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mtDNA can be obtained from such material as hair shafts and old bones/teeth. Control mechanism based on interaction point with data. This can be determined by tooled placement in sample. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The G1 algorithm produces a numerical derivative that has the shape of a bell curve, this derivative obeys to certain laws, for example the G1 derivative of a cyclic voltammogram is mirrored at the abscissa as long as the electrochemical reaction is diffusion controlled, the planar diffusion approximation can be applie... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Xing received Chinese traditional private education in his childhood. In 1933, he graduated from Fu Jen Catholic University with a diploma in Chemistry. Xing did his postgraduate work at University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign under Roger Adamss guidance and obtained a doctorate degree in 1936. Later he went to Univ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An action potential is a spike of both positive and negative ionic discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell. The creation and conduction of action potentials represents a fundamental means of communication in the nervous system. Action potentials represent rapid reversals in voltage across the plasma membr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The International Deep Drawing Research Group ([http://www.iddrg.com IDDRG]) focuses on sheet metal research in industry and academia. It was started 1957 as an organization of national groups. The original focus was on the fabrication of cups hence the name Deep Drawing Research Group. At the initial meeting the pur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Huizenga was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1976 and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Fellow) in 1992. He was a 1966 recipient of the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award bestowed by the United States Atomic Energy Commission. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, a thiyl radical has the formula RS, sometimes written RS to emphasize that they are free radicals. R is typically an alkyl or aryl substituent. Because S–H bonds are about 20% weaker than C–H bonds, thiyl radicals are relatively easily generated from thiols RSH. Thiyl radicals are intermediates in the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
GC-VUV can be used for bulk compositional analysis because compounds share spectral shape characteristics within a class. Proprietary software applies fitting procedures to quickly determine the relative contribution of each compound category present in a sample. Retention index information is used to limit the amount ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The pharmaceutical industry is an industry in medicine that discovers, develops, produces, and markets pharmaceutical drugs for use as medications to be administered to patients (or self-administered), with the aim to cure and prevent diseases, or alleviate symptoms. Pharmaceutical companies may deal in generic or bra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The main reaction of sulfur dioxide promoted by transition metals is its reduction by hydrogen sulfide. Known as the Claus process, this reaction is conducted on a large scale as a way to remove hydrogen sulfide that arises in hydrotreating processes in refineries. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Prior to founding the Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry at Boston University School of Medicine in 1994, Costello was a senior research scientist and the associate director of the National Institutes of Health Research Resource for Mass Spectrometry at Massachusetts Institute of Technology for 20 years. She is a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the first documented cases of using electricity to melt a metal occurred in the late 1700s and is credited to Martin van Marum who melted 70 feet of metal wire with 64 Leyden Jars as a capacitor. Van Marum's generator was built in 1784, and is now located in the Teylers Museum in the Netherlands. Years later, B... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drug delivery strategies of inorganic nanoparticles are dependent on material properties. The active targeting of inorganic nanoparticle drug carriers is often achieved by surface functionalization with specific ligands of nanoparticles. For example, the inorganic multifunctional nanovehicle (5-FU/Fe3O4/αZrP@CHI-FA-R6G... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A graphical presentation of this model clearly shows that there is no single rank order of acid or base strength, a point often overlooked, and emphasizes that the magnitude of acid and base interactions requires two parameters (E & C) to account for the interactions.
The EC equation from the ECW Model
can be rearrange... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dry water was first patented in 1968 and quickly found use in the cosmetic industry. In 2006, new work with dry water from the University of Hull increased interest in its potential use in other fields.
Dry water can be made by blending a mixture of silicon dioxide dust with water. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A speciation calculation is one in which concentrations of all the species in an equilibrium system are calculated, knowing the analytical concentrations, T, T etc. of the reactants A, B etc. This means solving a set of nonlinear equations of mass-balance
for the free concentrations [A], [B] etc. When the pH (or equiva... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atmospheric methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 25 times greater than carbon dioxide (averaged over 100 years), and methanogenesis in livestock and the decay of organic material is thus a considerable contributor to global warming. It may not be a net contributor in the sense that it ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Calcium carbide is used:
* in the desulfurization of iron (pig iron, cast iron and steel)
* as a fuel in steelmaking to extend the scrap ratio to liquid iron, depending on economics.
* as a powerful deoxidizer at ladle treatment facilities. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A harmful algal bloom (HAB), or excessive algae growth, is an algal bloom that causes negative impacts to other organisms by production of natural algae-produced toxins, mechanical damage to other organisms, or by other means. HABs are sometimes defined as only those algal blooms that produce toxins, and sometimes as a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The use of electronic detectors such as X-ray CCD cameras, replacing traditional X-ray film, facilitates topography in many ways. CCDs achieve online readout in (almost) real-time, dispensing experimentalists of the need to develop films in a dark room. Drawbacks with respect to films are the limited dynamic range and,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photodegradation of plastics and other materials can be inhibited with polymer stabilizers, which are widely used. These additives include antioxidants, which interrupt degradation processes. Typical antioxidants are derivatives of aniline. Another type of additive are UV-absorbers. These agents capture the photon and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The time evolution equation of Reynolds stress is given by:
This equation is very complicated. If is traced, turbulence kinetic energy is obtained.
