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Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) has been linked to compromised resistance to infectious diseases. In countries where early childhood VAD is common, vitamin A supplementation public health programs initiated in the 1980s were shown to reduce the incidence of diarrhea and measles, and all-cause mortality. VAD also increases t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chiral switch, a re-engineering approach, has enabled in the remarketing of a number of racemic drugs as chiral specific enantiomer products. Chiral switching strategy is the way most blockbuster drugs have entered the market as enantiopure drugs. A more appropriate term may be unichiral. But the alternate route is de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The anthocyanins, anthocyanidins with sugar group(s), are mostly 3-glucosides of the anthocyanidins. The anthocyanins are subdivided into the sugar-free anthocyanidin aglycones and the anthocyanin glycosides. As of 2003, more than 400 anthocyanins had been reported, while later literature in early 2006, puts the number... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Magnetometer Navigation (MAGNAV) algorithm was initially running as a flight experiment in 2004. Later on, diamond magnetometers were developed by the United States Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) as a better method of navigation which cannot be jammed by the enemy. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS) is the occurrence of phase separation in a multicomponent mixture induced by the polymerization of one or more components. The increase in molecular weight of the reactive component renders one or more components to be mutually immiscible in one another, resulting in spont... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This method is able to detect as low as 25 μg/ml and up to 2000 μg/ml of protein in a 65 ul sample, using standard protocol.
This method may be preferred for samples containing detergents or other reducing agents.
This method has a fast detection speed and low protein-to-protein variability in comparison to the BCA or... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The similarity of many PDE5 inhibitors to the structure of many of the analogs of caffeine that are also adenosine antagonists suggests that in the future, it may be possible to design an PDE5 inhibitor that, like caffeine, is also an adenosine antagonist. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In plasma physics, a burning plasma is one in which most of the heating comes from fusion reactions involving thermal plasma ions. The Sun and similar stars are a burning plasma, and in 2020 the National Ignition Facility achieved burning plasma. A closely related concept is that of an ignited plasma, in which all of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The above equations are limited in many regards. For example, the geometry of the separator is not considered, the particles are assumed to achieve a steady state and the effect of the vortex inversion at the base of the cyclone is also ignored, all behaviours which are unlikely to be achieved in a cyclone at real oper... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
T-DNA contains two types of genes: the oncogenic genes, encoding for enzymes involved in the synthesis of auxins and cytokinins and responsible for tumor formation, and the genes encoding for the synthesis of opines. These compounds, produced by the condensation between amino acids and sugars, are synthesized and excre... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organic Geochemistry is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier covering research on all aspects of organic geochemistry. It is an official journal of the European Association of Organic Geochemists. The editors-in-chief are Steven Rowland (University of Plymouth), John Volkman (CSIRO Oceans an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Precipitation in grasslands is equal to or less than evapotranspiration and causes soil development to operate in relative drought. Leaching and migration of weathering products is therefore decreased. Large amounts of evaporation causes buildup of calcium (Ca) and other large cations flocculate clay minerals and fulvi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Relaxase nomenclature is varied. In conjugative bacterial plasmids, Mob-class relaxases go by names such as TraI (in plasmid RP4), VirD2 (pTi), TrwC (R388), TraI (F-plasmid), MobB (CloDF13), or TrsK (pGO1). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Bluebelt is a large scale system of stormwater best management practices (BMPs) in New York City. The program originated on Staten Island in the early 1990s, but has also been implemented in Queens and the Bronx. The Bluebelt includes structural and nonstructural stormwater management control measures taken to miti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gross heating value accounts for water in the exhaust leaving as vapor, as does LHV, but gross heating value also includes liquid water in the fuel prior to combustion. This value is important for fuels like wood or coal, which will usually contain some amount of water prior to burning. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This form was developed in the 2000s and introduced commercially around 2009. Also called cast-mono, this design uses polycrystalline casting chambers with small "seeds" of mono material. The result is a bulk mono-like material that is polycrystalline around the outsides. When sliced for processing, the inner sections ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Peptide PHI, also known as peptide histidine isoleucine, is a peptide which functions as a hormone. This peptide contains a composition of 27 amino acids with histidine on the N-terminus and isoleucine on the C-terminus. It was originally isolated from the mammalian small intestine amongst mammalian neurons called intr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is an agonist of the FSHR.
