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CSPD ([3-(1-chloro-3-methoxyspiro[adamantane-4,4-dioxetane]-3'-yl)phenyl] dihydrogen phosphate) is a chemical substance with formula CHClOP. It is a component of enhanced chemiluminescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, used for the detection of minute amounts of various substances such as proteins. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several species of fungi can be used for bioleaching. Fungi can be grown on many different substrates, such as electronic scrap, catalytic converters, and fly ash from municipal waste incineration. Experiments have shown that two fungal strains (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium simplicissimum) were able to mobilize Cu an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There is a hypoxic zone covers the coasts of Oregon and Washington that reached peak size in 2006 at an area of over 1,158 square miles. Strong surface winds between April and September cause frequent upwelling that results in an increase of algae blooms, rendering the hypoxia a seasonal occurrence. The upwelling has c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Graft copolymers are generated by attaching chains of one monomer to the main chain of another polymer; a branched block copolymer is formed. Furthermore, end groups play an important role in the process of initiation, propagation and termination of graft polymers. Graft polymers can be achieved by either "grafting fro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The primary molecular mechanism behind an oscillating gene is best described as a transcription/translation feedback loop. This loop contains both positive regulators, which increase gene expression, and negative regulators, which decrease gene expression. The fundamental elements of these loops are found across differ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These structural mimetics include molecules that are highly modified when compared to their parent peptide sequence. Usually, a small-molecular scaffold is appyled to project groups in analogy to the bioactive conformation of a peptide. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pewter () is a malleable metal alloy consisting of tin (85–99%), antimony (approximately 5–10%), copper (2%), bismuth, and sometimes silver. In the past it was an alloy of tin and lead, but most modern pewter, in order to prevent lead poisoning, is not made with lead. Pewter has a low melting point, around , depending ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The types of toxicities where substances may cause lethality to the entire body, lethality to specific organs, major/minor damage, or cause cancer. These are globally accepted definitions of what toxicity is. Anything falling outside of the definition cannot be classified as that type of toxicant. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are fourteen naturally occurring enediynes. The other existing classes of enediynes have been synthesized in the lab.
Enediynes have been split into two sub-families: those with nine members in the core enediyne ring and those with ten-membered rings. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The number density (symbol: n or ρ) is an intensive quantity used to describe the degree of concentration of countable objects (particles, molecules, phonons, cells, galaxies, etc.) in physical space: three-dimensional volumetric number density, two-dimensional areal number density, or one-dimensional linear number den... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An important group of SNPs are those that corresponds to missense mutations causing amino acid change on protein level. Point mutation of particular residue can have different effect on protein function (from no effect to complete disruption its function). Usually, change in amino acids with similar size and physico-ch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1968, he received an honorary degree from the Technical University of Berlin. In 1970 he received the Marie Curie Medal from the Curie Institute, and officially retired from his chair at Newcastle. In 1972 the Association for Radiation Research established the Weiss Medal, named after him. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A colloidal crystal is a highly ordered array of particles which can be formed over a long range (to about a centimeter). Arrays such as this appear to be analogous to their atomic or molecular counterparts with proper scaling considerations. A good natural example of this phenomenon can be found in precious opal, wher... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Work from the Widom laboratory has shown that nucleosomal DNA is in equilibrium between a wrapped and unwrapped state. Measurements of these rates using time-resolved FRET revealed that DNA within the nucleosome remains fully wrapped for only 250 ms before it is unwrapped for 10-50 ms and then rapidly rewrapped. This i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The presence of surface active elements such as oxygen and sulfur will have a large impact on the measurements obtained with this technique. Surface active elements will exist in larger concentrations at the surface than in the bulk of the liquid, meaning that the total levels of these elements must be carefully contro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Biomolecular Analysis Mass Spectrometry (BAMS) facility was officially opened in 2003, headed by Professor Newton and Dr Dudley. It was a collaborative entity between the Department of Biological Sciences and the Medical School. It focused on the study of nucleosides, nucleotides and cyclic nucleotides. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A biosignature must be detectable with the current technology to be relevant in scientific investigation. This seems to be an obvious statement, however, there are many scenarios in which life may be present on a planet yet remain undetectable because of human-caused limitations. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Quasi-solid, Falsely-solid, or semisolid is the physical term for something whose state lies between a solid and a liquid. While similar to solids in some respects, such as having the ability to support their own weight and hold their shapes, a quasi-solid also shares some properties of liquids, such as conforming in s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PECO has also shown promise as a means of air purification. For people with severe allergies, air purifiers are important to protect them from allergens within their own homes. However, some allergens are too small to be removed by normal purification methods. Air purifiers using PECO filters are able to remove particl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In cancers, loss of expression of genes occurs about 10 times more frequently by transcription silencing (caused by promoter hypermethylation of CpG islands) than by mutations. As Vogelstein et al. point out, in a colorectal cancer there are usually about 3 to 6 driver mutations and 33 to 66 hitchhiker or passenger mu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Otto Perutz (27 July 1847, Teplice, Bohemia – 18 January 1922, Munich Germany) was an Austrian-German chemist.
