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Rubber expansion joints are mainly manufactured by manual wrapping of rubber sheets and fabric reinforced rubber sheets around a bellows-shaped product mandrel. Besides rubber and fabric, reinforced rubber and/or steel wires or metal rings are added for additional reinforcement. After the entire product is built up on ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PET scanning is non-invasive, but it does involve exposure to ionizing radiation. FDG, which is now the standard radiotracer used for PET neuroimaging and cancer patient management, has an effective radiation dose of 14 mSv.
The amount of radiation in FDG is similar to the effective dose of spending one year in the Ame... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1667, Johann Joachim Becher published his book , which contained the first instance of what would become the phlogiston theory. In his book, Becher eliminated fire and air from the classical element model and replaced them with three forms of the earth: , , and . was the element that imparted oily, sulphurous, or ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metal aromaticity or metalloaromaticity is the concept of aromaticity, found in many organic compounds, extended to metals and metal-containing compounds. The first experimental evidence for the existence of aromaticity in metals was found in aluminium cluster compounds of the type where M stands for lithium, sodium o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many important metal ores are sulfides. Significant examples include: argentite (silver sulfide), cinnabar (mercury sulfide), galena (lead sulfide), molybdenite (molybdenum sulfide), pentlandite (nickel sulfide), realgar (arsenic sulfide), and stibnite (antimony), sphalerite (zinc sulfide), and pyrite (iron disulfid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As of 2012, these were the twelve member societies of the CEEES:
*Italy: Associazione Italia Tecnici Prove Ambientali (AITPA)
*France: Association pour le Développement des Sciences et Techniques de l'Environnement (ASTE)
*Belgium: Belgian Society of Mechanical and Environmental Engineering (BSMEE)
*Germany: Gesellscha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The equations, in the absence of gravity, admits an explicit solution, which is called as the N-pole solution since the equation admits a pole decomposition,as shown by Olivier Thual, Uriel Frisch and Michel Hénon in 1988. Consider the 1d equation
where is the Fourier transform of . This has a solution of the form
whe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ida Noddack was nominated three times for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry due to her discovery of rhenium and masurium. Noddack and her husband were repeatedly nominated for the Nobel Prize in 1932, 1933, 1935 and 1937 (once by Walther Nernst and K. L. Wagner for 1933; both Noddacks were nominated by W. J. Müller for 1935... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Galvanic corrosion is the electrochemical erosion of metals. Corrosion occurs when two dissimilar metals are in contact with each other in the presence of an electrolyte, such as salt water. This forms a galvanic cell, with hydrogen gas forming on the more noble (less active) metal. The resulting electrochemical potent... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Antiaromatic compounds, often being very unstable, can be highly reactive in order to relieve the antiaromatic destabilization. Cyclobutadiene, for example, rapidly dimerizes with no potential energy barrier via a 2 + 2 cycloaddition reaction to form tricyclooctadiene. While the antiaromatic character of cyclobutadiene... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In coastal areas the groundwater and seawater flows are driven by a variety of factors. Both types of water can circulate in marine sediments due to tidal pumping, waves, bottom currents or density driven transport processes. Meteoric freshwaters can discharge along confined and unconfined aquifers into the sea or the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2019, the discovery of potent, and selective antagonists of the Luteinizing Hormone Receptor (BAY-298 and BAY-899) were reported which were able to reduce sex hormone levels in vivo. The latter fulfils the quality criteria for a Donated Chemical Probe as defined by the Structural Genomics Consortium.
A series of thi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Observe that in the special case of a water–silver interface where the contact angle is equal to 90°, the liquid–solid/solid–air surface tension difference is exactly zero.
Another special case is where the contact angle is exactly 180°. Water with specially prepared Teflon approaches this. Contact angle of 180° occurs... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bed shear stress can be used to find:
* The vertical velocity profile within the fluid flow
* The ability of the fluid to carry sediment
* The rate of shear dispersion of contaminants and tracers. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are four different general schemes in which diffusion may take place. Tracer diffusion and chemical diffusion differ in the level of adsorbate coverage at the surface, while intrinsic diffusion and mass transfer diffusion differ in the nature of the diffusion environment. Tracer diffusion and intrinsic diffusion ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In immunology, a conformational epitope is a sequence of sub-units (usually amino acids) composing an antigen that come in direct contact with a receptor of the immune system.
