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Cadmium telluride is the only thin film material so far to rival crystalline silicon in cost/watt. However cadmium is highly toxic and tellurium (anion: "telluride") supplies are limited. The cadmium present in the cells would be toxic if released. However, release is impossible during normal operation of the cells and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In prokaryotes, structural genes of related function are typically adjacent to one another on a single strand of DNA, forming an operon. This permits simpler regulation of gene expression, as a single regulatory factor can affect transcription of all associated genes. This is best illustrated by the well-studied lac op... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Joule effect and Joule's law are any of several different physical effects discovered or characterized by English physicist James Prescott Joule. These physical effects are not the same, but all are frequently or occasionally referred to in the literature as the "Joule effect" or "Joule law" These physical effects incl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To make equations of the previous section applicable to the states belonging to the continuum spectrum, they should be rewritten in terms of matrix elements of the momentum . In absence of magnetic field, the Hamiltonian can be written as , and calculating a commutator in the basis of eigenfunctions of results in the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The radial spoke is known to play a role in the mechanical movement of the flagellum/cilium. For example, mutant organisms lacking properly functioning radial spokes have flagella and cilia that are immotile. Radial spokes also influence the cilium "waveform"; that is, the exact bending pattern the cilium repeats.
How ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ziryabs career flourished in Al-Andalus. According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, he was born around 175 AH/790 into a family of mawali' of the caliph al-Mahdi. His ethnic origin is unclear. Based on his appearance and background, different sources suggest him to be a Persian, Kurdish, Arab, Sindi or African. According... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Materials supporting quantum spin liquid states may have applications in data storage and memory. In particular, it is possible to realize topological quantum computation by means of spin-liquid states. Developments in quantum spin liquids may also help in the understanding of high temperature superconductivity. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fritz Strassmann had come to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry to study under Hahn in order to improve his employment prospects. After the Nazi Party came to power in Germany in 1933, Strassmann declined a lucrative offer of employment because it required political training and Nazi Party membership. Later, ra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ROP proteins are a type of monomeric G proteins found in plants belonging to the Rho family. ROP binding to GTP or GDP determines its activity due to conformational changes within its structure. Within the G-domain of the structure are the G-box motifs G1-5. These motifs are formed during protein folding and are compos... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All matter can be thought of as matter waves, from small particles such as electrons up to macroscopic objects – although it is impossible to measure any of the "wave-like" behavior of macroscopic objects. Waves can move around objects and create interference patterns, and a classic example is the Young's two-slit expe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flame photometry is a type of atomic absorption spectroscopy. It is also known as flame emission spectroscopy. A photoelectric flame photometer is an instrument used in inorganic chemical analysis to determine the concentration of certain metal ions, among them sodium, potassium, lithium, and calcium. Group 1 (alkali m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to chemical engineering:
Chemical engineering – deals with the application of physical science (e.g., chemistry and physics), and life sciences (e.g., biology, microbiology and biochemistry) with mathematics and economics, to the process of con... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many free mesoionic carbenes are synthesized from their protonated salt form by deprotonation using strong potassium bases, such as potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (KHMDS) or potassium tert-butoxide (KOt-Bu). Potassium bases are used because they do not form stable carbene-alkali metal adducts.