From 1872 to 1876, Perutz was director of Bayerische Aktiengesellschaft für chemische und landwirtschaftlich-chemische Fabrikate (Bavarian Corporation for Chemical and Agrochemical Products Inc., later Süd-Che... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Technically, Hammonds postulate only describes the geometric structure of a chemical reaction. However, Hammonds postulate indirectly gives information about the rate, kinetics, and activation energy of reactions. Hence, it gives a theoretical basis for the understanding the Bell–Evans–Polanyi principle, which descri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Danheiser benzannulation is a regiocontrolled phenol annulation. This annulation provides an efficient route to form an aromatic ring in one step. It is a thermal combination of a substituted cyclobutenones with heterosubstituted acetylenes to produce highly substituted aromatic compounds, specifically phenols or r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The case to be heard at the High Court in 2009 represented 18 young people who alleged that toxic waste dumped by Corby Borough Council between 1984 and 1999 was the cause of their deformities. All had serious disabilities, including missing or underdeveloped fingers and deformities of their feet. They alleged that the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two parts of a molecule that are connected by just one single bond can rotate about that bond. While the bond itself is indifferent to that rotation, attractions and repulsions between the atoms in the two parts normally cause the energy of the whole molecule to vary (and possibly also the two parts to deform) dependin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some catastrophins affect catastrophe by binding to the ends of microtubules and promoting the dissociation of tubulin dimers.
Different mathematical models of microtubule development are being developed to take into account in vitro and in vivo observations. Meanwhile, there are new in vitro models of microtubule poly... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Source: [http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/langmuir.cfm American Physical Society] and [https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/funding-and-awards/awards/national/bytopic/irving-langmuir-award-in-chemical-physics.html American Chemical Society] | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bioconjugation of TGF-β to iron oxide nanoparticles and its activation through magnetic hyperthermia in-vitro has been reported. This was done by using 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)ethylcarbodiimide combined with N-Hydroxysuccinimide to form primary amide bonds with the free primary amines on the growth factor. Carbon nano... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SELDI is often criticized for its reproducibility due to differences in the mass spectra obtained when using different batches of chip surfaces. While the method has been successful with analyzing low molecular weight proteins, consistent results have not been obtained when analyzing high molecular weight proteins. The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are many variations to the general phycobilisome structure. Their shape can be hemidiscoidal (in cyanobacteria) or hemiellipsoidal (in red algae). Species lacking phycoerythrin have at least two disks of phycocyanin per rod, which is sufficient for maximum photosynthesis.
The phycobiliproteins themselves show lit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Spin chemistry is a sub-field of chemistry positioned at the intersection of chemical kinetics, photochemistry, magnetic resonance and free radical chemistry, that deals with magnetic and spin effects in chemical reactions. Spin chemistry concerns phenomena such as chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In order to determine significance of the Strouhal number at varying scales, one may perform scale analysis–a simplification method to analyze the impact of factors as they change with respect to some scale. When considered in the context of microrobotics and nanorobotics, size is the factor of interest when performing... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Wide range of genomic applications and scientific questions, including de novo genome assembly, haplotype phasing, structural variant analysis, and transcriptome and epigenetic analysis.
* Accuracy and scalability.
* Method requires small quantities of input DNA, which can be beneficial for small samples or single ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NSAIDs, anticholinergics, haemostatic drugs, antifibrinolytics, Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), bone regulators, beta-receptor agonists, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, LHRH, gamolenic acid, gonadotropin release inhibitor, progestogen, dopamine agonists, oestrogen, prostaglandins, gonadorelin, clo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Differently than low-temperature electrochemical technologies, rSOCs can process also carbon containing species with reduced risk of catalyst poisoning. Methane can be internally reformed on the Ni particles to produce hydrogen, similarly to what happens in steam reforming reactors. Subsequently, the produced hydrogen ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dimensionless magnetic Reynolds number, , is also used in cases where there is no physical fluid involved.
