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Faradaic loss is only one form of energy loss in an electrochemical system. Another is overpotential, the difference between the theoretical and actual electrode voltages needed to drive the reaction at the desired rate. Even a rechargeable battery with 100% faradaic efficiency requires charging at a higher voltage tha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lucy Pevensie, a pivotal character in C. S. Lewiss Chronicles of Narnia, was, as Queen Lucy in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe', gifted a bottle of magical cordial by Father Christmas along with her dagger, prior to the Battle of Beruna. The cordial was said to be made from the juice of Fire-Flowers that grew in t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Depending on the location of the application and machinability, there exist different kinds of mounts for attaching pneumatic cylinders: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The total radiated power is
where (the velocity of the particle divided by the speed of light), is the Lorentz factor, is the vacuum permittivity, signifies a time derivative of and is the charge of the particle.
In the case where velocity is parallel to acceleration (i.e., linear motion), the expression reduces ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In spherical coordinates ( r , θ , φ ), r is the radial distance from the origin, θ is the zenith angle and φ is the azimuthal angle. In axisymmetric flow, with θ = 0 the rotational symmetry axis, the quantities describing the flow are again independent of the azimuth φ. The flow velocity components u and u are related... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
5-Formiminotetrahydrofolate is an intermediate in the catabolism of histidine. It is produced by glutamate formimidoyltransferase and then converted into 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate by formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pressure jump is a technique used in the study of chemical kinetics. It involves making rapid changes to the pressure of an experimental system and observing the return to equilibrium or steady state. This allows the study of the shift in equilibrium of reactions that equilibrate in periods between milliseconds to ho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Excited-state absorption (ESA) occurs when the pump beam sends an electron into an excited state, then the probe beam sends the electron into a higher excited state. This differs from TPA primarily in the timescale over which it occurs. Since an electron can remain in an excited state for a period of nanoseconds, thus ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stagnation temperature can be derived from the First Law of Thermodynamics. Applying the Steady Flow Energy Equation
and ignoring the work, heat and gravitational potential energy terms, we have:
where:
: mass-specific stagnation (or total) enthalpy at a stagnation point
: mass-specific static enthalpy at the point o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The journal is abstracted and indexed in MEDLINE and Analytical Abstracts. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 4.2. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Applying 2-D potential flow, if an airfoil with a sharp trailing edge begins to move with an angle of attack through air, the two stagnation points are initially located on the underside near the leading edge and on the topside near the trailing edge, just as with the cylinder. As the air passing the underside of the a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Young–Dupré equation (Thomas Young 1805, Lewis Dupré 1855) dictates that neither γ nor γ can be larger than the sum of the other two surface energies. The consequence of this restriction is the prediction of complete wetting when γ > γ + γ and zero wetting when γ > γ + γ. The lack of a solution to the Young–Dupré e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is estimated that approximately half of all proteins contain a metal. In another estimate, about one quarter to one third of all proteins are proposed to require metals to carry out their functions. Thus, metalloproteins have many different functions in cells, such as storage and transport of proteins, enzymes and s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If the reduced masses and momenta of the colliding system are , and , before and after the collision respectively, the differential cross section is given by
where the on-shell matrix is defined by
in terms of the S-matrix. Here is the Dirac delta function. The computation of the S-matrix is the main goal of the sc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In tissues, many different cell types interact with one another. In the brain, for example, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes (specialized cells of the neural tissue, each with specific functions) interact with one another as well as with cells that comprise blood vessels. All these different cell types may int... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Boundary layer separation can occur for internal flows. It can result from such causes such as a rapidly expanding duct of pipe. Separation occurs due to an adverse pressure gradient encountered as the flow expands, causing an extended region of separated flow. The part of the flow that separates the recirculating flow... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photoinhibition is light-induced reduction in the photosynthetic capacity of a plant, alga, or cyanobacterium. Photosystem II (PSII) is more sensitive to light than the rest of the photosynthetic machinery, and most researchers define the term as light-induced damage to PSII. In living organisms, photoinhibited PSII ce... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* In 2013, six months prior to opening, the East Span of the Oakland Bay Bridge failed during testing. Catastrophic failures occurred in shear bolts in the span, after only two weeks of service, with the failure attributed to embrittlement (see details above).