Imidazolin-4-ylidene... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transforming growth factor beta-1-induced transcript 1 plays a role in a number of cell functions. Originally, TGFB1I1 was isolated as a senescence-inducing gene from mouse osteoblastic cells through treatment with transforming growth factor beta-1 and hydrogen peroxide. During this, TGFB1I1 was also being independentl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Saponifiable lipids have relevant applications as a source of biofuel and can be extracted from various forms of biomass to produce biodiesel. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Brønsted-Lowry acids strength corresponds with its ability to release a hydrogen ion. One common measure of acid strength for concentrated, superacidic liquid media is the Hammett acidity function, H. Based on its ability to quantitatively protonate benzene, the chlorinated carborane acid was conservatively estima... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metal alkene complexes are intermediates in many or most transition metal catalyzed reactions of alkenes: polymerization., hydrogenation, hydroformylation, and many other reactions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amides undergo many chemical reactions, although they are less reactive than esters. Amides hydrolyse in hot alkali as well as in strong acidic conditions. Acidic conditions yield the carboxylic acid and the ammonium ion while basic hydrolysis yield the carboxylate ion and ammonia. The protonation of the initially gene... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heating of the surfaces via passing current through a conductive transparent film has been shown to repel and remove contamination. It has been used in inkjet printers to reduced ink contamination on sensor windows. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Sigurd Hofmann: On Beyond Uranium – Journey to the end of the Periodic Table. In: Science Spectra Book Series, Volume 2, V. Moses, Series Editor, (hardback), (paperback), Taylor and Francis, London and New York, 2002, 216 Seiten, [https://books.google.com/books?id=s-6r1ojU_vgC online]
* Sigurd Hofmann: Synthesis o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since the beginning of scientific glass research in the 19th century thousands of glass property-composition datasets were published. The first attempt to summarize all those data systematically was the monograph "Glastechnische Tabellen". World War II and the Cold War prevented similar efforts for many years afterward... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DESs are fluids generally composed of two or three cheap and safe components that are capable of self-association, often through hydrogen bond interactions, to form eutectic mixtures with a melting point lower than that of each individual component. DESs are generally liquid at temperatures lower than 100 °C, and they ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A biomolecule or biological molecule is loosely defined as a molecule produced by a living organism and essential to one or more typically biological processes. Biomolecules include large macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as small molecules such as vitamins and hormones.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Immediately after the war, the Soviet Union invaded and occupied northern Korea and took possession of Hansgirgs magnesium and heavy water plants in Hungnam. They transferred the technology back to Russia for integration into their own atomic bomb program. The U.S. Manhattan Project also utilized Hansgirgs electrolytic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A number of algorithms for estimating isoelectric points of peptides and proteins have been developed. Most of them use Henderson–Hasselbalch equation with different pK values. For instance, within the model proposed by Bjellqvist and co-workers, the pKs were determined between closely related immobilines by focusing t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermal physics, generally speaking, is the study of the statistical nature of physical systems from an energetic perspective. Starting with the basics of heat and temperature, thermal physics analyzes the first law of thermodynamics and second law of thermodynamics from the statistical perspective, in terms of the nu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As in Lewis structures, covalent bonds are indicated by line segments, with a doubled or tripled line segment indicating double or triple bonding, respectively. Likewise, skeletal formulae indicate formal charges associated with each atom (although lone pairs are usually optional, see below). In fact, skeletal formul... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry the polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory (PSEPT) provides electron counting rules useful for predicting the structures of clusters such as borane and carborane clusters. The electron counting rules were originally formulated by Kenneth Wade, and were further developed by others including Michael Mingo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tyrosine residues are relatively unreactive; therefore they have not been a popular targets for bioconjugation. Recent development has shown that the tyrosine can be modified through electrophilic aromatic substitutions (EAS) reactions, and it is selective for the aromatic carbon adjacent to the phenolic hydroxyl group... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In one study a coupling reaction between an indole and a quinone takes place at room temperature without catalyst in water in 82% chemical yield even though reactants and products are insoluble in this medium. The reaction is much less efficient in homogeneous systems such as dichloromethane, toluene and acetonitrile ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heme, an important prosthetic group present in Complexes I, II, and IV can also be targeted, since heme biosynthesis and uptake have been correlated with increased cancer progression. Various molecules can inhibit heme via different mechanisms. For instance, succinylacetone has been shown to decrease heme concentration... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1991, Korean Chemical Society held the first KChO. Four high school students representing South Korea joined the 24th IChO the next year, which was held in United States. KChO was held 27 times. In 2018, 50th IChO was held at Slovakia, Czech Republic. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hari Reddi received his PhD from the University of Delhi in reproductive endocrinology under the mentorship of M.R.N. Prasad. Reddi did postdoctoral work with [http://www.uchospitals.edu/news/2004/20040602-williams-ashman.html Howard Guy Williams-Ashman] at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Reddi was al... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After a year in Birmingham doing chemical research, he was appointed head of the chemistry at Blackburn Technical School in Blackburn, Lancashire and was principal from 1908-1920. While at Blackburn was involved in publication of 35 papers in the Journal of the Chemical Society. He did original work on chemical structu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*First use of radiation chemistry for commercial products by Raychem Corporation in 1957