: × (characteristic length) × (characteristic velocity)
::where
:: is the magnetic permeability
:: is the electrical conductivity.
For the skin effect is negligible and the eddy current braking to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Conformational study on neuromuscular blocking drugs is relatively new and developing. Traditional SAR studies do not specify environmental factors on molecules. Computer-based conformational searches assume that the molecules are in vacuo, which is not the case in vivo. Solvation models take into account the effect of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) derived the first isotherm for multilayer adsorption. It assumes a random distribution of sites that are empty or that are covered with by one monolayer, two layers and so on, as illustrated alongside. The main equation of this model is
where
and [A] is the total concentration of molec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The compounds are pale-yellow viscous liquids. They are hydrophobic, with low water solubilities: 0.0027–0.42 ng/L for Aroclors brand, but they have high solubilities in most organic solvents, oils, and fats. They have low vapor pressures at room temperature. They have dielectric constants of 2.5–2.7, very high thermal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iron–sulfur clusters are molecular ensembles of iron and sulfide. They are most often discussed in the context of the biological role for iron–sulfur proteins, which are pervasive. Many Fe–S clusters are known in the area of organometallic chemistry and as precursors to synthetic analogues of the biological clusters ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the field of quantum sciences, microcoils play an increasing role for fast spin control in nanoscale devices as multi-qubit spin registers and quantum memories or for the actuation of single nuclear spins e.g. around a Nitrogen-vacancy center. In contrast to traditional NMR, microcoils are used here as an actuator o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The [FeS] ferredoxins may be further subdivided into low-potential (bacterial-type) and high-potential (HiPIP) ferredoxins.
Low- and high-potential ferredoxins are related by the following redox scheme:
The formal oxidation numbers of the iron ions can be [2Fe, 2Fe] or [1Fe, 3Fe] in low-potential ferredoxins. The oxida... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pneumatic systems are often found in settings where even rare and brief system failure is unacceptable. In such situations, locks can sometimes serve as a safety mechanism in case of loss of air supply (or its pressure falling) and, thus remedy or abate any damage arising in such a situation.
Leakage of air from the in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ring-opening polymerization is defined as a polymerization in which a cyclic monomer yields a monomeric unit which is acyclic or contains fewer cycles than the monomer. Generally, the ring-opening polymerization is carried out under mild conditions, and the by-product is less than in the polycondensation reaction. A hi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ensemble is initialized to be the thermal equilibrium state (see quantum statistical mechanics). In mathematical parlance, this state is given by the density matrix:
where H is the hamiltonian matrix of an individual molecule and
where is the Boltzmann constant and the temperature. That the initial state in NMR q... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coal-tar creosote, despite its toxicity, was used as a stimulant and escharotic, as a caustic agent used to treat ulcers and malignancies, cauterize wounds, and prevent infection and decay. It was particularly used in dentistry to destroy tissues and arrest necrosis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1924 Louis de Broglie published a breakthrough hypothesis: matter has wave properties. Building on Einsteins proposal that the photoelectric effect can be described using quantized energy transfers and by Einsteins separate proposal, from special relativity, that mass at rest is equivalent to energy via , de Broglie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1957, Davies suggested a method based on calculating a value based on the chemical groups of the molecule. The advantage of this method is that it takes into account the effect of stronger and weaker hydrophilic groups. The method works as follows:
where:
- Number of hydrophilic groups in the molecule
- Value of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The decomposition process starts after death and can proceed in the water column as the gelatinous organisms are sinking. Decay happens faster in the tropics than in temperate and subpolar waters as a result of warmer temperatures. In the tropics, a jelly-fall may take less than 2 days to decay in warmer, surface water... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Van der Waals forces are a subset of electrostatic interactions involving permanent or induced dipoles (or multipoles). These include the following:
* permanent dipole–dipole interactions, alternatively called the Keesom force
* dipole-induced dipole interactions, or the Debye force
* induced dipole-induced dipole inte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The high solubility and stability of PPA in organic solvents have allowed its investigation as a base material in first generation amplified photoresist for lithography in the early 80s by three scientists, Grant Willson, Jean Fréchet, and Hiroshi Ito who were working at IBM at the time. The story of how this successfu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Palliser and Parry have examined about 100 scales and found that they can use them for locating B-strands on the surface of proteins. Hydrophobicity scales were also used to predict the preservation of the genetic code. Trinquier observed a new order of the bases that better reflect the conserved character of the gene... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SU-8 is composed of Bisphenol A Novolac epoxy that is dissolved in an organic solvent (gamma-butyrolactone GBL or cyclopentanone, depending on the formulation) and up to 10 wt% of mixed Triarylsulfonium/hexafluoroantimonate salt as the photoacid generator.