* In the City of London, 122 Leadenhall Street, generally k... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Woods metal, also known as Lipowitzs alloy or by the commercial names Cerrobend, Bendalloy, Pewtalloy and MCP 158, is a metal alloy that is useful for soldering and making custom metal parts, but its vapor is toxic to touch or breathe. The alloy is named for Barnabas Wood, who invented and patented the alloy in 1860. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
# Substrate for deubiquitinylating enzyme activity assays.
# Identification/confirmation of enzyme deubiquitinylation activity.
# Investigation of deconjugating enzyme substrate specificity in comparison with alternative UBL-AMC substrates (e.g. NEDD8-AMC) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The symbol of a space group is defined by combining the uppercase letter describing the lattice type with symbols specifying the symmetry elements. The symmetry elements are ordered the same way as in the symbol of corresponding point group (the group that is obtained if one removes all translational components from th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The genetic code within living organisms can potentially be co-opted to store information. Furthermore synthetic biology can be used to engineer cells with "molecular recorders" to allow the storage and retrieval of information stored in the cell's genetic material. CRISPR gene editing can also be used to insert artif... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In physics, tunnel ionization is a process in which electrons in an atom (or a molecule) tunnel through the potential barrier and escape from the atom (or molecule). In an intense electric field, the potential barrier of an atom (molecule) is distorted drastically. Therefore, as the length of the barrier that electrons... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The velocity vector of the fluid may be written in terms of the stream function as
The stream function in a Stokes flow problem, satisfies the biharmonic equation. By regarding the -plane as the complex plane, the problem may be dealt with using methods of complex analysis. In this approach, is either the real or i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neuromodulators may alter the output of a physiological system by acting on the associated inputs (for instance, central pattern generators). However, modeling work suggests that this alone is insufficient, because the neuromuscular transformation from neural input to muscular output may be tuned for particular ranges... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The extracellular polymeric substance(EPS) matrix is a very important part of the aerobic granular system because it aggregates the microorganism. EPS brings structural stability to the AGS which promotes microbial aggregation. Many researchers use fluorophores and confocal laser scanning microscopes to observe microb... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When exposure to a carcinogenic substance is suspected, the cause/effect relationship on any given case can never be ascertained. Lung cancer occurs spontaneously, and there is no difference between a "natural" cancer and another one caused by radon (or smoking). Furthermore, it takes years for a cancer to develop, so ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The C–H···O interaction was discovered in 1937 by Samuel Glasstone. Glasstone studied properties of mixtures of acetone with different halogenated derivatives of hydrocarbons and realized that dipole moments of these mixtures differ from dipole moments of pure substances. He explained this by establishing the concept o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first experiment to achieve controlled thermonuclear fusion was accomplished using Scylla I at LANL in 1958. Scylla I was a θ-pinch machine, with a cylinder full of deuterium. Electric current shot down the sides of the cylinder. The current made magnetic fields that pinched the plasma, raising temperatures to 15 m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most of the dose is due to the decay of the polonium (Po) and lead (Pb) daughters of Rn. By controlling exposure to the daughters the radioactive dose to the skin and lungs can be reduced by at least 90%. This can be done by wearing a dust mask, and wearing a suit to cover the entire body. Note that exposure to smoke ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thiosulfate is an acceptable common name (but used almost always); functional replacement IUPAC name is sulfurothioate; the systematic additive IUPAC name is trioxidosulfidosulfate(2−) or trioxido-1κO-disulfate(S—S)(2−). The external sulfur atom has a valence of 2 while the central sulfur atom has a valence of 6. The o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) is a compound III-V semiconductor. It can be applied in two ways for use in TPVs. When lattice-matched to an InP substrate, InGaAs has a bandgap of 0.74 eV, no better than GaSb. Devices of this configuration have been produced with a fill factor of 69% and an efficiency of 15%. However,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PG5 has a molecular mass of about 200 MDa or 200,000,000 g/mol. It has roughly 20 million atoms and a diameter of roughly 10 nm. Its length is up to a few micrometers. It is similar in size to a tobacco mosaic virus with comparable length and diameter. PG5 was shown to be resistant against attempts to flatten its struc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If we introduce a large number of particles with uniformly distributed impact parameters, the rate at which they exit the system is known as the decay rate. We can calculate the decay rate by simulating the system over many trials and forming a histogram of the delay time, T. For the GR system, it is easy to see that... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plaque hybridization is a technique used in Molecular biology for the identification of recombinant phages.
