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When heated, orthoboric acid undergoes a three step dehydration. The reported transition temperatures vary substantially from source to source.
When heated above 140 °C, orthoboric acid yields metaboric acid () with loss of one water molecule:
Heating metaboric acid above about 180 °C eliminates another water molecule ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Claudio Luchinat (born February 15, 1952, in Florence) is an Italian chemist. He is author of about 550 publications in Bioinorganic Chemistry, NMR and Structural Biology, and of four books. According to Google scholar, his h-index is 90 and his papers have been quoted more than 33,000 times ().
He earned a PhD in Chem... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Historically, flammable, inflammable and combustible meant capable of burning. The word "inflammable" came through French from the Latin inflammāre = "to set fire to", where the Latin preposition "in-" means "in" as in "indoctrinate", rather than "not" as in "invisible" and "ineligible".
The word "inflammable" may be e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With the lone exception of the bis(trifluoromethyl) derivative, the dominant reaction of phosphinous acids is tautomerization:
:PROH → OPRH
Even the pentafluorophenyl compound P(CF)OH is unstable with respect to the phosphine oxide.
Although phosphinous acids are rare, their P-bonded coordination complexes are well e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fuel cells, electro-osmosis causes protons moving through a proton exchange membrane (PEM) to drag water molecules from one side (anode) to the other (cathode). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A rotation symmetry in dimension 2 or 3 must move a lattice point to a succession of other lattice points in the same plane, generating a regular polygon of coplanar lattice points. We now confine our attention to the plane in which the symmetry acts , illustrated with lattice vectors in the figure.
Now consider an 8-f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Synovial Sarcoma X chromosome breakpoint-2 (SSX2) proteins are known to localize in nucleus and work as a transcriptional repressor. In addition, expression of SSX2 is frequently observed in melanoma, but the role of the gene has not been evaluated. Thus, researchers have used the principle of ectopic expression to exp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The signal is measured as the potential difference (voltage) between the working electrode and the reference electrode. The working electrode's potential must depend on the concentration of the analyte in the gas or solution phase. The reference electrode is needed to provide a defined reference potential. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hemilabile ligands contain at least two electronically different coordinating groups and form complexes where one of these is easily displaced from the metal center while the other remains firmly bound, a behaviour which has been found to increase the reactivity of catalysts when compared to the use of more traditional... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The "MAXIM" (MAterials X-ray IMaging) method is another method combining diffraction analysis with spatial resolution. It can be viewed as serial topography with additional angular resolution in the exit beam. In contrast to the Rocking Curve Imaging method, it is more appropriate for more highly disturbed (polycrystal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
:V10AA01 Yttrium (Y) citrate colloid
:V10AA02 Yttrium (Y) ferrihydroxide colloid
:V10AA03 Yttrium (Y) silicate colloid | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Antoine Jérôme Balard (30 September 1802 – 30 April 1876) was a French chemist and one of the discoverers of bromine. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This explanation proposes that a stable product could contribute to the alpha effect, however, this factor could not be the sole factor. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Terminal inverted repeats have been observed in the DNA of various eukaryotic transposons, even though their source remains unknown. Inverted repeats are principally found at the origins of replication of cell organism and organelles that range from phage plasmids, mitochondria, and eukaryotic viruses to mammalian cell... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the United States and India, some coal-producing states have invested in Fischer–Tropsch plants. In Pennsylvania, Waste Management and Processors, Inc. was funded by the state to implement FT technology licensed from Shell and Sasol to convert so-called waste coal (leftovers from the mining process) into low-sulfur ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Faraday Society was a British society for the study of physical chemistry, founded in 1903 and named in honour of Michael Faraday. In 1980, it merged with several similar organisations, including the Chemical Society, the Royal Institute of Chemistry, and the Society for Analytical Chemistry to form the Royal Socie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The equilibrium constant K for a base is usually defined as the association constant for protonation of the base, B, to form the conjugate acid, .
Using similar reasoning to that used before
K is related to K for the conjugate acid. In water, the concentration of the hydroxide ion, , is related to the concentration of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isomalathion is an impurity found in some batches of malathion. Whereas the structure of malation is, generically, RSP(S)(OCH), the connectivity of isomalathion is RSPO(SCH)(OCH). It arises by heating malathion. Being significantly more toxic to humans than malathion, it has resulted in human poisonings.