SU-8 absorbs light in the UV region, allowing fabrication of re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A hydraulic jump is a phenomenon in the science of hydraulics which is frequently observed in open channel flow such as rivers and spillways. When liquid at high velocity discharges into a zone of lower velocity, a rather abrupt rise occurs in the liquid surface. The rapidly flowing liquid is abruptly slowed and increa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bharat has been awarded many prizes and fellowships. These include a 2018 Vallee Research Scholarship, the 2019 EMBL John Kendrew Award the 2020 Philip Leverhulme Prize for Biological Sciences, the 2021 Eppendorf Award for Young European Investigators, and the 2021 Lister Prize, the 2022 Colworth Medal from the Biochem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molecular beacons are synthetic oligonucleotides whose preparation is well documented. In addition to the conventional set of nucleoside phosphoramidites, the synthesis also requires a solid support derivatized with a quencher and a phosphoramidite building block designed for the attachment of a protected fluorescent d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider a classical measurement where a single particle is scattered off a single stationary target particle. Conventionally, a spherical coordinate system is used, with the target placed at the origin and the axis of this coordinate system aligned with the incident beam. The angle is the scattering angle, measured ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Take samples from the chamber and let them dry in the room air. An initial assessment is made before any corrosion products are removed. When the tested parts are cleaned, the evaluation criteria must be taken into account.
Possible characteristics for evaluation: appearance after the test, appearance after removal of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
John Gofman graduated from Oberlin College with a bachelor's in chemistry in 1939, and received a doctorate in nuclear and physical chemistry from Berkeley in 1943, where he worked as a graduate student under Glenn T. Seaborg, the discoverer of plutonium and later a chairman of the US Atomic Energy Commission. In his P... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plants are a major source of complex and highly structurally diverse chemical compounds (phytochemicals), this structural diversity attributed in part to the natural selection of organisms producing potent compounds to deter herbivory (feeding deterrents). Major classes of phytochemical include phenols, polyphenols, ta... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Arc system connects the electron transport chain to regulation of certain genes, allowing aerobic respiration to occur in the presence of oxygen and fermentation to take place when no oxygen is present. This is done through the connection of ArcB with quinones from the electron transport chain. Oxidized quionones, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fumaric acid is an organic compound with the formula HOCCH=CHCOH. A white solid, fumaric acid occurs widely in nature. It has a fruit-like taste and has been used as a food additive. Its E number is E297. The salts and esters are known as fumarates. Fumarate can also refer to the ion (in solution). Fumaric acid is t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Depending on the nature of the signal amplification system assays may be of numerous types, to name a few:
#Enzyme assay: Enzymes may be tested by their highly repeating activity on a large number of substrates when loss of a substrate or the making of a product may have a measurable attribute like color or absorbance ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This hypothesis originated in a 1964 paper by Paul Ehrlich and Peter Raven, "Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution". While this paper outlined the concept, the actual term "escape and radiate" was not actually coined until 1989 by John N. Thompson. The theory has been highly influential in chemical ecology and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In molecular orbital theory, the main alternative to valence bond theory, the molecular orbitals (MOs) are approximated as sums of all the atomic orbitals (AOs) on all the atoms; there are as many MOs as AOs. Each AO has a weighting coefficient c that indicates the AOs contribution to a particular MO. For example, in b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The terms "relative fluorescence units" (RFU) and "RFU peak" refer to measurements in electrophoresis methods, such as for DNA analysis. A "relative fluorescence unit" is a unit of measurement used in analysis which employs fluorescence detection. Fluorescence is detected using a charged coupled device (CCD) array, whe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first scientific publication in which knockout moss was used to identify the function of a hitherto-unknown gene appeared in 1998, and was authored by Ralf Reski and coworkers. They deleted the ftsZ-gene and thus functionally identified the first gene pivotal for the division of an organelle in any eukaryote. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermal ellipsoids, more formally termed atomic displacement parameters or anisotropic displacement parameters, are ellipsoids used in crystallography to indicate the magnitudes and directions of the thermal vibration of atoms in crystal structures. Since the vibrations are usually anisotropic (different magnitudes in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stability constant values are exploited in a wide variety of applications. Chelation therapy is used in the treatment of various metal-related illnesses, such as iron overload in β-thalassemia sufferers who have been given blood transfusions. The ideal ligand binds to the target metal ion and not to others, but this de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Puddling is the process of converting pig iron to bar (wrought) iron in a coal fired reverberatory furnace. It was developed in England during the 1780s. The molten pig iron was stirred in a reverberatory furnace, in an oxidizing environment to burn the carbon, resulting in wrought iron. It was one of the most import... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are several methods that can be used as an alternative to FAIRE-seq. DNase-seq uses the ability of the DNase I enzyme to cleave free/open/accessible DNA to identify and sequence open chromatin. The subsequently developed ATAC-seq employs the Tn5 transposase, which inserts specified fragments or transposons into a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The organizational structure of the NADP follows the State Agricultural Experiment Station Guidelines for Multi-State Research Activities (SAESD, 2006). This framework allows any individual or institution to participate in any segment of NADP, whether it be the monitoring or the research aspect of atmospheric depositio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Isotherms are used to quantify the amount of adsorbed protein on a surface at a constant temperature, depending on the concentration of protein above the surface. Researchers have used a Langmuir-type isotherm model to describe experimental values for protein adsorption.
In this equation
* is the amount of adsorbed ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* The bicinchoninic acid assay tests for proteins
* The Biuret test tests for proteins and polypeptides
* Bradford protein assay measures protein quantitatively
* The Phadebas amylase test determines alpha-amylase activity | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
-Photo-leucine is a synthetic derivative of the -leucine amino acid that is used as its natural analog and is characterized for having photo-reactivity, which makes it suitable for observing and characterizing protein-protein interactions (PPI). When a protein containing this amino acid (A) is exposed to
ultraviolet li... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A hydrant is an outlet from a fluid main often consisting of an upright pipe with a valve attached, from which fluid (e.g. water or fuel) can be tapped.
Depending on the fluid involved, the term may refer to:
* Fire hydrant for firefighting water supply
* Flushing hydrant for cleaning water mains
* Hydrant network syst... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Rydberg states of an atom or molecule are electronically excited states with energies that follow the Rydberg formula as they converge on an ionic state with an ionization energy. Although the Rydberg formula was developed to describe atomic energy levels, it has been used to describe many other systems that have ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Thyroid Feedback Quantile-based Index (TFQI) is another parameter for thyrotropic pituitary function. It was defined to be more robust to distorted data than JTI and TTSI. It is calculated with
from quantiles of FT4 and TSH concentration (as determined based on cumulative distribution functions). Per definition the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is important to note that although some cycles have a typical combustion location (internal or external), they often can be implemented with the other. For example, John Ericsson developed an external heated engine running on a cycle very much like the earlier Diesel cycle. In addition, externally heated engines can... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the primary challenges in the study of planetary accretion is the fact that many tracers of the processes occurring in the early Solar System have been eliminated as a result of subsequent geologic events. Because transition metals do not show large stable isotope fractionations as a result of these events and b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During the first half of 1808, Davy conducted a series of further electrolysis experiments on alkaline earths including lime, magnesia, strontites and barytes. At the beginning of June, Davy received a letter from the Swedish chemist Berzelius claiming that he, in conjunction with Dr. Pontin, had successfully obtained ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system (OROS) is an advanced controlled release oral drug delivery system in the form of a rigid tablet with a semi-permeable outer membrane and one or more small laser drilled holes in it. As the tablet passes through the body, water is absorbed through the semipermeable me... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
;Novartis-Drew Award
*2003: Elaine Fuchs; Philip A. Sharp; David Botstein
*2002: Frank McCormick; Brian J. Druker; Harold Varmus
*2001: Sidney Brenner; Eric Lander; Craig Venter
*2000: Susan L. Lindquist
*1999: Elizabeth Helen Blackburn; Joan Steitz
*1998: Tom Maniatis; Alexander Varshavsky
*1997: Edward Alan Berger
;C... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Used for the first time in 1951 to localize leaks in a drinking water supply system of Munich, Germany, iodine-131 became one of the most commonly used gamma-emitting industrial radioactive tracers, with applications in isotope hydrology and leak detection.