The procedure can also be used for the detection of differentially represented repetitive DNA.
The technique (similar to colony hybridization) involves hybridizing isolated phage DNA to a label probe for the gen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sabatier is best known for the Sabatier process and his works such as La Catalyse en Chimie Organique (Catalysis in organic chemistry) which was published in 1913. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with fellow Frenchman Victor Grignard in 1912. He is also known for the Sabatier principle of catalysis.
The red... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As a base, pyridine can be used as the Karl Fischer reagent, but it is usually replaced by alternatives with a more pleasant odor, such as imidazole.
Pyridinium chlorochromate, pyridinium dichromate, and the Collins reagent (the complex of chromium(VI) oxide) are used for the oxidation of alcohols. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At first, the study of biometals was referred to as bioinorganic chemistry. Each branch of bioinorganic chemistry studied separate, particular sub-fields of the subject. However, this led to an isolated view of each particular aspect in a biological system. This view was revised into a holistic approach of biometals in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Demonstration model heat engines have been built which use nitinol wire to produce mechanical energy from hot and cold heat sources. A prototype commercial engine developed in the 1970s by engineer Ridgway Banks at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, was named the Banks Engine.
*Nitinol is also popular in extremely... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Irving Langmuir accurately described the geometric structure of a monolayer film on water in 1917, work for which he would be later awarded the Nobel prize in chemistry. The evaporation suppressing properties of these materials were first reported by Rideal in the 1920s In the 1940s Langmuir and Schaefer quantified the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Favorskii rearrangement of α-haloketones in presence of base
* Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of ketones with peroxides
* Pinner reaction of nitriles with an alcohol
* Nucleophilic abstraction of a metal–acyl complex
*Hydrolysis of orthoesters in aqueous acid
*Cellulolysis via esterification
* Ozonolysis of alkenes using ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Yuan Chengye (; 1924–2018) was a Chinese organic chemist.
Yuan was born in Shangyu, Zhejiang province in 1924. He graduated from National College of Pharmacy (now China Pharmaceutical University) in 1948 and received Degree for Candidate for D.Sc from All-Union Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Moscow in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Shock is an abrupt discontinuity in the flow field and it occurs in flows when the local flow speed exceeds the local sound speed. More specifically, it is a flow whose Mach number exceeds 1. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In DNA, regulation of gene expression normally happens at the level of RNA biosynthesis (transcription). It is accomplished through the sequence-specific binding of proteins (transcription factors) that activate or inhibit transcription. Transcription factors may act as activators, repressors, or both. Repressors often... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Jack Richard Norton (born May 5, 1945) is an American organometallic chemist and Professor at Columbia University. His research has focused on the studying the reactivity and properties of transition metal hydrides. He coauthored the textbook "Principles and Applications of Organotransition Metal Chemistry." | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By the first law of thermodynamics, the excitation driving electron generation in both photo- and phonovoltaic cells, i.e., the photon or phonon, must have more energy than the semiconductor band gap. For a PV cell, many materials are available with a band gap () well matched to the solar photon spectrum, like Silicon ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surface flow wetlands, also known as free water surface constructed wetlands, can be used for tertiary treatment or polishing of effluent from wastewater treatment plants. They are also suitable to treat stormwater drainage.
Surface flow constructed wetlands always have horizontal flow of wastewater across the roots of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Examples of other type of method of the magnetic particle capturing device are as follows.