In 1976, nume... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrogen cyanide was first isolated from a blue pigment (Prussian blue) which had been known since 1706, but whose structure was unknown. It is now known to be a coordination polymer with a complex structure and an empirical formula of hydrated ferric ferrocyanide. In 1752, the French chemist Pierre Macquer made the im... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At atmospheric pressure, three allotropic forms of iron exist, depending on temperature: alpha iron (α-Fe, ferrite), gamma iron (γ-Fe, austenite), and delta iron (δ-Fe). At very high pressure, a fourth form exists, epsilon iron (ε-Fe, hexaferrum). Some controversial experimental evidence suggests the existence of a fif... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The JAK-STAT signaling pathway is instrumental in the development of limbs, specifically in its ability to regulate bone growth through paracrine signaling of cytokines. However, mutations in this pathway have been implicated in severe forms of dwarfism: thanatophoric dysplasia (lethal) and achondroplasic dwarfism (via... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Once the adsorptive capacity of the activated carbon bed has been exhausted by the adsorption of pollutant molecules, the carbon is transferred to an electrochemical cell (to either the anode or the cathode) in which electrochemical regeneration can occur. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The earliest steps of a touchdown polymerase chain reaction cycle have high annealing temperatures. The annealing temperature is decreased in increments for every subsequent set of cycles. The primer will anneal at the highest temperature which is least-permissive of nonspecific binding that it is able to tolerate. T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Hill coefficient is also intimately connected to the elasticity coefficient where the Hill coefficient can be shown to equal:
where is the fractional saturation, , and the elasticity coefficient.
This is derived by taking the slope of the Hill equation:
and expanding the slope using the quotient rule. The result... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The F portion of ATP synthase is hydrophilic and responsible for hydrolyzing ATP. The F unit protrudes into the mitochondrial matrix space. Subunits α and β make a hexamer with 6 binding sites. Three of them are catalytically inactive and they bind ADP.
Three other subunits catalyze the ATP synthesis. The other F subun... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some inherently chiral molecules contain chirality planes, or planes within a given molecules across which the molecule is dissymmetric. Paracyclophanes often contain chiral planes if the bridge across the phenylene unit is short enough, or if the phenylene contains another substituent, not in the bridge, that hinders... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ractopamine has been banned in Taiwan since 2006. In the summer of 2007, two US shipments including ractopamine-laced pork were rejected by Taiwans health authorities, while the Taiwan government had been considering lifting the ban on such imports. This resulted in mass protests in the capital city, Taipei, by swine f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When loaded with the parent isotope germanium-68, these generators function similarly to technetium-99m generators, in both cases using a process similar to ion chromatography. The stationary phase is either metal-free or alumina, TiO or SnO, onto which germanium-68 is adsorbed. The use of metal-free columns allows dir... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another common add on is the sample box. This is a heavy duty rubber hose that is inserted at the end of the flow line and at the other end emplaced into the sample box itself. The sample box is used to capture samples of drill cuttings for geological logging. The box is typically equipped with a raising door that allo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The majority of the computer models available for water and solute transport in the soil (e.g. Swatre, DrainMod ) are based on Richard's differential equation for the movement of water in unsaturated soil in combination with a differential salinity dispersion equation. The models require input of soil characteristics ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Protodeboronation is a chemical reaction involving the protonolysis of a boronic acid (or other organoborane compound) in which a carbon-boron bond is broken and replaced with a carbon-hydrogen bond. Protodeboronation is a well-known undesired side reaction, and frequently associated with metal-catalysed coupling react... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Two-dimensional (thin film) semi-ordered lattices have been studied using an optical microscope, as well as those collected at electrode surfaces. Digital video microscopy has revealed the existence of an equilibrium hexatic phase as well as a strongly first-order liquid-to-hexatic and hexatic-to-solid phase transition... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In humans, excessive exposure to UV radiation can result in acute and chronic harmful effects on the eye's dioptric system and retina. The risk is elevated at high altitudes and people living in high latitude areas where snow covers the ground right into early summer and sun positions even at zenith are low, are partic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thiosulfoxides are orthogonally isomeric with disulfides, having the second sulfur branching from the first and not partaking in a continuous chain, i.e. >S=S rather than −S−S−.
