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Observations of rocks on the plains show they contain the minerals pyroxene, olivine, plagioclase, and magnetite. These rocks can be classified in different ways. The amounts and types of minerals make the rocks primitive basalts—also called picritic basalts. The rocks are similar to ancient terrestrial rocks called... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Richmond, located in the San Francisco Bay Area, is an evolving, multi-cultural community that has transformed itself from an over-polluted industrial town to a pioneer in an environmental justice movement. The city has been host to numerous oil refineries, including the Chevron Corporation refinery, which opened in 19... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DNA supercoiling is important for DNA packaging within all cells. Because the length of DNA can be thousands of times that of a cell, packaging this genetic material into the cell or nucleus (in eukaryotes) is a difficult feat. Supercoiling of DNA reduces the space and allows for DNA to be packaged. In prokaryotes, p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SNPs can be easily assayed due to only containing two possible alleles and three possible genotypes involving the two alleles: homozygous A, homozygous B and heterozygous AB, leading to many possible techniques for analysis. Some include: DNA sequencing; capillary electrophoresis; mass spectrometry; single-strand confo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Boyle, Charles and Gay-Lussac laws, together with Avogadro's law, were combined by Émile Clapeyron in 1834, giving rise to the ideal gas law. At the end of the 19th century, later developments from scientists like August Krönig, Rudolf Clausius, James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann, gave rise to the kinetic theory ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2004, D.R. Halpin and P.B. Harbury presented a novel intriguing method for the construction of DNA-encoded libraries. For the first time the DNA-conjugated templates served for both encoding and programming the infrastructure of the “split-&-pool” synthesis of the library components. The design of Halpin and Harbury... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Intramolecular cyclopropanation of a diazoketone is applied in a racemic synthesis of sirenin. A single cyclopropane diastereomer was isolated in 55% yield after diazoketone formation and cyclization. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carboxylic acids are commonly identified by their trivial names. They often have the suffix -ic acid. IUPAC-recommended names also exist; in this system, carboxylic acids have an -oic acid suffix. For example, butyric acid () is butanoic acid by IUPAC guidelines. For nomenclature of complex molecules containing a carbo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kai Simons (born 24 May 1938) is a Finnish professor of biochemistry and cell biology and physician living and working in Germany. He introduced the concept of lipid rafts, as well as coined the term trans-Golgi network and proposed its role in protein and lipid sorting. The co-founder and co-organizer of EMBO, ELSO, S... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Other lake constituents can influence lake metabolic rates including CO concentration, pH, salinity, and silica, among others. CO can be a limiting (or co-limiting along with other nutrients) resource for primary productivity and can promote more intense phytoplankton blooms. Some algal species, such as chrysophytes, m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The requirement for a good leaving group is relaxed in conjugate base elimination reactions. These reactions include loss of a leaving group in the β position of an enolate as well as the regeneration of a carbonyl group from the tetrahedral intermediate in nucleophilic acyl substitution. Under forcing conditions, even... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Project GABRIEL opened a wide range of questions about formation, transformation, fallout and biological hazards due to bomb debris. GABRIEL supported work in research projects that might apply to the side effects of nuclear war. It was the sole support of the major research effort of Project SUNSHINE, which tested bi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One rock, "Bounce Rock," found sitting on the sandy plains was found to be ejecta from an impact crater. Its chemistry was different from the bedrocks. Containing mostly pyroxene and plagioclase and no olivine, it closely resembled a part, Lithology B, of the shergottite meteorite EETA 79001, a meteorite known to have ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In animal experiments diphenylamine was rapidly and completely absorbed after ingestion by mouth. It underwent metabolism to sulfonyl and glucuronyl conjugates and was rapidly excreted mainly via urine. Acute oral and dermal toxicity were low. Diphenylamine can cause severe irritation to the eyes. It was not a skin irr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The large number of synthetic organic chemicals currently in production presents a major challenge for timely collection of detailed environmental data on each compound. The concept of structure biodegradability relationships (SBR) has been applied to explain variability in persistence among organic chemicals in the e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The final steps from the common corrinoid intermediate E-37/HE-44 to cobyric acid E-44/HE-51 were carried out by the two groups collaboratively and in parallel, the ETH group working with material produced by the A/D approach, and the Harvard group with that from the A/B approach. What the two groups in fact accomplish... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* "People, unfortunately, tend to equate nuclear with bombs. Im a passionate believer in the peaceful purposes of nuclear energy. What people dont realize is how many people are being helped to surmount medical problems with nuclear medicine."