Small-molecule positive allosteric modulators of the FSHR have been developed. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A hot shower will produce steam that condenses on the shower side of the curtain, lowering the pressure there. In a steady state the steam will be replaced by new steam delivered by the shower but in reality the water temperature will fluctuate and lead to times when the net steam production is negative. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution, I = 0.1 M and T = 298.15 K: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CFC-113 was one of the most heavily produced CFCs. In 1989, an estimated 250,000 tons were produced. It has been used as a cleaning agent for electrical and electronic components. CFC-113’s low flammability and low toxicity made it ideal for use as a cleaner for delicate electrical equipment, fabrics, and metals. It wo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For a single salt solute with molal activity (), the osmotic coefficient can be written as where is the stochiometric number of salt and the activity of the solvent. can be calculated from the salt activity coefficient via:
Moreover, the activity coefficient of the salt can be calculated from:
According to Debye–Hü... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The selectivity in the reaction is due to the stronger electron withdrawing power of the esters compared to the ethers. A stronger electron withdrawing substituent leads to a greater destabilization of the oxocarbenium ion. This slows this reaction pathway, and allows for disaccharide formation to occur with the benzyl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When the force becomes large, the semi-angle of the jet becomes small, in which case,
and the solution inside and outside of the jet become
The jet in this limiting case is called the Schlichting jet. On the other extreme, when the force is small,
the semi-angle approaches 90 degree (no inside and outside region, the w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a typical spectrum analyzer there are options to set the start, stop, and center frequency. The frequency halfway between the stop and start frequencies on a spectrum analyzer display is known as the center frequency. This is the frequency that is in the middle of the display's frequency axis. Span specifies the ran... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The average untrained healthy male has a V̇O max of approximately 35–40 mL/(kg·min). The average untrained healthy female has a V̇O max of approximately 27–31 mL/(kg·min). These scores can improve with training and decrease with age, though the degree of trainability also varies widely. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The use of the amino acid glutamine as an energy source is facilitated by the multistep catabolism of glutamine called glutaminolysis. This energy pathway is upregulated in cancer, which may represent a therapeutic target as cancer cells are thought to be more dependent on glutamine than healthy cells. This especially ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The original Bürgi-Dunitz measurements were of a series of intramolecular amine-ketone carbonyl interactions, in crystals of compounds bearing both functionalities—e.g., methadone and protopine. These gave a narrow range of BD angle values (105 ± 5°); corresponding computations—molecular orbital calculations of the SCF... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A typical thermodynamic operation is externally imposed change of position of a piston, so as to alter the volume of the system of interest. Another thermodynamic operation is a removal of an initially separating wall, a manipulation that unites two systems into one undivided system. A typical thermodynamic process con... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Particle size and surface area influence the release of a drug from a dosage form that is administered orally, rectally, parenterally, and topically. Higher surface area brings about intimate contact of the drug with the dissolution fluids in vivo and increases the drug solubility and dissolution. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In radiation protection, radiation is often separated into two categories, ionizing and non-ionizing, to denote the level of danger posed to humans. Ionization is the process of removing electrons from atoms, leaving two electrically charged particles (an electron and a positively charged ion) behind. The negatively ch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
4-nitro phenol is a slightly yellow, crystalline material, moderately toxic.
It shows two polymorphs in the crystalline state. The alpha-form is colorless pillars, unstable at room temperature, and stable toward sunlight. The beta-form is yellow pillars, stable at room temperature, and gradually turns red upon irradi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Planet Simulator, also known as a Planetary Simulator, is a climate-controlled simulation chamber designed to study the origin of life. The device was announced by researchers at McMaster University on behalf of the Origins Institute on 4 October 2018. The simulator project begun in 2012 and was funded with $1 mill... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An osmometer is a device for measuring the osmotic strength of a solution, colloid, or compound.