*Electrolytic production of bromine (also known as the Dow process) by Herbert Henry Dow in 1891 at the Evens Mill in Midland, Michigan
*The Hall-Héroult process for production of aluminum by electrochemistry, discovered by America... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*[http://civilwarfortifications.com/dictionary/xgr-016.html Pisa Revetment]
*[http://civilwarfortifications.com/dictionary/xgr-022.html Gabion Revetment] | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The sperm and the egg are incubated together at a ratio of about 75,000:1 in a culture media in order for the actual fertilisation to take place. A review in 2013 came to the result that a duration of this co-incubation of about 1 to 4 hours results in significantly higher pregnancy rates than 16 to 24 hours. In most c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In order to measure Cu isotope ratios of various materials, several steps must be taken prior to the isotopic measurement in order to extract and purify copper. The first step in the analytical pipeline to measure Cu isotopes is to liberate Cu from its host material. Liberation should be quantitative, otherwise fractio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Separating molecules in a solution by dialysis is a relatively straightforward process. Other than the sample and dialysate buffer, all that is typically needed is:
* Dialysis membrane in an appropriate format (e.g., tubing, cassette, etc.) and molecular weight cut-off (MWCO)
* A container to hold the dialysate buffer... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TI-1 antigens have an intrinsic B cell activating activity, that can directly cause proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocytes without T cell stimulation and independently of their BCR specificity. TI-1 antigens activate B-cells via Toll like receptors, which are expressed in humans on the surface of B lymphocy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a combustion analyser, half of the sample is injected into a chamber where it is acidified, usually with phosphoric acid, to turn all of the inorganic carbon into carbon dioxide as per the following reaction:
: CO + HO ⇌ HCO ⇌H + HCO ⇌ 2H + CO
This is then sent to a detector for measurement. The other half of the sa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fineness of silver in Britain was traditionally expressed as the mass of silver expressed in troy ounces and pennyweights ( troy ounce) in one troy pound (12 troy ounces) of the resulting alloy. Britannia silver has a fineness of 11 ounces, 10 pennyweights, or about silver, whereas sterling silver has a fineness of 11... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Next, as a cleansing against different sequencing depths from different runs and other factors that can hinder the fragment length distribution sanity, Bayesian normalization via the Dirichlet-multinomial model should be done. Per every sample, based on the fragment lengths observed in that sample, a multinomial maximu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A 2012 report from the U.S. National Research Council calls for a new focus on glycoscience, a field that explores the structures and functions of glycans and promises great advances in areas as diverse as medicine, energy generation, and materials science. Until now, glycans have received little attention from the res... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Okamoto began studying dentistry in 1936. She very soon switched to medicine enrolling at the Tokyo Women's Medical University and graduated in December 1941. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most common way of classifying ordered columnar structures uses the phyllotactic notation, adopted from botany. It is used to describe arrangements of leaves of a plant, pine cones, or pineapples, but also planar patterns of florets in a sunflower head. While the arrangement in the former are cylindrical, the spira... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Freweini Mebrahtu () is an Ethiopian chemical engineer and inventor who won the 2019 CNN Hero of the year award for her activism in improving girls' access to education. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stable carbon isotope composition is another widely used proxy for interpreting paleoenvironment conditions. The Surface temperature fluctuation from the Paleocene to Miocene has been established based on carbon isotope data from foraminifera in Antarctic region. The organic matter preserved in sediments records paleoe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To determine the change in enthalpy in a neutralization reaction (ΔH), a known amount of basic solution may be placed in a calorimeter, and the temperature of this solution alone recorded. Then, a known amount of acidic solution may be added and the change in temperature measured using a thermometer. The difference i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Stark effect is at the basis of the spectral shift measured for voltage-sensitive dyes used for imaging of the firing activity of neurons. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Traces are better known in their fossilized form than in modern sediments. This makes it difficult to interpret some fossils by comparing them with modern traces, even though they may be extant or even common. The main difficulties in accessing extant burrows stem from finding them in consolidated sediment, and being a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
EMBO Reports is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research related to biology at a molecular level. It publishes primary research papers, reviews, and essays and opinion. It also features commentaries on the social impact of advances in the life sciences and the converse influence of society on science. A sis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Wittig reagents are used in organic synthesis. They are derived from phosphonium salts. A strong base such as butyllithium or sodium amide is required for the deprotonation:
:[PhPCHR]X + CHLi → PhP=CHR + LiX + CH
One of the simplest ylides is methylenetriphenylphosphorane (PhP=CH).