* "The transmission of knowledge from one generation to the next remains for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tire-derived fuel (TDF) is composed of shredded scrap tires. Tires may be mixed with coal or other fuels, such as wood or chemical wastes, to be burned in concrete kilns, power plants, or paper mills. An EPA test program concluded that, with the exception of zinc emissions, potential emissions from TDF are not expected... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Intestinal organoids have thus far been among the gut organoids generated directly from intestinal tissues or pluripotent stem cells. One way human pluripotent stem cells can be driven to form intestinal organoids is through first the application of activin A to drive the cells into a mesoendodermal identity, followed ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The measurement of turbidity is a key test of both water clarity and water quality. There are two standard units for reporting turbidity: Formazin Nephelometric Units (FNU) from ISO 7027 and Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) from USEPA Method 180.1. ISO 7027 and FNU is mostly widely used in Europe, whereas NTU is mos... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common coordination number for d-block transition metal complexes is 6. The coordination number does not distinguish the geometry of such complexes, i.e. octahedral vs trigonal prismatic.
For transition metal complexes, coordination numbers range from 2 (e.g., Au in PhPAuCl) to 9 (e.g., Re in [ReH]). Metal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Denote the two ground states and the excited state of the electron and , respectively. The atom also has overall momentum, so the overall state of the atom is a product state of its internal state and its momentum, as shown in the figure. In the presence of counter-propagating beams of opposite polarization, the inter... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Norvaline (abbreviated as Nva) is an amino acid with the formula CH(CH)CH(NH)COH. The compound is a structural analog of valeric acid and also an isomer of the more common amino acid valine. Like most other α-amino acids, norvaline is chiral. It is a white, water-soluble solid. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reaction intermediates are chemical species, often unstable and short-lived (however sometimes can be isolated), which are not reactants or products of the overall chemical reaction, but are temporary products and/or reactants in the mechanism's reaction steps. Reaction intermediates are often free radicals or ions.
T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The exceptional yield strength of nanocrystalline metals is due to grain boundary strengthening, as grain boundaries are extremely effective at blocking the motion of dislocations. Yielding occurs when the stress due to dislocation pileup at a grain boundary becomes sufficient to activate slip of dislocations in the ad... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In normal configuration, the light beam samples perpendicularly the electrode surface. Normal configuration provides optical information related to the changes that take place in the solution adjacent to the electrode and on the electrode surface. The optical path length coincides with the diffusion layer thickness, wh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1981, Taube became a founding member of the World Cultural Council. As of 1997, Taube had over 600 publications, and had worked with over 250 students. He published a book, Electron Transfer Reactions of Complex Ions in Solution (Current Chemical Concepts) in 1970. His students have had faculty positions at many ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Formol titration is one of the methods used in winemaking to measure yeast assimilable nitrogen needed by wine yeast in order to successfully complete fermentation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tumor antigens are those antigens that are presented by MHC class I or MHC class II molecules on the surface of tumor cells. Antigens found only on such cells are called tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) and generally result from a tumor-specific mutation. More common are antigens that are presented by tumor cells and nor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reaction of soluble lanthanum nitrate with an excess of oxalic acid:
Also, a reaction of lanthanum chloride with oxalic acid: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Antiandrogens that are currently on the market are particularly useful for the treatment of prostate cancer during the early stages. However, prostate cancer often progresses to a hormone-refractory state in which the cancer progresses in the presence of continued androgen ablation or antiandrogen therapy. This suggest... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In this case, the aglycone contains a cyanohydrin group. Plants that make cyanogenic glycosides store them in the vacuole, but, if the plant is attacked, they are released and become activated by enzymes in the cytoplasm. These remove the sugar part of the molecule, allowing the cyanohydrin structure to collapse and re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Typically, for a large power station to approach the operational efficiency of computer models, steps must be taken to increase the electrical conductivity of the conductive substance. The heating of a gas to its plasma state or the addition of other easily ionizable substances like the salts of alkali metals can accom... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Memory and naïve B cells normally exist in relatively small numbers. As the body needs to be able to respond to a large number of potential pathogens, it maintains a pool of B cells with a wide range of specificities. Consequently, while there is almost always at least one B (naive or memory) cell capable of respondin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, pentagonal pyramidal molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where in six atoms or groups of atoms or ligands are arranged around a central atom, at the vertices of a pentagonal pyramid. It is one of the few molecular geometries with uneven bond angles. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In naphtha cracking process, C4R2 refers to C4 residual obtained after separation of 1,3-butadiene and isobutylene from C4 raffinate stream and which mainly consists of cis- or trans-2-butene 50~60 wt%, 1-butene 10~15 wt%, and n-butane ~20 wt%. Normally C4R2 is a side product in tert-butyl alcohol plant if C4R1 is used... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The overall goal of FSM is the protection of public and environmental health. FSM forms a key component of city-wide inclusive sanitation (CWIS), which considers all types of sanitation technologies in order to provide equitable, safe, and sustainable sanitation for everyone. CWIS employs a service delivery approach al... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
D-Xylose is a five-carbon aldose (pentose, monosaccharide) that can be catabolized or metabolized into useful products by a variety of organisms.