There are several different techniques employed in osmometry:
* Freezing point depression osmometers may also be used to determine the osmotic strength of a solution, as osmotically active compounds depress the freezing poi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Optogenetics and chemogenetics are the more recent and popular methods used to study this relationship. Both of these methods target specific brain circuits and cell population to influence cell activity. However, they use different procedures to accomplish this task. Optogenetics uses light-sensitive channels and pump... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Her awards and honours include;
* 2012 European Research Council Starting Grant
* 2012 University of Twente De Winter Prize
* 2014 Elected to the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Young Academy
* 2016 Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research Athena Award
* 2016 Elected a member of the Global Young... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Synthesis of vitamin D in nature is dependent on the presence of UV radiation and subsequent activation in the liver and in the kidneys. Many animals synthesize vitamin D from 7-dehydrocholesterol, and many fungi synthesize vitamin D from ergosterol. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two main types of transmetalation, redox-transmetalation (RT) and redox-transmetalation/ligand-exchange (RTLE). Below, M is usually a 4d or 5d transition metal and M is usually a main group or 3d transition metal. By looking at the electronegativities of the metals and ligands, one can predict whether the RT ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electrowinning is the oldest industrial electrolytic process. The English chemist Humphry Davy obtained sodium metal in elemental form for the first time in 1807 by the electrolysis of molten sodium hydroxide.
Electrorefining of copper was first demonstrated experimentally by Maximilian, Duke of Leuchtenberg in 1847.
J... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In biochemical signaling, diacylglycerol functions as a second messenger signaling lipid, and is a product of the hydrolysis of the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP) by the enzyme phospholipase C (PLC) (a membrane-bound enzyme) that, through the same reaction, produces inositol trisphosphate (IP)... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An extremely thin cantilever portion moves like a flexible door due to the pressure variations in the surrounding gas. The displacement of the cantilever is measured with an accurate interferometric readout system. This way the "breathing effect" can be avoided. The so-called breathing effect occurs in capacitive measu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The diagram shows a ceramic crucible with a steel cylinder suspended within. Both cathode (C) and anode (A) are made of iron or nickel. The temperature is cooler at the bottom and hotter at the top so that the sodium hydroxide is solid in the neck (B) and liquid in the body of the vessel. Sodium metal forms at the cath... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Evergreening refers to the various strategies whereby owners (innovators/sponsors) of pharmaceutical products use patent laws and minor drug modifications to extend their monopoly privileges on the drug. An enantiomer patent is another form of evergreening based on a chiral switch strategy. Single-enantiomer drugs re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The effect of the bulbous bow can be explained using the concept of destructive interference of waves:
A conventionally shaped bow causes a bow wave. A bulb alone forces the water to flow up and over it forming a trough. Thus, if a bulb is added to a conventional bow at the proper position, the bulb trough coincides wi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The pipecolate region of rapamycin structure seems necessary for rapamycin-binding to FKBP12. This step is required for further binding of rapamycin to the mTOR kinase, which is the key enzyme in many biological actions of rapamycin.
The high affinity of rapamycin binding to FKBP12 is explained by number of hydrogen bo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cyanidin can be synthesized in berry plants through the shikimate pathway and polyketide synthase (PKS) III. The shikimate pathway is a biosynthetic pathways that uses the starting materials Phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) and Erythrose 4-phosphate to form shikimic acid, which then further reacts to form specific aromati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Igor V. Komarov graduated with distinction from Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, and started to work at the same university in 1986 first as an engineer. He obtained his Candidate of Sciences degree in 1991 in organic chemistry at Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv under supervision of Mikhail Yu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The cpFOCE uses replicate experimental flumes to enclose sections of a coral reef and dose them with CO-enriched seawater using peristaltic pumps with computer controlled feedback loop to maintain a specified pH offset from ambient conditions. A cpFOCE chamber has forward and rear flow conditioners on either end to acc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The photo-oxidation of polymers can be investigated by either natural or accelerated weather testing. Such testing is important in determining the expected service-life of plastic items as well as the fate of waste plastic.
In natural weather testing, polymer samples are directly exposed to open weather for a continuou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As a more complex example, the ionic strength of a mixed solution 0.050 M in NaSO and 0.020 M in KCl is: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Lewis, Peter Rhys, Reynolds, K and Gagg, C, Forensic Materials Engineering: Case studies, CRC Press (2004)
* Ezrin, Meyer, Plastics Failure Guide: Cause and Prevention, Hanser-SPE (1996).
* Wright, David C., Environmental Stress Cracking of Plastics RAPRA (2001).
* Lewis, Peter Rhys, and Gagg, C, Forensic Polymer Eng... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thioglycosides were first reported in 1909 by Fischer and since then have been explored constantly allowing for the development of numerous protocols for their preparation.