An antigen is any substance that the immune system can recognize as foreign. Antigens are usually proteins that are too large to bind as a whole... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Besides the set of parameters obtained by Pitzer et al. in the 1970s mentioned in the previous section. Kim and Frederick published the Pitzer parameters for 304 single salts in aqueous solutions at 298.15 K, extended the model to the concentration range up to the saturation point. Those parameters are widely used, how... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Daily light integral (DLI) describes the number of photosynthetically active photons (individual particles of light in the 400-700 nm range) that are delivered to a specific area over a 24-hour period. This variable is particularly useful to describe the light environment of plants. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the thermodynamic stream of thinking, the specified mechanisms of heat transfer are conduction and radiation. These mechanisms presuppose recognition of temperature; empirical temperature is enough for this purpose, though absolute temperature can also serve. In this stream of thinking, quantity of heat is defined p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Clinical and translational data suggest that sensitive tumor types, with adequate parameters and functional apoptosis pathways, might not need high doses of mTOR inhibitors to trigger apoptosis. In most cases, cancer cells might only be partially sensitive to mTOR inhibitors due to redundant signal transduction or lack... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A float switch is a type of level sensor, a device used to detect the level of liquid within a tank. The switch may be used to control a pump, as an indicator, an alarm, or to control other devices.
One type of float switch uses a mercury switch inside a hinged float. Another common type is a float that raises a rod to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Compared to natural vegetation, cropland soils are depleted in soil organic carbon (SOC). When soil is converted from natural land or semi-natural land, such as forests, woodlands, grasslands, steppes, and savannas, the SOC content in the soil reduces by about 30–40%. This loss is due to the removal of plant material c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfate conjugates are a heterogeneous class of polar, anionic organosulfate compounds containing an ester of sulfuric acid. Sulfate conjugates commonly result from the metabolic conjugation of endogenous and exogenous compounds with sulfate (-OSO).
Biosynthesis of sulfate esters requires an activated sulfate donor, us... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The venturi meter and manometer is a common type of flow meter which can be used in many fluid applications to convert differential pressure heads into volumetric flow rate, linear fluid speed, or mass flow rate using Bernoulli's principle. The reading of these meters (in inches of water, for example) can be converted ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1857 Rudolf Clasius published The Nature of the Motion which We Call Heat. In it he derived the relation for the pressure, , in a gas with particles per unit volume (number density), mass , and mean square speed . He then noted that using the classical laws of Boyle and Charles one could write with a constant of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Chen autoxidation of benzoin had performed a similar experiment with respect to the classical and green versions. It was found that the traffic light and vanishing valentine experiments can become successful regardless of whether a sugar is added. One variation is more rapid, with the number of color change cycles ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ahmad Salahuddin (7 July 1937 – 26 November 1996) was an Indian biochemist who served as a professor of biochemistry and department chairman (1984–1996) at Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) Aligarh, India. He was a Founder Director of Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit at AMU in 1984. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When the modeling phase is complete, selected systems are validated using a professional third party to provide oversight and to determine how closely the model is able to predict the reality of system performance. System validation uses non-pathogenic surrogates such as MS 2 phage or Bacillus subtilis to determine the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In order to generate a molecular tool to discriminate between Interleukin-6 classic signaling and Interleukin-6 trans-signaling, a cDNA coding for human Interleukin-6 and a cDNA coding for the human soluble Interleukin-6 receptor were connected by a cDNA coding for a 13 amino acids long linker, which was long enough to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When the cone angle is very small, the flow is nearly parallel everywhere in which case, an exact solution can be found, as shown by Theodore von Kármán and Norton B. Moore in 1932. The solution is more apparent in the cylindrical coordinates (the here is the radial distance from the -axis, and not the density). If ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Primary alcohols () can be oxidized either to aldehydes () or to carboxylic acids (). The oxidation of secondary alcohols () normally terminates at the ketone () stage. Tertiary alcohols () are resistant to oxidation.
The direct oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids normally proceeds via the corresponding a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compared to Bioglass 45S5, silicate 13-93 bioactive glass is composed of a higher composition of SiO and includes KO and MgO. It is commercially available from Mo-Sci Corp. or can be directly prepared by melting a mixture of NaCO, KCO, MgCO, CaCO, SiO and NaHPO · 2HO in a platinum crucible at 1300 °C and quenching betw... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nuclear spectroscopy are methods that use the nucleus to obtain information of the local structure in matter. Important methods are NMR (see below), Mössbauer spectroscopy and Perturbed angular correlation. These methods use the interaction of the hyperfine field with the nucleus' spin. The field can be magnetic or/and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fully salt-water load bank dates from an earlier, less regulated and litigious era. To pass current safety legislation requires more enclosed designs.