There are at least four different pathways for the catabolism of D-xylose: An oxido-reductase pathway is present in eukaryotic microorganisms. Prokaryotes typically use an is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
First let us show that the relation is not only valid near the weak discontinuity, but throughout the region. If this inequality is not maintained, then there must be a point where between the weak discontinuity and the detonation front. The second governing equation implies that at this point must be infinite or, .... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Boiler feedwater is an essential part of boiler operations. The feed water is put into the steam drum from a feed pump. In the steam drum the feed water is then turned into steam from the heat. After the steam is used, it is then dumped to the main condenser. From the condenser, it is then pumped to the deaerated feed ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Woodward was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on April 10, 1917. He was the son of Margaret Burns (an immigrant from Scotland who claimed to be a descendant of the poet, Robert Burns) and her husband, Arthur Chester Woodward, himself the son of Roxbury apothecary, Harlow Elliot Woodward.
His father was one of the many v... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In pharmacology, relative bioavailability measures the bioavailability (estimated as the AUC) of a formulation (A) of a certain drug when compared with another formulation (B) of the same drug, usually an established standard, or through administration via a different route. When the standard consists of intravenously ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As of 2013, bottromycin has not been approved for any clinical applications, nor has it been tested in humans. The in vivo stability of bottromycin must be improved before it can be considered as a drug candidate. Work by Kobayashi and colleagues has already begun to address this issue, but more work may be in progress... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A transcritical cycle is a closed thermodynamic cycle where the working fluid goes through both subcritical and supercritical states. In particular, for power cycles the working fluid is kept in the liquid region during the compression phase and in vapour and/or supercritical conditions during the expansion phase. The ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term methylation in organic chemistry refers to the alkylation process used to describe the delivery of a group. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phillips has directed his research toward the field of computational biology, primarily exploring protein structure. In the Phillips Lab, his work has involved conducting research on the binding of oxygen and ligands to heme proteins, as well as the development of techniques for analyzing protein and nucleic acid dynam... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A common synthesis for porphyrins is the Rothemund reaction, first reported in 1936, which is also the basis for more recent methods described by Adler and Longo. The general scheme is a condensation and oxidation process starting with pyrrole and an aldehyde. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 5 (CMTM5), previously termed chemokine-like factor superfamily 5 (i.e. CKLFSF5), designates any one of the six protein isoforms (termed CMTM5-v1 to CMTM5-v6) encoded by six different alternative splices of its gene, CMTM5; CMTM5-v1 is the most studied of these isoforms. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A deficiency associated with lysosomal acid lipase deficiency, Wolman disease, and cholesteryl ester storage disease.
Chlorpromazine is an inhibitor of lysosomal lipase.
