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Oxidation states can be useful for balancing chemical equations for oxidation-reduction (or redox) reactions, because the changes in the oxidized atoms have to be balanced by the changes in the reduced atoms. For example, in the reaction of acetaldehyde with Tollens' reagent to form acetic acid (shown below), the carbo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pattern formation is when a solution containing NaOH, glucose, and dye is poured into a Petri dish that is open to the atmosphere. This will result in solution changing its structure over a period of time. Structures arise from molecular transport through diffusion and chemical kinetics. Patterns formed in the Petri di... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The data is weighted and integrated and a confidence score is calculated for all protein interactions. Results of the various computational predictions can be inspected from different designated views. There are two modes of STRING: Protein-mode and [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/COG/ COG]-mode. Predicted interactions a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1968, a mixture of dioxins and PCBs got into rice bran oil produced in northern Kyushu. Contaminated cooking oil sickened more than 1,860 people. The symptoms were called Yushō disease.
In Okinawa, high levels of PCB contamination in soil on Kadena Air Base were reported in 1987 at thousands of parts per million, so... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bromochlorodifluoromethane (BCF), also referred to by the code numbers Halon 1211 and Freon 12B1, is a haloalkane with the chemical formula CFClBr. It is used for fire suppression, especially for expensive equipment or items that could be damaged by the residue from other types of extinguishers. It is stored as a liqu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxacillin, through its β-lactam ring, covalently binds to penicillin-binding proteins, which are enzymes involved in the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. This binding interaction interferes with the transpeptidation reaction and inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a prominent component of the cell wall. By de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
LDH is also regulated by the relative concentrations of its substrates. LDH becomes more active under periods of extreme muscular output due to an increase in substrates for the LDH reaction. When skeletal muscles are pushed to produce high levels of power, the demand for ATP in regards to aerobic ATP supply leads to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For the general case of any number of consecutive decays in a decay chain, i.e. , where is the number of decays and is a dummy index (), each nuclide population can be found in terms of the previous population. In this case , , ..., . Using the above result in a recursive form:
The general solution to the recursive p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Estimates of lake metabolism typically rely on the measurement of dissolved oxygen or carbon dioxide, or measurements of a carbon or oxygen tracer to estimate production and consumption of organic carbon. Oxygen is produced and carbon dioxide consumed through photosynthesis and oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lanthanum oxide is most useful as a precursor to other lanthanum compounds. Neither the oxide nor any of the derived materials enjoys substantial commercial value, unlike some of the other lanthanides. Many reports describe efforts toward practical applications of , as described below.
forms glasses of high density,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The output beam is collected by a detector and its intensity is calculated using
where is the visible frequency, is the IR frequency and is the SFG frequency. The constant of proportionality varies across literature, many of them including the product of the square of the output frequency, and the squared secant o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Computational methods have played a large role in understanding the nature of bonding in both molecular and solid-state systems displaying inverted ligand fields. The Hoffman group has completed many calculations to probe occurrence of inverted ligand fields in varying systems. In a study of the absorption of CO on PtB... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Natural iron ores are mixtures of iron and unwanted impurities, or gangue. In ancient times, these impurities were removed by slagging. Slag was removed by liquation, that is, solid gangue was converted into a liquid slag. The temperature of the process was high enough for the slag to exist in its liquid form.
Smelting... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Summer training and project work in industries such as Ranbaxy, Glaxo, Lupin, Sarabhai Chemicals, Piramal Enterprises, IPCA, Dr. Reddy's Lab., Kirloskar Brothers, Cyno Pharma, Parke-Davis, Bridgestone and national institutes such as National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, NCL, Pune, NIPER, Chandigarh, CDRI, Luckno... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The cofactors 4-thiouridine and thiamine are produced by the action of persulfides. Cystathionase generates the persulfide of cysteine (sometimes called thiocysteine) from cystine.
Persulfides have been invoked as intermediates in the biodegradation of carbon disulfide and mercaptopyruvate. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When most materials are electrically polarized, the polarization induced, P, is almost exactly proportional to the applied external electric field E; so the polarization is a linear function. This is called linear dielectric polarization (see figure). Some materials, known as paraelectric materials, show a more enhanc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Above is a picture showing 3D cell culturing through magnetic levitation with the Bio-Assembler cell culturing system. The figure's letters refer to the following:
(A) A magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle assembly known as the "Nanoshuttle" is added and dispersed over cells, and the mixture is incubated.