The last term is turbulent dissipation rate. All RANS models are based on the above equation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is a flavoring ingredient and achieved a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status in 1995 by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA). 2-Furoic acid has a distinct odor described as sweet, oily, herbaceous, and earthy.
2-Furoic acid helps sterilize and pasteurize many foods. It forms in situ from 2... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As a result of the tremendous threats to life safety and economic disruptions caused by the 2004 and 2005 hurricane seasons, governmental organizations, such as the United States National Science Foundation, have recognized the need to better understand hurricane threats and further establish this discipline. In Septem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the last decades, the thermal efficiency of Rankine cycles increased drastically, especially for large scale applications fueled by coal: for these power plants, the application of ultrasupercritical layouts was the main factor to achieve the goal, since the higher pressure ratio ensures higher cycle efficiencies.
... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glomalin is hypothesized to improve soil aggregate stability and decrease soil erosion. However, since glomalin can not be adequate quantified in soil, studies usually analyze the GRSPs extract, which is a complex mixture including proteins and other substances.
GRSPs, the mixture of proteins and humic substances, are ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The coefficient lies always in range values equal to 0 or 1), value 1 indicates ideal equal-spreading of the spots, for example (0.25,0.5,0.75) for three solutes, or (0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8) for four solutes.
This coefficient was proposed as an alternative to earlier approaches, such as delta-Rf, delta-Rf product or MRF (Mul... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nephelometers are also used for measurement of visibility with simple one-wavelength nephelometers used throughout the world by many EPAs. Nephelometers, through the measurement of light scattering, can determine visibility in distance through the application of a conversion factor called Koschmieder's formula. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With a specific gravity greater than 1 (denser than water), trichloroethylene can be present as a dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) if sufficient quantities are spilt in the environment.
The first known report of TCE in groundwater was given in 1949 by two English public chemists who described two separate instanc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Over the past two decades, iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical use had increased dramatically, largely due to its ability of non-invasive imaging, targeting and triggering drug release, or cancer therapy. Stem or immune cell could be marked with iron oxide nanoparticles to be detected by Magnetic resonance imaging ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Residues from the oil and gas industry often contain radium and its daughters. The sulfate scale from an oil well can be very radium rich. The water inside an oil field is often very rich in strontium, barium and radium while seawater is very rich in sulfate so if water from an oil well is discharged into the sea or mi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Wimley–White whole residue hydrophobicity scales are significant for two reasons. First, they include the contributions of the peptide bonds as well as the sidechains, providing absolute values. Second, they are based on direct, experimentally determined values for transfer free energies of polypeptides.
Two whole-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Examples include the absorption of water by seeds and dry wood. If there is no pressure due to imbibition, seedlings would not be able to emerge from soil. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plants also have receptors that can cause a response to chitin, namely chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 and chitin elicitor-binding protein. The first chitin receptor was cloned in 2006. When the receptors are activated by chitin, genes related to plant defense are expressed, and jasmonate hormones are activated, wh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a variety of synthetic procures are particularly useful in closing carbocyclic and other rings; these are termed ring-closing reactions. Examples include:
* alkyne trimerisation;
* the Bergman cyclization of an enediyne;
* the Diels–Alder, between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene, and o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lanthipeptides are characterized by the presence lanthionine (Lan) and 3-methyllanthionine (MeLan) residues. Lan residues are formed from a thioether bridge between Cys and Ser, while MeLan residues are formed from the linkage of Cys to a Thr residue. The biosynthetic enzymes responsible for Lan and MeLan installation ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dialkyl peroxides, e.g., dicumyl peroxide, are synthesized by addition of hydrogen peroxide to alkenes or by O-alkylation of hydroperoxides.