A genome wide survey suggests that lysosomal lipase A (located at chromosome 10q23.31) is associated with coronary artery disease in humans. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If the acute inflammatory response persists, the body then proceeds to undergo chronic inflammation. During this continual and systemic inflammation phase, one of the primary driving forces is the infiltration of macrophages. The macrophages and lymphocytes induce the formation of new tissues and blood vessels to help ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The dbEST is a division of Genbank established in 1992. As for GenBank, data in dbEST is directly submitted by laboratories worldwide and is not curated. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Current Organic Chemistry is a scientific review journal summarizing progress in the fields of asymmetric synthesis, organo-metallic chemistry, bioorganic chemistry, heterocyclic chemistry, natural product chemistry and analytical methods in organic chemistry. The journal is currently being edited by Dr. György Keglevi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) is a transport protein integrated into the membranes of synaptic vesicles of presynaptic neurons. It transports monoamine neurotransmitters – such as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and histamine – into the vesicles, which release the neurotransmitters into s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Venturi can be used to measure the volumetric flow rate, , using Bernoulli's principle.
Since
then
A Venturi can also be used to mix a liquid with a gas. If a pump forces the liquid through a tube connected to a system consisting of a Venturi to increase the liquid speed (the diameter decreases), a short piece of tub... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In photosynthesis, singlet oxygen can be produced from the light-harvesting chlorophyll molecules. One of the roles of carotenoids in photosynthetic systems is to prevent damage caused by produced singlet oxygen by either removing excess light energy from chlorophyll molecules or quenching the singlet oxygen molecules ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Historically, the chemical engineer has been primarily concerned with process engineering, which can generally be divided into two complementary areas: chemical reaction engineering and separation processes. The modern discipline of chemical engineering, however, encompasses much more than just process engineering. Ch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrolysis of boronic esters back to the boronic acid and the alcohol can be accomplished in certain systems with thionyl chloride and pyridine.
Aryl boronic acids or esters may be hydrolyzed to the corresponding phenols by reaction with hydroxylamine at room temperature. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Condensation with ketones and aldehydes yields the corresponding N-tert-butanesulfinyl aldimines and ketimines. These intermediates are more resistant to hydrolysis than other imines but more reactive towards nucleophiles. A nucleophile adds diastereoselectively over the imine group in an electrophilic addition with th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* [http://www.eawag.ch/en/department/surf/projects/chemeql/ ChemEQL] Free software for calculation of chemical equilibria from Eawag.
* [http://www.factsage.com/ FactSage] Commercial thermodynamic databank software, also available in a free [http://www.crct.polymtl.ca/ephweb.php?lang= web application].
* [http://www.gw... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The momentum equation for open-channel flow may be found by starting from the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations :where is the pressure, is the kinematic viscosity, is the Laplace operator, and is the gravitational potential. By invoking the high Reynolds number and 1D flow assumptions, we have the equations:<m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The CRFs in thin layer chromatography characterize the equal-spreading of the spots. The ideal case, when the RF of the spots are uniformly distributed in <0,1> range (for example 0.25,0.5 and 0.75 for three solutes) should be characterized as the best situation possible.
The simplest criteria are and product (Wang e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
De Silva et al. constructed an OR molecular logic gate using an aza-crown ether receptor and sodium and potassium ions as the inputs. Either of the two ions could bind to the crown ether, causing the PET to be quenched and the fluorescence to be turned on. Since either of the two ions (input “1”) could turn on the fluo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A molybdenum imido complex appears in a common nitrogen fixation cycle:
: Mo•NH (ammine);
with the oxidation state of molybdenum varying to accommodate the number bonds from nitrogen. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A sulfoxide, R−S(O)−R, is the S-oxide of a sulfide ("sulfide oxide"), a sulfone, R−S(O)−R, is the S,S-dioxide of a sulfide, a thiosulfinate, R−S(O)−S−R, is the S-oxide of a disulfide, and a thiosulfonate, R−S(O)−S−R, is the S,S-dioxide of a disulfide. All of these compounds are well known with extensive chemistry, e.g.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In addition to this division, lithotrophs differ in the initial energy source which initiates ATP production:
* Chemolithotrophs use the above-mentioned inorganic compounds for aerobic or anaerobic respiration. The energy produced by the oxidation of these compounds is enough for ATP production. Some of the electrons d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