(B) After incu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On December 1, 2015, the Chemical Heritage Foundation merged with the Life Sciences Foundation, also founded by Arnold Thackray. Recognizing that the joint organization's interests extended beyond the field of chemistry, the organization began a two-year renaming process, whose outcome required the agreement of its fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid mechanics and hydraulics, open-channel flow is a type of liquid flow within a conduit with a free surface, known as a channel. The other type of flow within a conduit is pipe flow. These two types of flow are similar in many ways but differ in one important respect: open-channel flow has a free surface, wherea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The word "benzene" derives from "gum benzoin" (benzoin resin), an aromatic resin known since ancient times in Southeast Asia, and later to European pharmacists and perfumers in the 16th century via trade routes. An acidic material was derived from benzoin by sublimation, and named "flowers of benzoin", or benzoic acid.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
"Sequencing by synthesis" involves taking a single strand of the DNA to be sequenced and then synthesizing its complementary strand enzymatically. The pyrosequencing method is based on detecting the activity of DNA polymerase (a DNA synthesizing enzyme) with another chemoluminescent enzyme. Essentially, the method all... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plants can absorb nitrate or ammonium from the soil by their root hairs. If nitrate is absorbed, it is first reduced to nitrite ions and then ammonium ions for incorporation into amino acids, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll. In plants that have a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia, some nitrogen is assimilated in the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The 5' UTRs of mouse L1s contain a variable number of GC-rich tandemly repeated monomers of around 200 bp, followed by a short non-monomeric region. Human 5’ UTRs are ~900 bp in length and do not contain repeated motifs. All families of human L1s harbor in their most 5’ extremity a binding motif for the transcription f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Like liquid crystals, plastic crystals can be considered a transitional stage between real solids and real liquids and can be considered soft matter. Another common denominator is the simultaneous presence of order and disorder. Both types of phases are usually observed between the true solid and liquid phases on the t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An example of facilitated diffusion is when glucose is absorbed into cells through Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in the human body. There are many other types of glucose transport proteins, some that do require energy, and are therefore not examples of passive transport. Since glucose is a large molecule, it requires a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Long Harbour Nickel Processing Plant is a Canadian nickel concentrate processing facility located in Long Harbour, Newfoundland and Labrador.
Operated by Vale Limited, construction on the plant started in April 2009 and operations began in 2014. Construction costs were in excess of CAD $4.25 billion. Construction... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Recent experimental results
have demonstrated that gene expression is a stochastic process. Thus, many authors are now using the stochastic formalism, after the work by Arkin et al. Works on single gene expression and small synthetic genetic networks, such as the genetic toggle switch of Tim Gardner and Jim Collins, p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In this period, William Brownrigg (from 1742 a Fellow of the Royal Society) reported Wood's experiments on a metal, subsequently known as platinum. This had been found in the course of alluvial gold working in what is now Colombia, and had been smuggled from Cartagena to Jamaica. Wood reported this to Brownrigg in abou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is also possible to translate either by hand (for short sequences) or by computer (after first programming one appropriately, see section below); this allows biologists and chemists to draw out the chemical structure of the encoded protein on paper.
First, convert each template DNA base to its RNA complement (note t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phytochromes (also known as phys) were initially discovered in green plants in 1945. The photoreversible pigment was later found in fungi, mosses, and other algae groups due to the development of whole-genome sequencing, as explained in Peter H. Quails 2010 journal article Phytochromes. As described in Hugo Scheers 19... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As RNA integrity has long been known to be a problem in molecular biology studies, there are a few methods that have been used historically to determine the integrity of RNA. The most popular has long been agarose gel electrophoresis with ethidium bromide staining, allowing one to visualize the bands from the rRNA peak... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pneumatic fracturing is a method that has become very popular in the last ten years used to remediate contaminated sites. The method consists of injecting gas into a contaminated subsurface at a pressure higher than that of the gases that are present. By doing this fractures "spider-web" throughout the subsurface so th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acid–base homeostasis is the homeostatic regulation of the pH of the body's extracellular fluid (ECF). The proper balance between the acids and bases (i.e. the pH) in the ECF is crucial for the normal physiology of the body—and for cellular metabolism. The pH of the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid need ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Synaptic transmission can be changed by previous activity. These changes are called synaptic plasticity and may result in either a decrease in the efficacy of the synapse, called depression, or an increase in efficacy, called potentiation. These changes can either be long-term or short-term. Forms of short-term plasti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In ancient history, Hippocrates discussed bile pigments in two of the four humours in the context of a relationship between yellow and black biles. Hippocrates visited Democritus in Abdera who was regarded as the expert in melancholy "black bile".
