
:RSCN + HO → RSC(=O)NH
:RSCN + ROH → RSC(=O)NRH
Similar reactions are seen between alcohols and thiocarbamoyl chlorides such as dimethylthiocarbamoyl chloride; as well as between thiols and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Earths natural greenhouse effect makes life as we know it possible and carbon dioxide plays a significant role in providing for the relatively high temperature on Earth. The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planets surface beyond the temperature it would ha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bioswales are stormwater runoff systems providing an alternative to traditional storm sewers. Much like rain gardens, bioswales are vegetated or mulched channels commonly placed in long narrow spaces in urban areas. They absorb flows or carry stormwater runoff from heavy rains into sewer channels or directly to surface... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
First generation RPMs often rely on PVT scintillators for gamma counting. They provide limited information on energy of detected photons, and as a result, they were criticized for their inability to distinguish gamma rays originating from nuclear sources from gamma rays originating from a large variety of benign cargo ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For most protein antigens, the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes is dependent on stimulation of helper T cells. However bacterial polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides, and some polymeric proteins, can stimulate B lymphocytes without involvement of helper T cells. The non-protein microbial antigens cannot sti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A jiggle syphon (or siphon) is the combination of a syphon pipe and a simple priming pump that uses mechanical shaking action to pump enough liquid up the pipe to reach the highest point, and thus start the syphoning action. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Various institutions have proposed different recommendations for the amount of daily intake of vitamin D. These vary according to precise definition, age, pregnancy or lactation, and the extent assumptions are made regarding skin synthesis of vitamin D.
Conversion: 1μg (microgram) = 40IU (international unit). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dynamic systems are collections of discrete molecular components that can reversibly assemble and disassemble. Systems may include multiple interacting species leading to competing reactions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
EMF measurements are measurements of ambient (surrounding) electromagnetic fields that are performed using particular sensors or probes, such as EMF meters. These probes can be generally considered as antennas although with different characteristics. In fact, probes should not perturb the electromagnetic field and must... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Constructing an auxiliary bridge for larger and deeper closing gaps can be exceedingly cumbersome, leading to the preference for cable cars in the Delta Works closures. The first application of a cable car was for the northern gap of the Grevelingendam, serving as a trial to gather insights for subsequent larger closur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During detonations of devices at ground level (surface burst), below the fallout-free altitude, or in shallow water, heat vaporizes large amounts of earth or water, which is drawn up into the radioactive cloud. This material becomes radioactive when it combines with fission products or other radio-contaminants, or when... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Certain tropical plants host colonies of ants in their hollow domatia and provide the ants with nutrition delivered from nectaries or food bodies. These ant colonies have become dependent on the host plants for their survival and therefore actively protect the plant; this protection can take the form of killing or ward... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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