(+)-Discodermolide is a polyketide natural product found to stabilize microtubules. (+)-discodermolide was isolated by Gunasekera and his co-workers at the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute from the deep-sea sponge Discodermia dissoluta in 1990. (+)-Discodermolide was found to be a potent inhibitor of tumor cell gr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many plant expression vectors are based on the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. In these expression vectors, DNA to be inserted into plant is cloned into the T-DNA, a stretch of DNA flanked by a 25-bp direct repeat sequence at either end, and which can integrate into the plant genome. The T-DNA also contains th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While magnets can be used to localize magnetic nanoparticles to desired cells, this mechanism may be difficult to maintain in practice. The nanoparticles can be concentrated in 2D space such as on a culture plate or at the surface of the body, but it can be more difficult to localize them in the 3D space of the body. M... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Schlögl received numerous scientific awards for his work, including the Erwin Schrödinger Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1985, the prize for natural sciences of the city of Vienna in 1989, and the Wilhelm Exner Medal of the Austrian Economic Association in 1991. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Disulfide bonds are usually formed from the oxidation of sulfhydryl () groups, especially in biological contexts. The transformation is depicted as follows:
A variety of oxidants participate in this reaction including oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Such reactions are thought to proceed via sulfenic acid intermediates. I... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some clays are thixotropic, with their behavior of great importance in structural and geotechnical engineering. Landslides, such as those common in the cliffs around Lyme Regis, Dorset and in the Aberfan spoil tip disaster in Wales are evidence of this phenomenon. Similarly, a lahar is a mass of earth liquefied by a vo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A number of methods exist in the literature for the preparation of diazirines, which begin from a variety of reagents. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Knudsen gas is a gas in a state of such low density that the average distance travelled by the gas molecules between collisions (mean free path) is greater than the diameter of the receptacle that contains it. If the mean free path is much greater than the diameter, the flow regime is dominated by collisions between ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rigid copper is a popular choice for water lines. It is joined using a sweat, compression or crimped/pressed connection. Rigid copper, rigid due to the work hardening of the drawing process, cannot be bent and must use elbow fittings to go around corners or around obstacles. If heated and allowed to slowly cool, called... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, head is a concept that relates the energy in an incompressible fluid to the height of an equivalent static column of that fluid. From Bernoullis principle, the total energy at a given point in a fluid is the kinetic energy associated with the speed of flow of the fluid, plus energy from static pressu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
His first important research work, undertaken as part of his doctoral studies under E. H. Riesenfeld in the early 1920s, concerned ozone, . Schwab was the first to describe the preparation of pure ozone and its solidification, thereby accurately determining many of its physical constants. At the time, it was still not ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An important observation from Stokes' solution for the oscillating Stokes flow is that vorticity oscillations are confined to a thin boundary layer and damp exponentially when moving away from the wall. This observation is also valid for the case of a turbulent boundary layer. Outside the Stokes boundary layer – which ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Samples are registered through Allocating Agents. At present (November 2021) the following IGSN Allocation Agents register IGSN:
* System for Earth Sample Registration (SESAR)
* Geoscience Australia
* Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Mineral Resources
* Australian Research Data Commons (ARDC... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Industrial separation processes are technical procedures which are used in industry to separate a product from impurities or other products. The original mixture may either be a natural resource (like ore, oil or sugar cane) or the product of a chemical reaction (like a drug or an organic solvent). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common type of mass spectrometer (MS) associated with a gas chromatograph (GC) is the quadrupole mass spectrometer, sometimes referred to by the Hewlett-Packard (now Agilent) trade name "Mass Selective Detector" (MSD). Another relatively common detector is the ion trap mass spectrometer. Additionally one may f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nitric acid plays a key role in PUREX and other nuclear fuel reprocessing methods, where it can dissolve many different actinides. The resulting nitrates are converted to various complexes that can be reacted and extracted selectively in order to separate the metals from each other. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The carbon–fluorine bond is a polar covalent bond between carbon and fluorine that is a component of all organofluorine compounds. It is one of the strongest single bonds in chemistry (after the B–F single bond, Si–F single bond, and H–F single bond), and relatively short, due to its partial ionic character. The bond a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The chemical reaction for the dissolution of gold, the "Elsner equation", follows:
: 4Au + 8NaCN + O + 2HO → 4Na[Au(CN)] + 4NaOH
Potassium cyanide and calcium cyanide are sometimes used in place of sodium cyanide.
Gold is one of the few metals that dissolves in the presence of cyanide ions and oxygen. The soluble gold ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Parkes process is a pyrometallurgical industrial process for removing silver from lead during the production of bullion. It is an example of liquid–liquid extraction.