The advantage of using thioglycosides is their stability under a wide range of reaction conditions allowing for protecting group manipulations. Ad... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The major difference between atomic force microscopy and competing technologies such as optical microscopy and electron microscopy is that AFM does not use lenses or beam irradiation. Therefore, it does not suffer from a limitation in spatial resolution due to diffraction and aberration, and preparing a space for guid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 2000 - Janos Hajdu, Richard Neutze, and colleagues calculated that they could use Sayre’s ideas from the 1950s, to implement a ‘diffraction before destruction’ concept, using an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL).
* 2001 - Harry F. Noller’s group published the 5.5-Å structure of the complete Thermus thermophilus 70S ri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Their mechanism of action is not entirely clear, but it is known that they inhibit the production of tumour necrosis factor, interleukin 6 and immunoglobulin G and VEGF (which leads to its anti-angiogenic effects), co-stimulates T cells and NK cells and increases interferon gamma and interleukin 2 production. Their ter... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ellen Gleditsch (29 December 1879 – 5 June 1968) was a Norwegian radiochemist and Norways second female professor. Starting her career as an assistant to Marie Curie, she became a pioneer in radiochemistry, establishing the half-life of radium and helping demonstrate the existence of isotopes. She was Vice President of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In bioinorganic chemistry and bioorganometallic chemistry, coordination complexes serve either structural or catalytic functions. An estimated 30% of proteins contain metal ions. Examples include the intensely colored vitamin B, the heme group in hemoglobin, the cytochromes, the chlorin group in chlorophyll, and carbo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metastable metallic hydrogen may have potential as a highly efficient rocket propellant, with a theoretical specific impulse of up to 1700 seconds (for reference, the current most efficient chemical rocket propellants have an less than 500 s), although a metastable form suitable for mass-production and conventional hi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Side effects include irregular heartbeat, respiratory depression, and hepatotoxicity. It appears to be safe in porphyria. It is unclear whether use during pregnancy is harmful to the baby, and it is not generally recommended for use during a C-section.
In rare cases, repeated exposure to halothane in adults was noted t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heat engines are not the most efficient ones, and with the use of bimetallic strips the efficiency of the heat engine is even lower as there is no chamber to contain the heat. Moreover, the bimetallic strips cannot produce strength in its moves, the reason why is that in order to achieve reasonables bendings (movements... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The electron that is captured is one of the atom's own electrons, and not a new, incoming electron, as might be suggested by the way the reactions are written below. A few examples of electron capture are:
Radioactive isotopes that decay by pure electron capture can be inhibited from radioactive decay if they are fully... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dextromethorphan (DXM) is a cough suppressant used in many cough and cold medicines. It affects serotonin, norepinephrine, NMDA, and sigma-1 receptors in the brain, all of which have been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. In 2022, the FDA approved the combination dextromethorphan/bupropion to serve as a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2002, J. Macdonald, D. Stefanović and M. Stojanović created a DNA computer able to play tic-tac-toe against a human player. The calculator consists of nine bins corresponding to the nine squares of the game. Each bin contains a substrate and various combinations of DNA enzymes. The substrate itself is composed of a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Locascio attended James Madison University from 1979 to 1983 where she earned her B.Sc. in chemistry with a minor in biochemistry. In 1982, Locascio was a research assistant in the department of chemistry at West Virginia University. She attended the University of Utah from 1983 to 1986 while working as a research assi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A stable configuration is desirable not only in sailing, but in aircraft design as well. Aircraft design therefore borrowed the term center of pressure. And like a sail, a rigid non-symmetrical airfoil not only produces lift, but a moment.