They are no more dangerous than electrode heaters, which work on the same principle, but with plain water, or electrical immersion heaters, provided the correct prec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The partial volume of a particular gas in a mixture is the volume of one component of the gas mixture. It is useful in gas mixtures, e.g. air, to focus on one particular gas component, e.g. oxygen.
It can be approximated both from partial pressure and molar fraction:
* V is the partial volume of an individual gas compo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vanadium tetrachloride is the inorganic compound with the formula VCl. This reddish-brown liquid serves as a useful reagent for the preparation of other vanadium compounds. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
"Screaming Jelly Babies" (British English), also known as "Growling Gummy Bears" (American and Canadian English), is a classroom chemistry demonstration which is practiced in schools around the world. It is often used at open evenings to show the more engaging and entertaining aspects of science in secondary education ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lepidodinium viride and its close relatives are dinophytes (see below) that lost their original peridinin chloroplast and replaced it with a green algal derived chloroplast (more specifically, a prasinophyte). Lepidodinium is the only dinophyte that has a chloroplast that's not from the rhodoplast lineage. The chloropl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Ephemeroptera
* Plecoptera
* Mollusca
* Trichoptera
* Escherichia coli (E. coli)
* Coliform bacteria
* Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow)
* Americamysis bahia (Mysid shrimp)
* Sea urchin
* Protists, e.g. Paratrimastix pyriformis
Biological monitoring metrics have been developed in many places, and one widely used... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2019 Albrecht-Schönzart was awarded the Glenn T. Seaborg Award in Nuclear Chemistry for outstanding contributions to nuclear and radiochemistry at the American Chemical Society meeting in Orlando, Florida. The focus of this award was his group's discovery of a fundamental break in the chemistry of actinides that beg... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the US, individual states are allowed to develop their own water quality standards based on EPA's recommendations under the Clean Water Act of 1977. Once water quality standards are approved, states are tasked with monitoring their surface waters to determine where impairments occur, and watershed plans called Tota... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The human disease sickle cell anemia is caused by a genetic mutation in the codon for the sixth amino acid of the blood protein beta-hemoglobin. The normal DNA sequence G-A-G codes for the amino acid glutamate, while the mutation changes the middle adenine to a thymine, leading to the sequence G-T-G (G-U-G in the mRNA)... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnetic particles loaded with vectors are concentrated on the target cells by the influence of an external magnetic field. The cells then take up genetic material naturally via endocytosis and pinocytosis. Consequently, membrane architecture and structure stays intact, in contrast to other physical transfection method... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As noradrenaline is an intermediate on the path to adrenaline, dopamine is on the path to noradrenaline (and hence adrenaline.) In 1957 dopamine was identified in the human brain by researcher Katharine Montagu. In 1958/59 Arvid Carlsson and his group in the Pharmacology Department of the University of Lund, including ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ørsted was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in March 1821, a Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London in April 1821, a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1822, a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1829, and a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Calcite changes to calcite-II and calcite-III at pressures of 1.5, and 2.2 GPa. Siderite undergoes a chemical change at 10 GPa at 1800K to form FeO. Dolomite decomposes 7GPa and below 1000 °C to yield aragonite and magnesite. However, there are forms of iron containing dolomite stable at higher pressures and temperatur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heat-Mass Analogy:
Because the Nu and Sh equations are derived from these analogous governing equations, one can directly swap the Nu and Sh and the Pr and Sc numbers to convert these equations between mass and heat.
In many situations, such as flow over a flat plate, the Nu and Sh numbers are functions of the Pr and S... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Silica monoliths have only been commercially available since 2001, when Merck began their Chromolith campaign. The Chromolith technology was licensed from Soga and Nakanishi's group at Kyoto University. The new product won the PittCon Editors’ Gold Award for Best New Product, as well as an R&D 100 Award, both in 2001.
... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dithiofluorescein (sometimes generically called thiofluorescein) is a complexometric indicator used in analytical chemistry. It changes from blue to colorless when it binds to mercury(2+) ions. It thus can indicate the endpoint in the titration of thiols using o-hydroxymercuribenzoic acid or its sodium salt. The reagen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
β-Leucine (beta-leucine) is a beta amino acid and positional isomer of -leucine which is naturally produced in humans via the metabolism of -leucine by the enzyme leucine 2,3-aminomutase. In cobalamin (vitamin B) deficient individuals, plasma concentrations of β-leucine are elevated. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Both slow variants (GCaMP6s, jGCaMP7s) and fast variants (GCaMP6f, jGCaMP7f) are used in biological and neuroscience research. The slow variants are brighter and more sensitive to small changes in Ca levels, such as single action potentials; on the other hand, the fast variants are less sensitive but respond more quick... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Among its few known reactions, CS reacts with bromine to form the cyclic disulfide.
CS polymerizes under applied pressure to give a black semi-conducting solid. A similar pressure-induced polymerization of CS also gives a black semiconducting polymer.
In addition, reactions of CS can yield highly condensed sulfur-conta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, the alkoxy group is an alkyl group which is singularly bonded to oxygen; thus . Denoted usually with apostrophe('). The range of alkoxy groups is vast, the simplest being methoxy (). An ethoxy group () is found in the organic compound ethyl phenyl ether (, also known as ethoxybenzene).
Related to alkoxy ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Figure 15 shows four sketches Kneass drew of steam passing through a nozzle. In general, compressible flows through a diverging duct increases velocity as a gas expands. The two sketches at the bottom of figure 15 are both diverging, but the bottom one is slightly curved, and produced the highest velocity flow parall... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Schwab's academic career was prolific in the many fields he became involved with; most famous were his contributions to the understanding and kinetics of phenomena relating to heterogeneous catalysis. In his career he published a total of more than 250 papers in eminent chemical journals. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ostwalds law of dilution, which gives the dissociation constant of a weak electrolyte as a function of concentration, can be written in terms of molar conductivity. Thus, the pK values of acids can be calculated by measuring the molar conductivity and extrapolating to zero concentration. Namely, pK = p() at the zero-co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flocculation is used in biotechnology applications in conjunction with microfiltration to improve the efficiency of biological feeds. The addition of synthetic flocculants to the bioreactor can increase the average particle size making microfiltration more efficient. When flocculants are not added, cakes form and accum... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The goal of spectral density estimation is to estimate the spectral density of a random signal from a sequence of time samples. Depending on what is known about the signal, estimation techniques can involve parametric or non-parametric approaches, and may be based on time-domain or frequency-domain analysis. For exampl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Ohnesorge number for a 3 mm diameter rain drop is typically ~0.002. Larger Ohnesorge numbers indicate a greater influence of the viscosity.
This is often used to relate to free surface fluid dynamics such as dispersion of liquids in gases and in spray technology.
In inkjet printing, liquids whose Ohnesorge number ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* 2005 NSF-CAREER Award of the American National Science Foundation
* 2009 Peter Mark Memorial Award, American Vacuum Society
* 2009 University of Central Florida, Research Incentive Award
* 2016 Fellow of the Max Planck Society at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (Mülheim, Germany)
* 2016 Europe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NPP1 helps scavenge extracellular nucleotides in order to meet the high purine and pyrimidine requirements of dividing cells. In T-cells, it may scavenge NAD from nearby dead cells as a source of adenosine.
The pyrophosphate produced by NPP1 in bone cells is thought to serve as both a phosphate source for calcium phosp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAD1L1 gene.
MAD1L1 is also known as Human Accelerated Region 3. It may have played a key role in the evolution of humans from apes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ionizing effect of radiation on a gas is extensively used for the detection of radiation such as alpha, beta, gamma, and X-rays. The original ionization event in these instruments results in the formation of an "ion pair"; a positive ion and a free electron, by ion impact by the radiation on the gas molecules. The ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorine-18 is one of the early tracers used in positron emission tomography (PET), having been in use since the 1960s.
Its significance is due to both its short half-life and the emission of positrons when decaying.
A major medical use of fluorine-18 is: in positron emission tomography (PET) to image the brain and he... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By 2007 the use of economic evaluation methods regarding public-funding of orphan drugs, using estimates of the incremental cost-effectiveness, for example, became more established internationally. The QALY has often been used in cost-utility analysis to calculate the ratio of cost to QALYs saved for a particular healt... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider slender body of length and typical diameter with , surrounded by fluid of viscosity whose motion is governed by the Stokes equations. Note that the Stokes' paradox implies that the limit of infinite aspect ratio is singular, as no Stokes flow can exist around an infinite cylinder.