The compounds PhPX (X = Cl, Br) are u... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Vg1 Family
* Activin Family
** Involved in embryogenesis and osteogenesis
** Regulate insulin and pituitary, gonadal, and hypothalamic hormones
** Nerve cell survival factors
**3 Activins: Activin A, Activin B and Activin AB.
* Glial-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF)
** Needed for kidney and enteric neuron differen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consumption in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries has been abundantly pushed by automobile sector growth. The 1985–2003 oil glut even fueled the sales of low fuel economy vehicles in OECD countries. The 2008 economic crisis seems to have had some impact on the sales of such vehicles; still, in 2008 oil consumptio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Body farms subject donated cadavers to various environmental conditions to study the process of human decomposition. These include The University of Tennessees Forensic Anthropologic Facility, Western Carolina Universities Osteology Research Station (FOREST), Texas State Universitys Forensic Anthropology Research Facil... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, the chemical potential of a species is the energy that can be absorbed or released due to a change of the particle number of the given species, e.g. in a chemical reaction or phase transition. The chemical potential of a species in a mixture is defined as the rate of change of free energy of a thermo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The grain size, shape and distribution of the foundry sand, the type and quantity of bonding materials, the density to which the sand is rammed, and the percentage of moisture used for tempering the sand are important factors in regulating the degree of permeability. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Persephin has the potential to be used as a therapeutic treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and other diseases that affect motor neurons. Because persephin acts more selectively compared to other GFLs, such as GDNF, it may produce fewer mechanism-based complications, making it a strong... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As mentioned, Gram-negative bacteria primarily use acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) as autoinducer molecules. The minimum quorum sensing circuit in Gram-negative bacteria consists of a protein that synthesizes an AHL and a second, different protein that detects it and causes a change in gene expression. First iden... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bioelectrochemistry is a branch of electrochemistry and biophysical chemistry concerned with electrophysiological topics like cell electron-proton transport, cell membrane potentials and electrode reactions of redox enzymes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2020, the first cloned Przewalski's horse was born, the result of a collaboration between San Diego Zoo Global, ViaGen Equine and Revive & Restore. The cloning was carried out by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), whereby a viable embryo is created by transplanting the DNA-containing nucleus of a somatic cell int... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In vertebrates, the majority of gene promoters contain a CpG island with numerous CpG sites. When many of a gene's promoter CpG sites are methylated the gene becomes silenced. Colorectal cancers typically have 3 to 6 driver mutations and 33 to 66 hitchhiker or passenger mutations. However, transcriptional silencing... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydroamination could find applications due to the valuable nature of the resulting amine, as well as the greenness of the process. Functionalized allylamines, which can be produced through hydroamination, have extensive pharmaceutical application, although presently such species are not prepared by hydroamination. Hyd... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vital effects are biological impacts on geochemical records. Many marine organisms, ranging from zooplankton (e.g. foraminifera) to phytoplankton (e.g diatoms) to reef builders (e.g. coral), create shells or skeletons from chemical compounds dissolved in seawater. This process, which is also called biomineralization, t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first attempt of LBMS tried to use a Boltzmann-like equation for force (vectorial) distributions. The approach requires more computational memory but results are obtained in fracture and solid cracking. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A study demonstrates how the autocrine production of the IL-7 cytokine mediated by T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) can be involved in the oncogenic development of T-ALL and offer novel insights into T-ALL spreading. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ArcB is a membrane-bound sensor histidine kinase. It is unusual in that it contains three distinct signaling domains. It senses oxygen levels in the cell by interacting with reduced quinone. When reduced quinone levels are high, it signals that the cell is engaged in aerobic respiration. When reduced quinone levels are... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biogenic calcium carbonate is formed when marine organisms, such as coccolithophores, corals, pteropods, and other mollusks transform calcium ions and bicarbonate into shells and exoskeletons of calcite or aragonite, both forms of calcium carbonate. This is the dominant sink for dissolved calcium in the ocean. Dead org... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sewage treatment often involves two main stages, called primary and secondary treatment, while advanced treatment also incorporates a tertiary treatment stage with polishing processes. Different types of sewage treatment may utilize some or all of the process steps listed below. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The electronic transitions of molecules in solution can depend strongly on the type of solvent with additional bathochromic shifts or hypsochromic shifts. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NF-kB is a transcription factor that can be activated by p75NTR. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophin that promotes neuronal growth, and, in the absence of NGF, neurons die. Neuronal death in the absence of NGF can be prevented by NF-kB activation. Phosphorylated IκB kinase binds to and activates NF-kB before se... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1961, Nesmeyanov formulated the idea of obtaining food by synthetic methods, bypassing agriculture. The idea was based on the works of D. I. Mendeleev and M. Berthelot , as well as an awareness of the modern possibilities of organic synthesis, the problems of preserving the environment and the efficiency of food pro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fission track dating is a radiometric dating technique based on analyses of the damage trails, or tracks, left by fission fragments in certain uranium-bearing minerals and glasses. Fission-track dating is a relatively simple method of radiometric dating that has made a significant impact on understanding the thermal h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Organic Synthesis Directed Toward Life Science, (Japanese), Kodansha, 1985.
* Organic Chemistry for Graduate Students, (Japanese), Tokyo Kagaku Dojin, 1998.
* Asymmetric Reaction for the Basis of Medicinal Chemistry, （Japanese, Hirokawa Shoten
* Stimulating Concepts in Chemistry, (English), VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mb... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Under normal conditions, small disk-shape platelets circulate in the blood freely and without interaction with one another. ADP is stored in dense bodies inside blood platelets and is released upon platelet activation. ADP interacts with a family of ADP receptors found on platelets (P2Y1, P2Y12, and P2X1), which leads ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As of 2017, the strongest limits on neutrinoless double beta decay have come from GERDA in Ge, CUORE in Te, and EXO-200 and KamLAND-Zen in Xe. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Born on 13 June 1923, Corbett was the son of Walter Corbett and Margaret Whitehead Corbett (née Robertson). He studied at the University of Otago, graduating Master of Science with first-class honours in chemistry in 1945. Corbett later undertook doctoral studies at the University of Cambridge under Alexander Todd on t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are linear polyesters produced in nature by bacterial fermentation of sugar or lipids. They are produced by the bacteria to store carbon and energy. In industrial production, the polyester is extracted and purified from the bacteria by optimizing the conditions for the fermentation of sugar.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Radiopharmaceuticals, or medicinal radiocompounds, are a group of pharmaceutical drugs containing radioactive isotopes. Radiopharmaceuticals can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Radiopharmaceuticals emit radiation themselves, which is different from contrast media which absorb or alter external electromagn... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bis(allyl)nickel is an organonickel compound with the formula Ni(η-CH). The molecule consists of two allyl ligands bound to nickel(II). It has inversion symmetry. It is a volatile yellow liquid at room temperature. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mutations that affect the functioning of the integrated stress response may have debilitating effects on cells. For example, cells lacking the ATF4 gene are unable to elicit proper gene expression in response to stressors. This results in cells exhibiting issues with amino acid transport, glutathione biosynthesis and o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP, also glycerone phosphate in older texts) is the anion with the formula HOCHC(O)CHOPO. This anion is involved in many metabolic pathways, including the Calvin cycle in plants and glycolysis. It is the phosphate ester of dihydroxyacetone. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Synthesis of bioconjugates involves a variety of challenges, ranging from the simple and nonspecific use of a fluorescent dye marker to the complex design of antibody drug conjugates. Various bioconjugation reactions have been developed to chemically modify proteins. Common types of bioconjugation reactions on proteins... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Senftleben was born in Bremen. After graduating from the König-Wilhelm-Gymnasium in Breslau, Senftleben studied physics at the University of Breslau and received his doctorate with Rudolf Ladenburg. The dissertation was about the glow of flames, which he attributed in part to light scattering from small particles in th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy is a technique for characterizing atomic level structure in solid materials e.g. powders, single crystals and amorphous samples and tissues using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The anisotropic part of many spin interactions are present in solid-state NMR, unlike in s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
From 1996 to 2004, researchers in the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) project were able to drill and analyze gases trapped in the ice cores in Antarctica to reconstruct GHG concentrations in the atmosphere over the past 800,000 years". They found that prior to approximately 900,000 years ago, the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The exhaust gas contains water vapor and carbon dioxide which both have lower heat capacity ratio than air. Adding exhaust gas therefore reduces pressure and temperature during the isentropic compression in the cylinder, thereby lowering the adiabatic flame temperature.