The process takes advantage of two liquid-state properties of zinc. The first is that zinc is immiscible with lead, and the other is that silver is 3... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cisplatin has a number of side effects that can limit its use:
* Nephrotoxicity (kidney damage) is the primary dose-limiting side effect and is of major clinical concern. Cisplatin selectively accumulates into the proximal tubule via basolateral-to-apical transport, where it disrupts mitochondrial energetics and endopl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Coherent microwave scattering from electrons in REMPI-induced plasma filaments adds the capability to measure selectively-ionized species with a high spatial and temporal resolution - allowing for nonintrusive determinations of concentration profiles without the use of physical probes or electrodes. It has been applied... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DAST is prepared by the reaction of diethylaminotrimethylsilane and sulfur tetrafluoride:
:EtNSiMe + SF → EtNSF + MeSiF
The original paper calls for trichlorofluoromethane (Freon-11) as a solvent. Diethyl ether is a green alternative that can be used with no decrease in yield. Because of the dangers involved in the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The WGSR has been extensively studied for over a hundred years. The kinetically relevant mechanism depends on the catalyst composition and the temperature. Two mechanisms have been proposed: an associative Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism and a redox mechanism. The redox mechanism is generally regarded as kinetically rel... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2021, the first brain metabolome atlas of the mouse brain – and of an animal (a mammal) across different life stages – was released online. The data differentiates by brain regions and the metabolic changes could be "mapped to existing gene and protein brain atlases". | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Moiety conservation is the conservation of a subgroup in a chemical species, which is cyclically transferred from one molecule to another. In biochemistry, moiety conservation can have profound effects on the system's dynamics. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is a member of the small pentraxins family (also known as short pentraxins). The polypeptide encoded by this gene has 224 amino acids. The full-length polypeptide is not present in the body in significant quantities due to signal peptide, which is removed by signal peptidase before translation is completed. The comp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrogen cyanide forms in at least limited amounts from many combinations of hydrogen, carbon, and ammonia. Hydrogen cyanide is produced in large quantities by several processes and is a recovered waste product from the manufacture of acrylonitrile. In 2006, between 500 million and 1 billion pounds (between 230,000 and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The glycocalyx is located on the apical surface of vascular endothelial cells which line the lumen. When vessels are stained with cationic dyes such as Alcian blue stain, transmission electron microscopy shows a small, irregularly shaped layer extending approximately 50–100 nm into the lumen of a blood vessel. Another... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Different protecting groups on either the glycosyl donor or the glycosyl acceptor may affect the reactivity and yield of the glycosylation reaction. Typically, electron-withdrawing groups such as acetyl or benzoyl groups are found to decrease the reactivity of the donor/acceptor and are therefore termed "disarming" gr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon-14, C-14, or radiocarbon, is a radioactive isotope of carbon with an atomic nucleus containing 6 protons and 8 neutrons. Its presence in organic materials is the basis of the radiocarbon dating method pioneered by Willard Libby and colleagues (1949) to date archaeological, geological and hydrogeological samples... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reverse osmosis is a more economical way to concentrate liquids (such as fruit juices) than conventional heat-treatment. Concentration of orange and tomato juice has advantages including a lower operating cost and the ability to avoid heat-treatment, which makes it suitable for heat-sensitive substances such as protein... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The classification of soil structural forms is based largely on shape.
# Spheroidal structure: sphere-like or rounded in shape. All the axes are approximately of the same dimensions, with curved and irregular faces. These are found commonly in cultivated fields.
## Crumb structure: small and are like crumbs of bread du... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The smelting process was often carried out away from the rest of the community. Ironworkers engaged in rituals designed to encourage good production and to ward off bad spirits, including song and prayers, plus the giving of medicines and sacrifices. The latter were usually put in the furnace itself or buried under the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In nucleophilic aliphatic substitution, sodium nitrite (NaNO) replaces an alkyl halide. In the so-called Ter Meer reaction (1876) named after Edmund ter Meer, the reactant is a 1,1-halonitroalkane:
The reaction mechanism is proposed in which in the first slow step a proton is abstracted from nitroalkane 1 to a carbanio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Levosalbutamol is the INN while levalbuterol is the USAN.
Levalbuterol was approved in the United States as a solution to be used with a nebulizer device in March 1999 and in March 2015 became available in a formulation with a metered-dose inhaler under the trade name Xopenex HFA (levalbuterol tartrate inhalation aeros... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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