Slender-body theory allow... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The 4th analytical group of cations includes ions which form sulfides that are insoluble at high concentrations. The reagents used are HS in the presence of NHOH. NHOH is used to increase the concentration of the sulfide ion, by the common ion effect - hydroxide ions from NHOH combine with H ions from HS, which shifts ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A protocell (or protobiont) is a self-organized, endogenously ordered, spherical collection of lipids proposed as a rudimentary precursor to cells during the origin of life. A central question in evolution is how simple protocells first arose and how their progeny could diversify, thus enabling the accumulation of nove... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Section A on Cryogenics and Liquefied Gases focuses on refrigeration science and technology at low temperatures: the cryogenic domain spans the lower part of the temperature scale, from absolute zero to 120 K, thus encompassing the normal boiling points of air gases as well as of liquid natural gas (LNG).
Section A com... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lineatin is a pheromone produced by female striped ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum Olivier. These kinds of beetles are responsible for extensive damage of coniferous forest infestation in Europe and North America. Since lineatin can act as lures used for mass-trapping of T. lineatum, it is being studied to app... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Half sandwich complexes containing cyclopentadienyl ligands are common. Well studied examples include (η-CH)V(CO), (η-CH)Cr(CO)H, (η-CHCH)Mn(CO), (η-CH)Cr(CO)H, [(η-CH)Fe(CO)], (η-CH)V(CO)I, and (η-CH)Ru(NCMe). (η-CH)Co(CO) is a two-legged piano stool complex. Bulky cyclopentadienyl ligands such as 1,2,4-CH(tert-Bu) f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Eutrophication may cause competitive release by making abundant a normally limiting nutrient. This process causes shifts in the species composition of ecosystems. For instance, an increase in nitrogen might allow new, competitive species to invade and out-compete original inhabitant species. This has been shown to occu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Industrial ecology is the notion that major manufacturing and industrial processes need to shift from open loop systems to closed loop systems. This is essentially the recycling of waste to make new products. This reduces refuse and increases the effectiveness of resources. ESEM looks to minimize the impact of indust... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A spectrum analyzer measures the magnitude of an input signal versus frequency within the full frequency range of the instrument. The primary use is to measure the power of the spectrum of known and unknown signals. The input signal that most common spectrum analyzers measure is electrical; however, spectral compositio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Analytical Chemistry is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published since 1929 by the American Chemical Society. Articles address general principles of chemical measurement science and novel analytical methodologies. Topics commonly include chemical reactions and selectivity, chemometrics and data processing,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*1,2-dipolar compounds have the opposite charges on adjacent atoms.
*1,3-dipolar compounds have the charges separated over three atoms. They are reactants in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions.
*Also 1,4-dipolars, 1,5-dipolars, and so on exist. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2016, New York, along with Vermont and New Hampshire, acknowledged PFOA contamination by requesting the EPA to release water quality guidance measures. Contamination has been observed by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation in Hoosick Falls, Newburgh, Petersburgh, Poestenkill, Mahopac, and Arm... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After graduating from Auckland University College with a Master of Science with second-class honours in 1928, he received funding to research manuka oil the following year, and undertook independent research at Massey Agricultural College from 1929 to 1930.
He then went to the Dyson Perrins Laboratory at Oxford Univers... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is recommended that polymorphs are identified (e.g. for where the two forms zincblende (cubic) and wurtzite (hexagonal)), as and respectively. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Extremely high temperatures are reached by the D-gun (≈4000 °C) whilst in operation. Flammable and explosive fuels (generally acetylene) are used in detonation spraying to produce the supersonic shockwave that propels the powder coating materials onto their target components. This poses a serious burn and explosion haz... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A colour-indicator titration, for example using test method ASTM D974, can be carried out to indicate relative changes that occur in an oil sample during its use under oxidising conditions. A sample is dissolved in a solvent mixture of Toluene/ Propan-2-ol with 0.5% deionised water. A methyl orange indicator is added ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calculation can be employed to determine the nuclear binding energy of nuclei. The calculation involves determining the mass defect, converting it into energy, and expressing the result as energy per mole of atoms, or as energy per nucleon. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Traditionally, enhancers were identified by enhancer trap techniques using a reporter gene or by comparative sequence analysis and computational genomics. In genetically tractable models such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, for example, a reporter construct such as the lacZ gene can be randomly integrated int... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Isotope effect is observed when molecules containing heavier isotopes of the same atoms (for example, deuterium instead of hydrogen) are engaged in a chemical reaction at a slower rate. Deuterium-reinforced lipids can be used for the protection of living cells by slowing the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation. The li... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first disproportionation reaction to be studied in detail was:
This was examined using tartrates by Johan Gadolin in 1788. In the Swedish version of his paper he called it . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After 1908, Ostwald redirected his philosophy to sociological and cultural phenomena as part of sociological energetics (). He attempted to create a hierarchy to classify the sciences and social sciences based on life, energy and order.