The center of pressure of an aircraft is the point where all of the aerodynami... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the radiopharmaceutical industry, fluorine-18 is made using either a cyclotron or linear particle accelerator to bombard a target, usually of natural or enriched [O]water with high energy protons (typically ~18 MeV). The fluorine produced is in the form of a water solution of [F]fluoride, which is then used in a rap... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Enzymes can use cofactors as ‘helper molecules’. Coenzymes are referred to those non-protein molecules that bind with enzymes to help them fulfill their jobs. Mostly they are connected to the active site by non-covalent bonds such as hydrogen bond or hydrophobic interaction. But sometimes a covalent bond can also form ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Evapoporometry is a method used to determine pore-size in synthetic membranes. Based on the Kelvin equation, this technique is most accurate for detection of pore diameters between 4 nm to 150 nm. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The toxicity of palytoxin is due to its binding to external part of Na/K-ATPase (the sodium–potassium pump), where it interacts with the natural binding site of ouabain with very high affinity. Na/K-ATPase is a transmembrane protein, which is found on the surface of every vertebrate cell. The sodium–potassium pump is n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Alcan Lynemouth Aluminium Smelter, powered by the coal-fired Lynemouth Power Station in North East England, ceased production in 2012, demolished in 2018.
* Anglesey Aluminium, powered by Wylfa nuclear power station in north-west Wales, closed in 2013, with redevelopment of the site announced in 2022.
* The Valco alu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Calcium carbide is used in carbide lamps. Water dripping on carbide produces acetylene gas, which burns and produces light. While these lamps gave steadier and brighter light than candles, they were dangerous in coal mines, where flammable methane gas made them a serious hazard. The presence of flammable gases in coal ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Swedish Uppland north of Stockholm and certain adjacent provinces, another kind known as the Walloon forge was used, mainly for the production of a particularly pure kind of iron known as oregrounds iron, which was exported to England to make blister steel. Its purity depended on the use of ore from the Dannemora m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The overall pressure loss caused by an orifice plate is less than the differential pressure measured across tappings near the plate. For sharp-edged plates such as corner, flange or D and D/2 tappings, it can be approximated by the equation
or<br /> | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Terpenoids facilitate communication between plants and insects, mammals, fungi, microorganisms, and other plants. Terpenoids may act as both attractants and repellants for various insects. For example, pine shoot beetles (Tomicus piniperda) are attracted to certain monoterpenes ( (+/-)-a-pinene, (+)-3-carene and terpin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plastic crystals behave like true plastic metals under mechanical stress.
For example, closer to melting, plastic crystals show high ductility and/or malleability. Plastic crystals can flow through a hole under pressure. For example, aminoborane plastic crystals bend, twist and stretch with characteristic necking, unde... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of one or more hydroxyl groups (−OH) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. The simplest is phenol, . Phenolic compounds are classified as simple phenols or polyphenols based on the number of phenol units ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tetramethylazodicarboxamide (also known as TMAD and diamide) is a reagent used in biochemistry for oxidation of thiols in proteins to disulfides. It has also been used as a reagent in the Mitsunobu reaction in place of diethyl azodicarboxylate. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The situation on rough surfaces is much more complicated. The main characteristic of the wetting properties of rough surfaces is the so-called apparent contact angle (APCA). It is well known that the APCA usually measured are different from those predicted by the Young equation. Two main hypotheses were proposed in ord... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During assaying, the value of copper and the value of gold in the ore is determined and a monetary value per tonne is placed on the material. When this value exceeds a particular threshold, workers start processing the material.
Subsequently, the material is processed through a mill where the minerals get floated. In p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sulfuric acid is used for a variety of other purposes in the chemical industry. For example, it is the usual acid catalyst for the conversion of cyclohexanone oxime to caprolactam, used for making nylon. It is used for making hydrochloric acid from salt via the Mannheim process. Much is used in petroleum refining, for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are numerous wastewater treatment technologies. A wastewater treatment train can consist of a primary clarifier system to remove solid and floating materials, a secondary treatment system consisting of an aeration basin followed by flocculation and sedimentation or an activated sludge system and a secondary clari... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Three proteinaceous iron–sulfur reaction centers are found in PSI. Labeled F, F, and F, they serve as electron relays. F and F are bound to protein subunits of the PSI complex and F is tied to the PSI complex. Various experiments have shown some disparity between theories of iron–sulfur cofactor orientation and operati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Functional MRI (fMRI) measures signal changes in the brain that are due to changing neural activity. It is used to understand how different parts of the brain respond to external stimuli or passive activity in a resting state, and has applications in behavioral and cognitive research, and in planning neurosurgery of el... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Good operation and maintenance (O&M) is essential for the long-term sustainability of any sewerage system, but particularly for simplified sewerage, since the small diameter of pipes and low gradients make the system highly vulnerable to clogging. Solids can readily block the small diameter piping and the shallow grade... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
He is the Director of Center for Chemistry at the Space-Time Limit, a National Science Foundation Center for Chemical Innovation. He graduated from University of Southern California with B.S. degrees in Chemistry followed by Ph.D. degree in chemistry from Northwestern University. Following a postdoctoral fellowship at ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 1.H.1 The Claudin Tight Junction (Claudin1) Family
* 1.H.2 The Invertebrate PMP22-Claudin (Claudin2) Family | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NAPPA uses DNA template that has already been immobilized onto the same protein capture surface. The DNA template is biotinylated and is bound to avidin that is pre-coated onto the protein capture surface. Newly synthesized proteins which are tagged with GST are then immobilized next to the template DNA by binding to t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The relative static permittivity of a solvent is a relative measure of its chemical polarity. For example, water is very polar, and has a relative static permittivity of 80.10 at 20 °C while n-hexane is non-polar, and has a relative static permittivity of 1.89 at 20 °C. This information is important when designing sepa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A histone fold is a structurally conserved motif found near the C-terminus in every core histone sequence in a histone octamer responsible for the binding of histones into heterodimers.