Relevant documentation emerged in 1827 when M. Louis Jacques Thénard exa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Highly connected nodes (proteins) are called hubs. Han et al. have coined the term "party hub" for hubs whose expression is correlated with its interaction partners. Party hubs also connect proteins within functional modules such as protein complexes. In contrast, "date hubs" do not exhibit such a correlation and appea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Southern Ocean sediments are a major sink for biogenic silica (50-75% of the oceanic total of 4.5 × 10 g SiO yr; DeMaster, 1981), but only a minor sink for organic carbon ( g of organic C yr). These relatively high rates of biogenic silica accumulation in the Southern Ocean sediments (predominantly beneath the Polar Fr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Degradation can be detected before serious cracks are seen in a product by using infrared spectroscopy, which is able to detect chemical species formed by photo-oxidation. In particular, peroxy-species and carbonyl groups have distinct absorption bands.
In the example shown at left, carbonyl groups were easily detected... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sieverts' law can be readily rationalized by considering the reaction of dissolution of the gas in the metal, which involves dissociation of the molecule of the gas. For example, for nitrogen:
: N (molecular gas) 2 N (dissolved atoms)
For the above reaction, the equilibrium constant is
where:
: c is the concentration... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In molecular clouds, simple carbon molecules are formed, including carbon monoxide and dicarbon. Reactions with the trihydrogen cation of the simple carbon molecules yield carbon containing ions that readily react to form larger organic molecules. Carbon compounds that exist as ions, or isolated gas molecules in the in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An EMF meter is a scientific instrument for measuring electromagnetic fields (abbreviated as EMF). Most meters measure the electromagnetic radiation flux density (DC fields) or the change in an electromagnetic field over time (AC fields), essentially the same as a radio antenna, but with quite different detection chara... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Determining the point group is a useful way to predict polarity of a molecule. In general, a molecule will not possess dipole moment if the individual bond dipole moments of the molecule cancel each other out. This is because dipole moments are euclidean vector quantities with magnitude and direction, and a two equal v... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bilirubin is degraded by light. Blood collection tubes containing blood or (especially) serum to be used in bilirubin assays should be protected from illumination. For adults, blood is typically collected by needle from a vein in the arm. In newborns, blood is often collected from a heel stick, a technique that uses a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In medicine it is often referred to as the Law of Laplace, used in the context of cardiovascular physiology, and also respiratory physiology, though the latter use is often erroneous. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dispersion forces are usually dominant over the three van der Waals forces (orientation, induction, dispersion) between atoms and molecules, with the exception of molecules that are small and highly polar, such as water. The following contribution of the dispersion to the total intermolecular interaction energy has bee... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Protein catabolism produces amino acids that are used to form other proteins or oxidized to meet the energy needs of the cell. The amino acids that are produced by protein catabolism can then be further catabolized in amino acid catabolism. Among the several degradative processes for amino acids are Deamination (remova... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the mid-19th century, a German pathologist named Rudolf Virchow discovered that cholesterol was to be found in the artery walls of people that died from occlusive vascular diseases, like myocardial infarction. The cholesterol was found to be responsible for the thickening of the arterial walls and thus decreasing th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnesium oxalate is an organic compound comprising a magnesium cation with a 2+ charge bonded to an oxalate anion. It has the chemical formula MgCO. Magnesium oxalate is a white solid that comes in two forms: an anhydrous form and a dihydrate form where two water molecules are complexed with the structure. Both for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1983 Pearson together with Robert Parr extended the qualitative HSAB theory with a quantitative definition of the chemical hardness (η) as being proportional to the second derivative of the total energy of a chemical system with respect to changes in the number of electrons at a fixed nuclear environment:
The factor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An organoberyllium carbene consists of a carbene attached to beryllium. The types of carbene includes a N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) and cyclic alkyl amino carbenes (CAAC). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The product of layer thickness (d) and elevation height (h) is constant (d·h = constant), the two quantities are inversely proportional. The surface of the liquid between the planes is hyperbola. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In combination with its use as an insecticide, boric acid also prevents and destroys existing wet and dry rot in timbers. It can be used in combination with an ethylene glycol carrier to treat external wood against fungal and insect attack. It is possible to buy borate-impregnated rods for insertion into wood via drill... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calorie restriction, vitamin E, and increased glutathione appear to reduce or halt the production of lipofuscin.