Since the late 1940s, radioactive tracers have been used by th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Light scattering spectroscopy (LSS) is a spectroscopic technique typically used to evaluate morphological changes in epithelial cells in order to study mucosal tissue and detect early cancer and precancer.
Light scattering spectroscopy relies upon elastic scattering of photons reflected from the epithelium. Most of the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thylakoids contain many integral and peripheral membrane proteins, as well as lumenal proteins. Recent proteomics studies of thylakoid fractions have provided further details on the protein composition of the thylakoids. These data have been summarized in several plastid protein databases that are available online.
Acc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydroinformatics is a branch of informatics which concentrates on the application of information and communications technologies (ICTs) in addressing the increasingly serious problems of the equitable and efficient use of water for many different purposes. Growing out of the earlier discipline of computational hydrauli... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This book describes separating silver from copper or iron. This is achieved by adding large amounts of lead at a temperature just above the melting point of lead. The lead will liquate out with the silver. This process will need to be repeated several times. The lead and silver can be separated by cupellation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most commonly, amino acids coordinate to metal ions as N,O bidentate ligands, utilizing the amino group and the carboxylate. They are "L-X" ligands. A five-membered chelate ring is formed. The chelate ring is only slightly ruffled at the sp-hybridized carbon and nitrogen centers.
For those amino acids containing coo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Linear chain compounds exhibiting CDW transport have CDW wavelengths λ = π/k incommensurate with (i.e., not an integer multiple of) the lattice constant. In such materials, pinning is due to impurities that break the translational symmetry of the CDW with respect to φ. The simplest model treats the pinning as a sine-Go... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organohalide respiration (OHR) (previously named halorespiration or dehalorespiration) is the use of halogenated compounds as terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration.
Organohalide respiration can play a part in microbial biodegradation. The most common substrates are chlorinated aliphatics (PCE, TCE, chlor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Excitation A→A* by photon, whereby the promoted electron is passed down to the C* molecular orbital. A second photon applied to the system () causes the excitation of the electron in the C* molecular orbital to the C** molecular orbital -analogous pump probe spectroscopy.
Above, the energy level diagram illustrating ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Initiatives to spur adoption by clinicians include the [https://upgx.eu/ Ubiquitous Pharmacogenomics (U-PGx)] program in Europe and the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) in the United States. In a 2017 survey of European clinicians, in the prior year two-thirds had not ordered a pharmacogenetic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The development of an analytical instrument that utilizes the reduction-oxidation (redox) chemistry of oxygen in the presence of dissimilar metal electrodes was introduced during the 1950s. This redox electrode utilized an oxygen-permeable membrane to allow the diffusion of the gas into an electrochemical cell and its ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A laser SBSP could also power a base or vehicles on the surface of the Moon or Mars, saving on mass costs to land the power source. A spacecraft or another satellite could also be powered by the same means. In a 2012 report presented to NASA on space solar power, the author mentions another potential use for the techno... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The use of metal hydrides (tin, silicon and mercury hydrides) is common in radical cyclization reactions; the primary limitation of this method is the possibility of reduction of the initially formed radical by H-M. Fragmentation methods avoid this problem by incorporating the chain-transfer reagent into the substrate ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Azaborane usually refers a borane cluster where BH vertices are replaced by N or NR (R stands typically for H or organic substituent). Like many of the related boranes, these clusters are polyhedra and can be classified as closo-, nido-, arachno-, etc..
Within the context of Wades rules, NR is a 4-electron vertex, and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many properties of nanoparticles, notably stability, solubility, and chemical or biological activity, can be radically altered by coating them with various substances — a process called functionalization. Functionalized nanomaterial-based catalysts can be used for catalysis of many known organic reactions.
For example,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surface diffusion is a critically important concept in heterogeneous catalysis, as reaction rates are often dictated by the ability of reactants to "find" each other at a catalyst surface. With increased temperature adsorbed molecules, molecular fragments, atoms, and clusters tend to have much greater mobility (see equ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Within the Fallout videogame universe many Nuka-Cola flavors are created using less than ethical ways. In particular the flavor, Nuka Cola Quantum, has a distinctive bright blue glow that comes from the added Strontium-90. This was also the last flavor to be created by Nuka Cola before the Great War. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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