Disulfide bonds are analogous but more common than related peroxide, thioselenide, and diselenide bonds. Intermediate compounds of these also ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Crystal parting occurs when minerals break along planes of structural weakness due to external stress, along twin composition planes, or along planes of weakness due to the exsolution of another mineral. Parting breaks are very similar in appearance to cleavage, but the cause is different. Cleavage occurs because of de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The rank product is a biologically motivated rank test for the detection of differentially expressed genes in replicated microarray experiments.
It is a simple non-parametric statistical method based on ranks of fold changes. In addition to its use in expression profiling, it can be used to combine ranked lists in vari... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Decreased oxygen availability results in decreases in many zooplankton species’ egg production, food intake, respiration, and metabolic rates. Temperature and salinity in areas of decreased oxygen concentrations also affect oxygen availability. Higher temperatures and salinity lower oxygen solubility decrease the parti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The majority of optical tweezers make use of conventional TEM Gaussian beams. However a number of other beam types have been used to trap particles, including high order laser beams i.e. Hermite-Gaussian beams (TEM), Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) beams (TEM) and Bessel beams.
Optical tweezers based on Laguerre-Gaussian beams ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In phosphor thermometry, the temperature dependence of the photoluminescence process is exploited to measure temperature. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electric field NMR (EFNMR) spectroscopy is the NMR spectroscopy where additional information on a sample being probed is obtained from the effect of a strong, externally applied, electric field on the NMR signal. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Uranium causes reproductive defects and other health problems in rodents, frogs and other animals. Uranium was also shown to have cytotoxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic effects in animals. It has been shown in rodents and frogs that water-soluble forms of uranium are teratogenic. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lactams form from intramolecular attack of linear acyl derivatives from the nucleophilic abstraction reaction. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Greenwood was a senior research fellow at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment from 1951 until 1953 when he was appointed a lecturer at the University of Nottingham. His first PhD student at Nottingham was Kenneth Wade (1954–1957).
Professor William Wynne-Jones, who was the Chairman of the School of Chemistry at K... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The metallotranscriptome can be defined as the map of the entire transcriptome in the presence of biologically or environmentally relevant concentrations of an essential or toxic metal, respectively. The metallometabolome constitutes the complete pool of small metabolites in a cell at any given time. This gives rise to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Depletion forces in colloid-polymer mixtures drive colloids to form aggregates that are densely packed locally. This local dense packing is also observed in colloidal systems without polymer depletants. Without polymer depletants the mechanism is similar, because the particles in dense colloidal suspension act, effecti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Enzyme induction is a process in which a molecule (e.g. a drug) induces (i.e. initiates or enhances) the expression of an enzyme.
Enzyme inhibition can refer to
* the inhibition of the expression of the enzyme by another molecule
* interference at the enzyme-level, basically with how the enzyme works. This can be comp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the design of a dam the energy of the fast-flowing stream over a spillway must be partially dissipated to prevent erosion of the streambed downstream of the spillway, which could ultimately lead to failure of the dam. This can be done by arranging for the formation of a hydraulic jump to dissipate energy. To limit d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Green-Kubo relations can be used to calculate the thermal transport properties of a mineral. Since the velocities of the ions are stored at each numerical step, one can calculate the time correlation of later velocities with earlier velocities. The integral of these correlations is related to the Fourier thermal ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Urea is basic and is protonated readily. It is also a Lewis base, forming metal complexes of the type .
Urea reacts with malonic esters to make barbituric acids. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
: ATP + HO ⟶ ADP + HPO + H
Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, acts as a free energy "currency" in all living organisms. In a spontaneous dephosphorylation reaction 30.5 kJ/mol is released, which is harnessed to drive cellular reactions. Overall, nonspontaneous reactions coupled to the dephosphorylation of ATP are spontane... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, a synthetic jet flow — is a type of jet flow, which is made up of the surrounding fluid. Synthetic jets are produced by periodic ejection and suction of fluid from an opening. This oscillatory motion may be driven by a piston or diaphragm inside a cavity among other ways.