The histone fold averages about 70 amino acids and consists of three alpha helices connected by two short, unstructured loops. When no... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phosphatases act in opposition to kinases/phosphorylases, which add phosphate groups to proteins. The addition of a phosphate group may activate or de-activate an enzyme (e.g., kinase signalling pathways) or enable a protein-protein interaction to occur (e.g., SH2 domains ); therefore phosphatases are integral to many ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Shotgun lipidomics was developed by Richard W. Gross and Xianlin Han, by employing ESI intrasource separation techniques. Individual molecular species of most major and many minor lipid classes can be fingerprinted and quantitated directly from biological lipid extracts without the need for chromatographic purification... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With 800,000 years of Azolla bloom episodes and a basin to cover, even by very conservative estimates more than enough carbon could be sequestered by plant burial to account for the observed 80% drop in CO by this one phenomenon alone. Other factors almost certainly played a role. This drop initiated the switch from a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A post-metallocene catalyst is a kind of catalyst for the polymerization of olefins, i.e., the industrial production of some of the most common plastics. "Post-metallocene" refers to a class of homogeneous catalysts that are not metallocenes. This area has attracted much attention because the market for polyethylene, p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1856, Rudolf Clausius, referring to closed systems, in which transfers of matter do not occur, defined the second fundamental theorem (the second law of thermodynamics) in the mechanical theory of heat (thermodynamics): "if two transformations which, without necessitating any other permanent change, can mutually rep... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxycholesterol or 5,6-epoxycholesterol is a form of oxidized cholesterol implicated in atherosclerosis. It is commonly formed from the reaction of fats and oxygen during high temperature cooking such as frying.
In a study about the effects of oxycholesterol in rabbits with induced hypercholesterolemia, it was shown th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The method is based on the generated loops and the equations are simply mathematical representation of Kirchhoff's second law which states that the sum of the pressure-drops around any loop should be zero. Before using loops method the fundamental set of loops need to be found. Basically the fundamental set of loops ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The hydroxyl HO radicals is one of the main chemical species controlling the oxidizing capacity of the global Earth atmosphere. This oxidizing reactive species has a major impact on the concentrations and distribution of greenhouse gases and pollutants in the Earth atmosphere. It is the most widespread oxidizer in the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Faradaic losses are experienced by both electrolytic and galvanic cells when electrons or ions participate in unwanted side reactions. These losses appear as heat and/or chemical byproducts.
An example can be found in the oxidation of water to oxygen at the positive electrode in electrolysis. Some electrons are divert... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A universal indicator is usually composed of water, 1-propanol, phenolphthalein, sodium hydroxide, methyl red, bromothymol blue, sodium bisulfite, and thymol blue. The colours that indicate the pH of a solution, after adding a universal indicator, are:
The colors from yellow to red indicate an acidic solution, colours ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Selegiline belongs to the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical families. It is also known as -deprenyl, as well as (R)-(–)-N,α-dimethyl-N-(2-propynyl)phenethylamine or (R)-(–)-N-methyl-N-2-propynylamphetamine. The compound is a derivative of levomethamphetamine (-methamphetamine) with a propargyl group attached to t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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