The nootropic drug piracetam appears to significantly reduce accumulation of lipofuscin in the brain tissue of rats.
Other possible treatments:
*Centrophenoxine
*Acetyl-L-carnitine
*Ginkgo biloba
*Dimethylet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Contact between a contaminant and an organism can occur through any route. The possible routes of exposure are: inhalation, if the contaminant is present in the air; ingestion, through food, drinking or hand-to-mouth behavior; and dermal absorption, if the contaminant can be absorbed through the skin.
Exposure to a con... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The TET enzymes are a family of ten-eleven translocation (TET) methylcytosine dioxygenases. They are instrumental in DNA demethylation. 5-Methylcytosine (see first Figure) is a methylated form of the DNA base cytosine (C) that often regulates gene transcription and has several other functions in the genome.
Demethyl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A "wet" standpipe is filled with water and is pressurized at all times. In contrast to dry standpipes, which can be used only by firefighters, wet standpipes can be used by building occupants. Wet standpipes generally already come with hoses so that building occupants may fight fires quickly. This type of standpipe may... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first widescale use of VCIs can be traced to Shell's patent for dicyclohexylammonium nitrite (DICHAN), which was eventually commercialized as VPI 260. DICHAN was used extensively by the US military to protect a wide variety of metallic components from corrosion via various delivery systems, VCI powder, VCI paper, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
First, a probe is constructed. The probe must be large enough to hybridize specifically with its target but not so large as to impede the hybridization process. The probe is tagged directly with fluorophores, with targets for antibodies or with biotin. Tagging can be done in various ways, such as nick translation, or ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process of equilibration can be described using the H-theorem or the relaxation theorem, see also entropy production. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The durability assessment has been implemented in European design codes at the beginning of the 90s. It is required for designers to include the effects of long-term corrosion of steel rebar during the design stage, in order to avoid unacceptable damages during the service life of the structure. Different approaches ar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With increasing temperature, the reaction rate increases, but hydrogen production becomes less favorable thermodynamically since the water gas shift reaction is moderately exothermic; this shift in chemical equilibrium can be explained according to Le Chatelier's principle. Over the temperature range of 600–2000 K, the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sodium hydroxide is a popular strong base used in industry. Sodium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of sodium salts and detergents, pH regulation, and organic synthesis. In bulk, it is most often handled as an aqueous solution, since solutions are cheaper and easier to handle.
Sodium hydroxide is used in many scena... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In recent years, thermal physics has applied the definition of chemical potential to systems in particle physics and its associated processes. For example, in a quark–gluon plasma or other QCD matter, at every point in space there is a chemical potential for photons, a chemical potential for electrons, a chemical poten... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate occurs as a byproduct in the biosynthesis pathway of tryptophan, an essential amino acid that cannot be produced by the human body. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dexrazoxane has been used to protect the heart against the cardiotoxic side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs such as anthracyclines, such as daunorubicin or doxorubicin or other chemotherapeutic agents. However, in July 2011 the European Medicines Agency (EMA) released a statement restricting use only in adult patient... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following energies are called the thermodynamic potentials,
and the corresponding fundamental thermodynamic relations or "master equations" are: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Being strong acids, sulfonic acids are also used as catalysts. The simplest examples are methanesulfonic acid, CHSOOH and p-toluenesulfonic acid, which are regularly used in organic chemistry as acids that are lipophilic (soluble in organic solvents). Polymeric sulfonic acids are also useful. Dowex resin are sulfonic a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Maintenance respiration (or maintenance energy) refers to metabolism occurring in an organism that is needed to maintain that organism in a healthy, living state. Maintenance respiration contrasts with growth respiration, which is responsible for the synthesis of new structures in growth, nutrient uptake, nitrogen (N) ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NeuroD, also called Beta2, is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor expressed in certain parts of brain, beta pancreatic cells and enteroendocrine cells. It is involved in the differentiation of nervous system and development of pancreas. It heterodimerizes with the products of E2A gene and controls the transcr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnetic surveys can suffer from noise coming from a range of sources. Different magnetometer technologies suffer different kinds of noise problems.