A jet flow is a fluid flo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the decades since the laser Doppler velocimetry was first introduced, there has been a wide variety of laser Doppler sensors developed and applied. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fehlings solution was used for many years as a diagnostic test for diabetes, a disease in which blood glucose levels are dangerously elevated by a failure to produce enough insulin (type 1 diabetes) or by an inability to respond to insulin (type 2 diabetes). Measuring the amount of oxidizing agent (in this case, Fehlin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
High concentrations of aldehydes tend to be very pungent and overwhelming, but low concentrations can evoke a wide range of aromas.
* Acetaldehyde (ethereal)
* Hexanal (green, grassy)
* cis-3-Hexenal (green tomatoes)
* Furfural (burnt oats)
* Hexyl cinnamaldehyde
* Isovaleraldehyde – nutty, fruity, cocoa-like
* Anisic ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a hydroelectric power station water flows through turbines using hydropower to generate hydroelectricity. Power is captured from the gravitational force of water falling through penstocks to water turbines connected to generators. The amount of power available is a combination of height and water flow. A wide range ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The pore-forming (ion channel) effect is characterized by the formation of cationic channels. It requires surfactin to self-associate inside the membrane since it cannot span across the cellular membrane. Under a hypothesis focused on uncharged membranes with minimal activation energy required to cross between inner an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the Crank–Nicolson method, the temperature is equally dependent on and . It is a second-order method in time and this method is generally used in diffusion problems. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Afterwards, as biofilm becomes established, EPS provides physical stability and resistance to mechanical removal, antimicrobials, and host immunity. Exopolysaccharides and environmental DNA (eDNA) contribute to viscoelasticity of mature biofilms so that detachment of biofilm from the substratum will be challenging eve... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemisches Zentralblatt is the first and oldest abstracts journal published in the field of chemistry. It covers the chemical literature from 1830 to 1969 and describes therefore the "birth" of chemistry as science, in contrast to alchemy. The information contained in this German journal is comparable with the content ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The purpose of single cell transcriptomics is to determine what genes are being expressed in each cell. The transcriptome is often used to quantify the gene expression instead of the proteome because of the difficulty currently associated with amplifying protein levels.
There are three major reasons gene expression has... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Toxicity assessment/toxicology by metabolic profiling (especially of urine or blood plasma samples) detects the physiological changes caused by toxic insult of a chemical (or mixture of chemicals). In many cases, the observed changes can be related to specific syndromes, e.g. a specific lesion in liver or kidney. This ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Traditional methods of measuring CDOM include UV-visible spectroscopy (absorbance) and fluorometry (fluorescence). Optical proxies have been developed to characterize sources and properties of CDOM, including specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA) and spectral slopes for absorbance, and the fluorescence inde... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Current methods include liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS), mouse bioassay, protein synthesis inhibition assay, and reverse-phase HPLC-PDA (Photo Diode Array) analysis. A cell free protein synthesis assay has been developed which appears to be comparable to HPLC-MS. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Free Ocean CO Enrichment (FOCE) is a technology facilitating studies of the consequences of ocean acidification for marine organisms and communities by enabling the precise control of CO enrichment within in situ, partially open, experimental enclosures. Current FOCE systems control experimental CO perturbations by rea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The pervaporation method uses a membrane that is more permeable to the one constituent than to another to separate the constituents of an azeotrope as it passes from liquid to vapor phase. The membrane is rigged to lie between the liquid and vapor phases. Another membrane method is vapor permeation, where the constitue... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The enduring contributions of Zervas were made together with Bergmann and involved the first successful synthesis of substantial length oligopeptides. They achieved this using the carboxybenzyl amine protecting group for the masking of the N-terminus of the growing oligopeptide chain to which amino acid residues are ad... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Substrate unbinding is influenced by various factors. Larger ligands generally stay in the active site longer, as do those with more rotatable bonds (although this may be a side effect of size). When the solvent is excluded from the active site, less flexible proteins result in longer residence times. More hydrogen bon... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In inorganic chemistry, Fajans' rules, formulated by Kazimierz Fajans in 1923, are used to predict whether a chemical bond will be covalent or ionic, and depend on the charge on the cation and the relative sizes of the cation and anion. They can be summarized in the following table:
Thus sodium chloride (with a low po... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Butyrate has numerous effects on energy homeostasis and related diseases (diabetes and obesity), inflammation, and immune function (e.g., it has pronounced antimicrobial and anticarcinogenic effects) in humans. These effects occur through its metabolism by mitochondria to generate during fatty acid metabolism or throu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An ion trap is a combination of electric and/or magnetic fields used to capture charged particles — known as ions — often in a system isolated from an external environment. Atomic and molecular ion traps have a number of applications in physics and chemistry such as precision mass spectrometry, improved atomic frequenc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1997, Myles and his co-workers has described the total synthesis of (-)-discodermolide using chelation-controlled alkylation as the key coupling. The titanium-mediated hetero-Diels–Alder reaction of aldehyde with the Danishefsky diene successfully produced the challenging Z-trisubstituted C(13)–C(14) olefin in ally... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The modification of A to I is effected by adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADARs), of which in mice there are three. The knockdown of these in the cell, therefore, and the subsequent cell–cell comparison of ADAR+ and ADAR- RNA content would be anticipated to provide a basis for A-to-I modification profiling. Howev... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Resiniferatoxin (RTX) is a naturally occurring chemical found in resin spurge (Euphorbia resinifera), a cactus-like plant commonly found in Morocco, and in Euphorbia poissonii found in northern Nigeria. It is a potent functional analog of capsaicin, the active ingredient in chili peppers. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the 2008 pilot of the crime drama television series Breaking Bad, Walter White poisons two rival gangsters by adding red phosphorus to boiling water to produce phosphine gas. However, this reaction in reality would require white phosphorus instead, and for the water to contain sodium hydroxide. An episode of Homicid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the standard atmosphere:
* T is (= ), giving a theoretical value of (= = = = ). Values ranging from 331.3 to 331.6 m/s may be found in reference literature, however;
* T is (= = ), giving a value of (= = = = );
* T is (= = ), giving a value of (= = = = ).
In fact, assuming an ideal gas, the speed of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In atomic physics, exoelectron emission (EE) is a weak electron emission, appearing only from pretreated (irradiated, deformed etc.) objects. The pretreatment ("excitation") turns the objects into an unequilibrial state. EE accompanies the relaxation of these unequilibria. The relaxation can be stimulated e.g. by sligh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Point mutations usually take place during DNA replication. DNA replication occurs when one double-stranded DNA molecule creates two single strands of DNA, each of which is a template for the creation of the complementary strand. A single point mutation can change the whole DNA sequence. Changing one purine or pyrimidin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The deeper layers of the ocean are greatly unsaturated in CO and its dissolved forms, carbonic and bicarbonic acid, and their salts. At depths greater than 3 km, CO becomes liquefied and sinks to the seafloor due to it being higher density than the surrounding seawater. Mathematical models have shown that CO stored in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Semidiones are radical anions analogous to semiquinones, obtained from the one-electron reduction of non-quinone conjugated dicarbonyls.
The simplest possible semidiones are derived from 1,2-dicarbonyls and have structure , making them the second member of a homologous series starting with ketyl radicals.
They are ofte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This is a list of known oxidation states of the chemical elements, excluding nonintegral values. The most common states appear in bold. The table is based on that of Greenwood and Earnshaw, with additions noted. Every element exists in oxidation state 0 when it is the pure non-ionized element in any phase, whether mona... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fulgurites have been classified by Pasek et al. (2012) into five types related to the type of sediment in which the fulgurite formed, as follows:
* Type I – sand fulgurites with tubaceous structure; their central axial void may be collapsed
* Type II – soil fulgurites; these are glass-rich, and form in a wide range of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Various neurotrophic factors such as BDNF and mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor have been shown to be modulated by various mood stabilizers. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* J.W. Steed, D.R. Turner, K. Wallace Core Concepts in Supramolecular Chemistry and Nanochemistry (Wiley, 2007) 315p.
* Brechignac C., Houdy P., Lahmani M. (Eds.) Nanomaterials and Nanochemistry (Springer, 2007) 748p.