In a typical automotive spark-ignited (SI) engine... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are several methods for cell lysis, including alkaline lysis, mechanical lysis, and enzymatic lysis. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The original bisphosphonates (first generation) were simple molecules with small groups of single atoms or alkyl chains in position R and R. They only had a rather weak inhibiting effect on bone resorption. The inclusion of an amino group marked the beginning of the second generation of bisphosphonates with higher pote... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Charles' law states that:
Therefore,
* , or
* , or
where "V" is the volume of a gas, "T" is the absolute temperature and k is a proportionality constant (which is not the same as the proportionality constants in the other equations in this article). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diazo compounds can be obtained in an elimination reaction of N-alkyl-N-nitroso compounds, such as in the synthesis of diazomethane from Diazald or MNNG:
(The mechanism shown here is one possibility. For an alternative mechanism for the analogous formation of diazomethane from an N-nitrososulfonamide, see the page on ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Interpolymer complexes (IPC) are the products of non-covalent interactions between complementary unlike macromolecules in solutions. There are foiur types of these complexes:
* Interpolyelectrolyte complexes (IPEC) or polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC)
* Hydrogen-bonded interpolymer complexes
* Stereocomplexes
* Charge-tr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Ripper Method is commonly used in wine making applications as SO is often added to wine to maintain its freshness and the concentration needs to be determined. The technique is not precise and is prone to systematic error as well. This limits its use, despite being a fast and inexpensive test. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
π-donor or σ-donor ligands with small interactions with the metal orbitals lead to a weak ligand field which increases the energies of t orbitals. These molecular orbitals become non-bonding or weakly anti-bonding orbitals (small Δ). Therefore, addition or removal of electron has little effect on complex stability. In ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The nitrogen cycle is as important in the ocean as it is on land. While the overall cycle is similar in both cases, there are different players and modes of transfer for nitrogen in the ocean. Nitrogen enters the ocean through precipitation, runoff, or as N from the atmosphere. Nitrogen cannot be utilized by phytoplank... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Preparations of levocetirizine are sold under the following brand names:
* Xyzal in Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Ireland (also Rinozal), Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, The Philippin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Davis, Mackenzie Leo, and David A. Cornwell. Introduction to Environmental Engineering. Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008. Print.
*Gray, N. F. Biology of Wastewater Treatment. London: Imperial College, 2004. Print.
*Davis, Mackenzie Leo, and David A. Cornwell. Introduction to Environmental Engineering. Boston, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
LongSAGE was a more robust version of the original SAGE developed in 2002 which had a higher throughput, using 20 μg of mRNA to generate a cDNA library of thousands of tags. Robust LongSage (RL-SAGE) Further improved on the LongSAGE protocol with the ability to generate a library with an insert size of 50 ng mRNA, much... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Paramyxoviruses are a diverse family of non-segmented negative strand RNA viruses that include many highly pathogenic viruses affecting humans, animals, and birds. These include canine distemper virus (dogs), phocine distemper virus (seals), cetacean morbillivirus (dolphins and porpoises) Newcastle disease virus (birds... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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