* Pen type capture
* Tube type capture | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While a reaction may exhibit one set of kinetic behavior at early conversion, that behavior may change due to:
* changes in catalyst resting state influenced by changing substrate concentrations
* multiple or changing mechanisms influenced by substrate or product concentrations
* catalyst activation (an initiation peri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metals, under the right conditions, burn in a process similar to the combustion of wood or gasoline. In fact, rust is the result of oxidation of steel or iron at very slow rates. A thermite reaction results when the correct mixtures of metallic fuels combine and ignite. Ignition itself requires extremely high temperatu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Soils represent a short to long-term carbon storage medium, and contain more carbon than all terrestrial vegetation and the atmosphere combined. Plant litter and other biomass including charcoal accumulates as organic matter in soils, and is degraded by chemical weathering and biological degradation. More recalcitrant ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a biochemistry and molecular biology technique for isolating and exponentially amplifying a fragment of DNA, via enzymatic replication, without using a living organism. It enables the detection of specific strands of DNA by making millions of copies of a target genetic sequence. T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1944, Lewis Ferry Moody plotted the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor against Reynolds number Re for various values of relative roughness ε / D.
This chart became commonly known as the Moody chart or Moody diagram.
It adapts the work of Hunter Rouse
but uses the more practical choice of coordinates employed by R. J. S... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In mainland China, modafinil is strictly controlled like other stimulants such as amphetamines and methylphenidate. It is classified as Class I psychotropic drug. This classification means that modafinil is considered to have a high potential for abuse and dependence, and is therefore subject to strict regulation and c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
GFP can be used to analyse the colocalization of proteins. This is achieved by "splitting" the protein into two fragments which are able to self-assemble, and then fusing each of these to the two proteins of interest. Alone, these incomplete GFP fragments are unable to fluoresce. However, if the two proteins of interes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnetic gradiometers are pairs of magnetometers with their sensors separated, usually horizontally, by a fixed distance. The readings are subtracted to measure the difference between the sensed magnetic fields, which gives the field gradients caused by magnetic anomalies. This is one way of compensating both for the v... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For Stirling engines, the Schmidt number is related to the specific power.
Gustav Schmidt of the German Polytechnic Institute of Prague published an analysis in 1871 for the now-famous closed-form solution for an idealized isothermal Stirling engine model.
where:
* is the Schmidt number
* is the heat transferred into... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The main function of chemokines is to manage the migration of leukocytes (homing) in the respective anatomical locations in inflammatory and homeostatic processes.
Basal: homeostatic chemokines are basal produced in the thymus and lymphoid tissues. Their homeostatic function in homing is best exemplified by the chemoki... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In medicinal chemistry, parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) is a method which determines the permeability of substances from a donor compartment, through a lipid-infused artificial membrane into an acceptor compartment. A multi-well microtitre plate is used for the donor and a membrane/acceptor com... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
20 mEq (781 mg) potassium from potassium gluconate (4680 mg), or potassium citrate (2040 mg), mixed a half-cup (1.12 dL) water, taken two to four times a day, may be used on daily basis. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Initially used to approximate chemical reaction rates, models of isotope fractionation are used throughout the physical sciences. In chemistry, the Urey–Bigeleisen–Mayer equation has been used to predict equilibrium isotope effects and interpret the distributions of isotopes and isotopologues within systems, especially... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gamma-ray radiography systems capable of scanning trucks usually use cobalt-60 or caesium-137 as a radioactive source and a vertical tower of gamma detectors. This gamma camera is able to produce one column of an image. The horizontal dimension of the image is produced by moving either the truck or the scanning hardwar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the United States, overall availability of IVF in 2005 was 2.5 IVF physicians per 100,000 population, and utilisation was 236 IVF cycles per 100,000. 126 procedures are performed per million people per year. Utilisation highly increases with availability and IVF insurance coverage, and to a significant extent also w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carboxypeptidase E is found in all species of vertebrates that have been examined, and is also present in many other organisms that have been studied (nematode, sea slug). Carboxypeptidase E is not found in the fruit fly (Drosophila), and another enzyme (presumably carboxypeptidase D) fills in for carboxypeptidase E i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In statistical mechanics, the radial distribution function, (or pair correlation function) in a system of particles (atoms, molecules, colloids, etc.), describes how density varies as a function of distance from a reference particle.