Sociologist Max Weber oppossed Ostwald views. In 1909, Weber accussed sociological ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transmethylation is a biologically important organic chemical reaction in which a methyl group is transferred from one compound to another.
An example of transmethylation is the recovery of methionine from homocysteine. In order to sustain sufficient reaction rates during metabolic stress, this reaction requires adequa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The identification of synexpression groups has affected the way some scientists view evolutionary change in higher eukaryotes. Since groups of genes involved in the same biological process often share one or more common control elements, it has been suggested that the differential expression of these synexpression gr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Along with Thénard, Gay Lussac received 30,000 francs from Napoleon in the third edition of the Galvanism Prize in 1809 for their research.
* In Paris, a street and a hotel near the Sorbonne are named after him as are a square and a street in his birthplace, Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat
* In Australia, the "Gay-Lussac Roo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The amylolytic process is used in the brewing of alcohol from grains. Since grains contain starches but little to no simple sugars, the sugar needed to produce alcohol is derived from starch via the amylolytic process. In beer brewing, this is done through malting. In sake brewing, the mold Aspergillus oryzae provides ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tensioned screen cloth is typically 4 feet by the width or the length of the screening machine depending on whether the deck is side or end tensioned. Screen cloth for tensioned decks can be made with hooks and are attached with clamp rails bolted on both sides of the screen box. When the clamp rail bolts are tighten... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sulfenyl chlorides can be converted to sulfinyl chlorides (RS(O)Cl). In one approach, the sulfinyl chloride is generated in two steps starting with reaction of a thiol () with sulfuryl chloride (). In some cases the sulfenyl chloride results instead, as happens with 2,2,2-trifluoro-1,1-diphenylethanethiol. A trifluo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reagent test results develop very quickly and due to reactions with moisture and oxygen in air, any changes after the first 60 seconds should be discarded. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polyphosphazenes obtained from polymerised hexachlorophosphazene (polydichlorophosphazene) have gathered attention within the field of inorganic polymers and probed investigations on the properties of elastomeric and thermoplastic derivatives. Some of them appear promising for future applications as fibre- or membrane-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Molecules interact at close range through intermolecular forces (the "van der Waals
forces"), which cause minute shifts of the electron density distributions (relative
the distributions of electrons when the molecules are not interacting).
Intermolecular forces are repulsive at near range, where electron exchange
f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Low plasticity burnishing (LPB) is a method of metal improvement that provides deep, stable surface compressive residual stresses with little cold work for improved damage tolerance and metal fatigue life extension. Improved fretting fatigue and stress corrosion performance has been documented, even at elevated temper... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For example, using the OSLOs for ferrocene shows great consistency with the prediction. The metal center was assigned the oxidation state of +2, and the Cp ligands were assigned the oxidation state of -1, which is quite consistent with the aromatic behavior of Cp. Furthermore, the last FOLI for ferrocene is 1.313 and t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, bifunctionality or difunctionality is the presence of two functional groups in a molecule. A bifunctional species has the properties of each of the two types of functional groups, such as an alcohol (), amide (), aldehyde (), nitrile () or carboxylic acid (). Many bifunctional species are used to produce ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Williams-Miles History of Chemistry Collection at Harding University, established in 1992
*The Houdry process for catalytic cracking of crude petroleum into gasoline, developed by Eugene Houdry and the Sun Oil Company in the 1930s
*Kem-Tone Wall Finish, the first commercially successful water-based paint, introduced b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In RHT jurisdictions, vehicles are typically configured as left hand drive (LHD), with the steering wheel on the left side of the passenger compartment. In LHT jurisdictions, the reverse is true as the right hand drive (RHD) configuration. In most jurisdictions, the position of the steering wheel is not regulated, or e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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