* H. Watarai, N. Teramae, T. Sawada Interfacial Nanochemistry: Molecular Science and Engineering at... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the wine/water mixing problem, one starts with two barrels, one holding wine and the other an equal volume of water. A cup of wine is taken from the wine barrel and added to the water. A cup of the wine/water mixture is then returned to the wine barrel, so that the volumes in the barrels are again equal. The questio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hyperspectral imaging is most often applied to either solid or gel samples, and has applications in chemistry, biology, medicine, pharmacy (see also for example: food science, biotechnology, agriculture and industry. NIR, IR and Raman chemical imaging is also referred to as hyperspectral, spectroscopic, spectral or mul... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The creatine phosphate shuttle is an intracellular energy shuttle which facilitates transport of high energy phosphate from muscle cell mitochondria to myofibrils. This is part of phosphocreatine metabolism. In mitochondria, Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels are very high as a result of glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Creatine kinase (CK), also known as creatine phosphokinase (CPK) or phosphocreatine kinase, is an enzyme () expressed by various tissues and cell types. CK catalyses the conversion of creatine and uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to create phosphocreatine (PCr) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). This CK enzyme reaction ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Following his father's death, Henry bought another house in town and also a house in Clapham Common (built by Thomas Cubitt), at that time to the south-west of London. The London house contained the bulk of his library, while he kept most of his instruments at Clapham Common, where he carried out most of his experiment... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Black light is commonly used to authenticate oil paintings, antiques and banknotes. Black lights can be used to differentiate real currency from counterfeit notes because, in many countries, legal banknotes have fluorescent symbols on them that only show under a black light. In addition, the paper used for printing mon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Industrially, tert-butyl hydroperoxide is used to prepare propylene oxide. In the Halcon process, molybdenum-based catalysts are used for this reaction:
:(CH)COOH + CH=CHCH → (CH)COH + CHOCHCH
The byproduct t-butanol can be dehydrated to isobutene and converted to MTBE.
On a much smaller scale, tert-butyl hydrop... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One approach for generating the high voltage fields needed to accelerate ions in a neutron tube is to use a pyroelectric crystal. In April 2005 researchers at UCLA demonstrated the use of a thermally cycled pyroelectric crystal to generate high electric fields in a neutron generator application. In February 2006 rese... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Corepressors are known to regulate transcription through different activation and inactivation states.
NCoR and SMRT act as a corepressor complex to regulate transcription by becoming activated once the ligand is bound. Knockouts of NCoR resulted in embryo death, indicating its importance in erythrocytic, thymic, and n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Quantum yields of reaction (and to a lesser extent, absorption cross sections) are usually temperature and environment-dependent to some extent, and the photostationary state may therefore depend slightly on temperature and solvent as well as on the excitation.
*If thermodynamic interconversion of A and B can take pla... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The primary enzyme in the malate–aspartate shuttle is malate dehydrogenase. Malate dehydrogenase is present in two forms in the shuttle system: mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and cytosolic malate dehydrogenase. The two malate dehydrogenases are differentiated by their location and structure, and catalyze their reac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A mode of toxic action is a common set of physiological and behavioral signs that characterize a type of adverse biological response. A mode of action should not be confused with mechanism of action, which refer to the biochemical processes underlying a given mode of action. Modes of toxic action are important, widely ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Used doctor blades, from gravure and other printing and coating processes, can be inspected with a goniometer, typically with a built-in light source, to examine the blade edge for wear and correct angles. A difference in angle from that set on the machine may indicate excessive pressure, and a range of angles ("roundi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diimide reductions result in the syn addition of dihydrogen to alkenes and alkynes. This observation has led to the proposal that the mechanism involves concerted hydrogen transfer from cis-diimide to the substrate. The cis isomer is the less stable of the two; however, acid catalysis may speed up equilibration of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These easily available and sterically constrained compounds are potentially suitable for an application in a wide variety of secondary processes such as small molecule activation or the generation of new catalysts based on main-group and transition-metal elements. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Notable sources of natural phenols in human nutrition include berries, tea, beer, olive oil, chocolate or cocoa, coffee, pomegranates, popcorn, yerba maté, fruits and fruit based drinks (including cider, wine and vinegar) and vegetables. Herbs and spices, nuts (walnuts, peanut) and algae are also potentially significan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names (such as carbon tet for short and tetrachloromethane, also recognised by the IUPAC) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CCl. It is a non-flammable, dense, colourless liquid with a "sweet" chloroform-like odour that can be detected at low levels. It was f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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