If a given particle is taken to be at the origin O, and if is the average number den... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ge-V can be created during the diamond growth, or by ion implantation and subsequent annealing at 800 °C. The former way results in lower lattice strain, as revealed by the spread in the position and width of the Ge-V ZPL. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ionophores are widely used in cell physiology experiments and biotechnology as these compounds can effectively perturb gradients of ions across biological membranes and thus they can modulate or enhance the role of key ions in the cell. Many ionophores have shown antibacterial and antifungal activities. Some of them al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cost of the sequestration (not including capture and transport) varies but is below US$10 per tonne in some cases where onshore storage is available. For example Carbfix cost is around US$25 per tonne of CO. A 2020 report estimated sequestration in forests (so including capture) at US$35 for small quantities to US$280 ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The chief advantage over direct amperometry is that the magnitude of the measured current is of interest only as an indicator. Thus, factors that are of critical importance to quantitative amperometry, such as the surface area of the working electrode, completely disappear from amperometric titrations.
The chief advan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The discovery of proton and neutron demonstrated that an atom was divisible; this rendered Lavoisier's definition of a chemical element obsolete. A chemical element is defined today as a species of atoms with a consistent number of protons and that number is now known to be precisely the atomic number of an element. Th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Silyl enol ethers are generally prepared by reacting an enolizable carbonyl compound with a silyl electrophile and a base, or just reacting an enolate with a silyl electrophile. Since silyl electrophiles are hard and silicon-oxygen bonds are very strong, the oxygen (of the carbonyl compound or enolate) acts as the nucl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Substituted phenethylamines are a chemical class of organic compounds based upon the phenethylamine structure; the class is composed of all the derivative compounds of phenethylamine which can be formed by replacing, or substituting, one or more hydrogen atoms in the phenethylamine core structure with substituents.
Man... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To date, many studies have been conducted on the benefits of selenium intake in reducing the risk of cancer incidence at the nutritional level, indicating that likely selenium functions as an immunostimulator, i.e. reversing the immunosuppression in tumour microenvironment towards antitumour immunity by activating immu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sternhell began his career as a research chemist in private industry with Monsanto in 1953. Two years later, he was appointed a senior research officer at CSIRO and remained in that position until 1964. Sternhell was a senior lecturer in the Department of Organic Chemistry at the University of Sydney, from 1964 until 1... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Absorption of light and energy transfer (or conversion) involves colored molecules that can transfer electromagnetic energy, commonly in the form of a laser light source, to other molecules in another form of energy, such as thermal or electrical. These laser addressable colorants, also called near-infrared absorbers, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Deuterium is one of only five stable nuclides with an odd number of protons and an odd number of neutrons. (H, Li, B, N, Ta; the long-lived radionuclides K, V, La, Lu also occur naturally.) Most odd-odd nuclei are unstable with respect to beta decay, because the decay products are even-even, and are therefore more stro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fougèrite is a relatively recently described naturally occurring green rust mineral. It is the archetype of the fougèrite group in the larger hydrotalcite supergroup of naturally occurring layered double hydroxides. The structure is based on brucite-like layers containing Fe and Fe cations, O and OH anions, with loosel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Cartesian coordinates the advection operator is
where is the velocity field, and is the del operator (note that Cartesian coordinates are used here).
The advection equation for a conserved quantity described by a scalar field is expressed mathematically by a continuity equation:
where is the divergence operator ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Desorption is a physical process that can be very useful for several applications. In this section two applications of thermal desorption are explained. One of them is actually a technique of thermal desorption, temperature programmed desorption, rather than an application itself, but it has plenty of very important ap... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There is currently no evidence supporting targeted temperature management use in humans and clinical trials have not been completed. Most of the data concerning hypothermia's effectiveness in treating stroke is limited to animal studies. These studies have focused primarily on ischemic stroke as opposed to hemorrhagic ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2008, Hunter married Rosaleen Theresa McHugh. Together they have three children; two sons and one daughter. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Femtochemistry has been used to show the time-resolved electronic stages of bromine dissociation. When dissociated by a 400 nm laser pulse, electrons completely localize onto individual atoms after 140 fs, with Br atoms separated by 6.0 Å after 160 fs. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
VitaminD (ergocalciferol) and vitaminD (cholecalciferol) share a similar mechanism of action as outlined above. Metabolites produced by vitamin D are named with an er- or ergo- prefix to differentiate them from the D-based counterparts (sometimes with a chole- prefix).
* Metabolites produced from vitaminD tend to bind ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Imines are widely used as intermediates in the synthesis of heterocycles.
*Aromatic imines react with an enol ether to a quinoline in the Povarov reaction.