Heading errors are one group of noise. They can come from three sources:
*Sensor
*Console
*Operator
Some total field sensors give different readings depending on their ori... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DSIF plays the same role for HIV-1 gene expression as it would normally in transcription. This is because P-TEFb phosphorylates DSIF the same regardless of whether or not P-TEFb goes through normal cellular regulation or bypasses it due to Tat. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Holmes was elected Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2000, and Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 2006. In 2003, he received the Descartes Prize and in 2012 the Royal Medal of the Royal Society. His formal titles include Chemistry alumnus, Laureate Professor of Chemistry, University of Melbourne; CSIRO F... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The operational proof for the flux connectivity theorem relies on making perturbations to enzyme levels such that the pathway flux is unchanged but a single metabolite level is changed. This can be illustrated with the following pathway:
Let us make a change to the rate through by increasing the concentration of enzym... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In orthopedics, methods with minimum invasion are desired and improving injectable systems is a leading aim. Bone cavities can be filled by polymerizing materials when injected and adaptation to the shape of the cavity can be provided. Shorter surgical operation time, minimum large muscle retraction harm, smaller scar ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
: Genes (Quantitative trait loci (abbreviated as QTL) or quantitative trait genes or minor genes or major genes) involved in controlling trait of interest are identified. The process is known as mapping. Mapping of such genes can be done using molecular markers. QTL mapping can involve single large family, unrelated in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Post-treatment disinfection provides secondary protection against compromised membranes and downstream problems. Disinfection by means of ultraviolet (UV) lamps (sometimes called germicidal or bactericidal) may be employed to sterilize pathogens that evade the RO process. Chlorination or chloramination (chlorine and am... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nitrogen containing bisphosphonates are the current most used drugs in the class because of their potency. Studies have showed that nitrogen on bisphosphonates forms hydrogen bond with threonine (Thr201) and the carbonyl part of Lysine (Lys200) on target enzyme, therefore enhancing the binding of the complex. Altering ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The targeted DamID (TaDa) approach uses the phenomenon of ribosome reinitiation to express Dam-fusion proteins at appropriately low levels for DamID (i.e. Dam is non-saturating, thus avoiding toxicity). This construct can be combined with cell-type specific promoters resulting in tissue-specific methylation. This appro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The tetrazole-alkene "photoclick" reaction is another dipolar addition that Huisgen first introduced in the late 1960s ChemBioChem 2007, 8, 1504. (68) Clovis, J. S.; Eckell, A.; Huisgen, R.; Sustmann, R. Chem. Ber. 1967, 100, 60.) Tetrazoles with amino or styryl groups that can be activated by UV light at 365 nm (365 d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While aerobic organisms during respiration use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor, anaerobic organisms use other electron acceptors. These inorganic compounds release less energy in cellular respiration, which leads to slower growth rates than aerobes. Many facultative anaerobes can use either oxygen or alternative... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As at 2017, the company operated the following stations:
*Alexandria Station, Northern Territory
* Boomarra Station, Queensland
* Coolullah Station, Queensland
*Coorabulka Station, Queensland
* Cungelella Station, Queensland
*Glenormiston Station, Queensland
* Goldsborough Station, Queensland
*Kynuna Station (includes ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anisotropic terahertz microspectroscopy (ATM) is a spectroscopic technique in which molecular vibrations in an anisotropic material are probed with short pulses of terahertz radiation whose electric field is linearly polarized parallel to the surface of the material. The technique has been demonstrated in studies invol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hügelkultur (), literally mound bed or mound culture, is a horticultural technique where a mound constructed from decaying wood debris and other compostable biomass plant materials is later (or immediately) planted as a raised bed. Considered a permaculture practice, advocates claim that the technique helps to improve... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since much of the challenge in solving the Boltzmann equation originates with the complex collision term, attempts have been made to "model" and simplify the collision term. The best known model equation is due to Bhatnagar, Gross and Krook. The assumption in the BGK approximation is that the effect of molecular coll... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli), cell division may be partially regulated by AI-2-mediated quorum sensing. This species uses AI-2, which is produced and processed by the lsr operon. Part of it encodes an ABC transporter, which imports AI-2 into the cells during the early stationary (latent) ph... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phosphorus tribromide is a colourless liquid with the formula PBr. The liquid fumes in moist air due to hydrolysis and has a penetrating odour. It is used in the laboratory for the conversion of alcohols to alkyl bromides. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A photosynthetic reaction center is a complex of several proteins, pigments, and other co-factors that together execute the primary energy conversion reactions of photosynthesis. Molecular excitations, either originating directly from sunlight or transferred as excitation energy via light-harvesting antenna systems, gi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A common motif features a four iron ions and four sulfide ions placed at the vertices of a cubane-type cluster. The Fe centers are typically further coordinated by cysteinyl ligands. The [FeS] electron-transfer proteins ([FeS] ferredoxins) may be further subdivided into low-potential (bacterial-type) and high-potentia... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chain terminator sequencing (Sanger sequencing), extension is initiated at a specific site on the template DNA by using a short oligonucleotide primer complementary to the template at that region. The oligonucleotide primer is extended using a DNA polymerase, an enzyme that replicates DNA. Included with the primer a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
β-Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids poses a problem since the location of a cis-bond can prevent the formation of a trans-Δ bond which is essential for continuation of β-Oxidation as this conformation is ideal for enzyme catalysis. This is handled by additional two enzymes, Enoyl CoA isomerase and 2,4 Dienoyl CoA re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Directional transmittance of a surface, denoted T, is defined as
where
*L is the radiance transmitted by that surface;
*L is the radiance received by that surface. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cancer biomarkers have an extremely high upside for therapeutic interventions in cancer patients. Most cancer biomarkers consist of proteins or altered segments of DNA, and are expressed in all cells, just at higher rates in cancer cells. There has not yet been one, universal tumor biomarker, but there is a biomarker... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alkylating agents are a type of chemotherapeutic drug which keeps the cell from undergoing mitosis by damaging its DNA. They work in all phases of the cell cycle. The use of alkylating agents may result in leukemia due to them being able to target the cells of the bone marrow. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As is standard for resonance diagrams, a double-headed arrow is used to indicate that the two structures are not distinct entities, but merely hypothetical possibilities. Neither is an accurate representation of the actual compound, which is best represented by a hybrid (average) of these structures, which can be seen ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are two types of VMATs expressed in humans: VMAT1 and VMAT2. VMAT1 is expressed mainly in large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs) of the peripheral nervous system. VMAT1 may be found in neuroendocrine cells, particularly chromaffin and enterochromaffin granules, which are primarily found in the medulla of the adrenal g... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Copper-catalyzed allylic substitutions are characterized by their unique regioselectivity compared to other transition-metal-catalyzed allylic substitutions, the most well-known being the palladium-catalyzed Tsuji-Trost reaction. The distinct mechanism of copper-catalyzed allylic substitutions has been known to provide... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Handling of small quantities is not always simple.
* Higher accuracy of weighing is necessary (e.g. use of accurate balance).
* Sample surface preparation can have a major impact on measurement results. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Located in the cell nucleus, the microprocessor complex cleaves primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) into precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA). Its two subunits have been determined as necessary and sufficient for the mediation of the development of miRNAs from the pri-miRNAs. These molecules of around 70 nucleotides contain a stem-loop o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Soft chemistry (also known as chimie douce) is a type of chemistry that uses reactions at ambient temperature in open reaction vessels with reactions similar to those occurring in biological systems. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This type of categorisation of drugs is from a biological perspective and categorises them by the anatomical or functional change they induce. Drug classes that are defined by common modes of action (i.e. the functional or anatomical change they induce) include:
* Antifungals
* Antimicrobials
* Antithrombotics
* Bronch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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