*Imines react, thermally, with ketenes in [2+2] cycloadditions to form β-lactams in the Staudinger synthesis. Several variants have been described.
*Imine reac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In gene therapy, gene delivery vectors, such as viruses, can be imaged according either to their particle biodistribution or their transduction pattern. The former means labeling the viruses with a contrast agent, being visible in some imaging modality, such as MRI or SPECT/PET and latter means visualising the marker g... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Butterfly wings also exhibit anisotropic self-cleaning, superhydrophobic properties. The butterfly wings exhibit anisotropy on a one dimensional level, compared to the other biological materials, which exhibited the anisotropy on a two dimensional level. Butterfly wings are composed of overlapping layers of scales, tha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Sod shock tube problem, named after Gary A. Sod, is a common test for the accuracy of computational fluid codes, like Riemann solvers, and was heavily investigated by Sod in 1978.
The test consists of a one-dimensional Riemann problem with the following parameters, for left and right states of an ideal gas.
where
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Men have a V̇O max that is 26% higher (6.6 mL/(kg·min)) than women for treadmill and 37.9% higher (7.6 mL/(kg·min)) than women for cycle ergometer on average. V̇O max is on average 22% higher (4.5 mL/(kg·min)) when measured using a cycle ergometer compared with a treadmill. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Liquid ammonia will dissolve all of the alkali metals and other electropositive metals such as Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu, and Yb (also Mg using an electrolytic process), giving characteristic blue solutions. For alkali metals in liquid ammonia, the solution is blue when dilute and copper-colored when more concentrated (> 3 molar)... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Platinum-Cobalt Scale (Pt/Co scale or Apha-Hazen Scale ) is a color scale that was introduced in 1892 by chemist Allen Hazen (1869–1930). The index was developed as a way to evaluate pollution levels in waste water. It has since expanded to a common method of comparison of the intensity of yellow-tinted samples. It... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electrocoagulation ("electro", meaning to apply an electrical charge to water, and "coagulation", meaning the process of changing the particle surface charge, allowing suspended matter to form an agglomeration) is an advanced and economical water treatment technology. It effectively removes suspended solids to sub-micr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the late 1990s it was discovered that very distant supernovae were dimmer than expected suggesting that the universes expansion was accelerating rather than slowing down. This revived discussion that Einsteins cosmological constant, long disregarded by physicists as being equal to zero, was in fact some small positi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
2,2,2-Trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc) group is largely used as a protecting group for amines in organic synthesis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Also known as the two-site Langmuir equation. This equation describes the adsorption of one adsorbate to two or more distinct types of adsorption sites. Each binding site can be described with its own Langmuir expression, as long as the adsorption at each binding site type is independent from the rest.
where
: – total... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
From the contamination of the sediment, more of the ecosystem is affected. Organisms in the sediment are now exposed to the new chemicals. Organisms are then ingested by fish and other aquatic animals. These animals now contain concentrations of hazardous chemicals which were secreted from the creosote. Other issues wi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Fourier-domain version of the a/LCI system uses a superluminescent diode (SLD) with a fiber-coupled output as the light source. A fiber splitter separates the signal path at 90% intensity and the reference path at 10%.
The light from the SLD passes through an optical isolator and subsequently a polarization control... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Microelectrophoresis is a method of studying electrophoresis of various dispersed particles using optical microscopy. This method provides image of moving particles, which is its unique advantage. e.g. observation of RBCs, neutrophiles and bacteria. This type of electrophoresis is carried out in a closed medium with cr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sodium hydroxide can be used for the base-driven hydrolysis of esters (also called saponification), amides and alkyl halides. However, the limited solubility of sodium hydroxide in organic solvents means that the more soluble potassium hydroxide (KOH) is often preferred. Touching a sodium hydroxide solution with bare h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A response is observed in humans where elevated PFOS levels were significantly associated with elevated total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, highlighting significantly reduced PPAR expression and alluding to PPAR independent pathways predominating over lipid metabolism in humans compared to rodents. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Humphry Davy was an English chemist and a professor of chemistry at the Londons Royal Institution in the early 1800s. There he performed experiments that cast doubt upon some of Lavoisiers key ideas such as the acidity of oxygen and the idea of a caloric element. Davy was able to show that acidity was not due to the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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