Diacyl peroxides are typically prepared by treating hydrogen peroxide with acid chlorides or acid anhydrides in the presence of base:
The reaction competes with hydrolysis of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In general, most ingestions in children involve exploratory ingestions of small amounts of caustic substances, with the rare exception being cases of child abuse where larger amounts are often ingested. Caustic ingestions in adults usually involve larger amounts of ingested material during attempts of self harm. Due to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Water can be split into its constituent elements, hydrogen, and oxygen, by passing an electric current through it. This process is called electrolysis. The cathode half reaction is:
The anode half reaction is:
The gases produced bubble to the surface, where they can be collected or ignited with a flame above the water ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Even prior to the nucleic acid methods employed today, it was known that in the presence of chaotropic agents, such as sodium iodide or sodium perchlorate, DNA binds to silica, glass particles or to unicellular algae called diatoms which shield their cell walls with silica. This property was used to purify nucleic acid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PMCA was originally developed to, in vitro, mimic prion replication with a similar efficiency to the in vivo process, but with accelerated kinetics. PMCA is conceptually analogous to the polymerase chain reaction - in both systems a template grows at the expense of a substrate in a cyclic reaction, combining growing an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A battery-powered radio may be helpful to get reports of fallout patterns and clearance. However, radio and other electronic equipment may be disabled by electromagnetic pulse. For example, even at the height of the Cold War, EMP protection had been completed for only 125 of the approximately 2,771 radio stations in th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diglycerides are a minor component of many seed oils and are normally present at ~1–6%; or in the case of cottonseed oil as much as 10%. Industrial production is primarily achieved by a glycerolysis reaction between triglycerides and glycerol. The raw materials for this may be either vegetable oils or animal fats. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Viruses in the sea surface microlayer, the so-called virioneuston, have recently become of interest to researchers as enigmatic biological entities in the boundary surface layers with potentially important ecological impacts. Given this vast air–water interface sits at the intersection of major air–water exchange proce... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To describe dynamics of the systems that obey the generalized mass action law, one has to represent the activities as functions of the concentrations c and temperature. For this purpose, use the representation of the activity through the chemical potential:
where μ is the chemical potential of the species under the co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, a Londoner with a Welsh father, was an industrial chemist who decided to tackle the problem of phosphorus in iron, which resulted in the production of low grade steel. Believing that he had discovered a solution, he contacted his cousin, Percy Gilchrist, who was a chemist at the Blaenavon Ironw... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Optical flowmeters use light to determine flow rate. Small particles which accompany natural and industrial gases pass through two laser beams focused a short distance apart in the flow path in a pipe by illuminating optics. Laser light is scattered when a particle crosses the first beam. The detecting optics collects ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a gravitational field, liquids exert pressure on the sides of a container as well as on anything within the liquid itself. This pressure is transmitted in all directions and increases with depth. If a liquid is at rest in a uniform gravitational field, the pressure at depth is given by
where:
: is the pressure at... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*CUT&RUN sequencing, antibody-targeted controlled cleavage by micrococcal nuclease for transcriptomic profiling.
*Hydrolysis of nucleic acids in crude cell-free extracts.
*Sequencing of RNA.
*Preparation of rabbit reticulocyte lysates.
*Studies of chromatin structure.
*Removal of nucleic acids from laboratory protein p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The majority of systems utilize two two-cylinder piston pumps, one for each buffer, combining the output of both in a mixing chamber. Some simpler systems use a single peristaltic pump which draws both buffers from separate reservoirs through a proportioning valve and mixing chamber. In either case the system allows th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A classic example of this process is the quinine sulfate fluorescence, which can be quenched by the use of various halide salts. The excited molecule can de-excite by increasing the thermal energy of the surrounding solvated ions.
Several natural molecules perform a fast internal conversion. This ability to transform t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Escherichia coli-derived Tet-R repressor can be used in line with a conventional reporter gene and can be controlled by tetracycline or doxicycline (Tet-R inhibitors). Thus the expression of Tet-R is controlled by the standard two-hybrid system but the Tet-R in turn controls (represses) the expression of a previous... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A new chemical entity (NCE) is, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, a novel, small, chemical molecule drug that is undergoing clinical trials or has received a first approval (not a new use) by the FDA in any other application submitted under section 505(b) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
A... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fusion fuels are fuels to use in hypothetical Fusion power reactors. They include deuterium (H) and tritium (H) as well as helium-3 (He). Many other elements can be fused together, but the larger electrical charge of their nuclei means that much higher temperatures are required. Only the fusion of the lightest elements... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the Gallagher–Hollander degradation (1946) pyruvic acid is removed from a linear aliphatic carboxylic acid yielding a new acid with two carbon atoms fewer. The original publication concerns the conversion of bile acid in a series of reactions: acid chloride (2) formation with thionyl chloride, diazoketone formation ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surface conductivity is an additional conductivity of an electrolyte in the vicinity of the charged interfaces. Surface and volume conductivity of liquids correspond to the electrically driven motion of ions in an electric field. A layer of counter ions of the opposite polarity to the surface charge exists close to th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ability to form carbon-carbon, carbon-nitrogen, and carbon-oxygen bonds enantioselectively under mild conditions makes the Trost asymmetric allylic alkylation extremely appealing for the synthesis of complex molecules.
An example of this reaction is the synthesis of an intermediate in the combined total synthesis o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chan is a current member of the Professional Teachers' Union (HK), Hong Kong Marine Biological Association, Society of Toxicology (SOT) in the US, American Fisheries Society, American Physiological Society, etc.
He is now chairman (elected) of the Teachers' Association of Chinese University (2011–12). He also serves as... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Deoxycytidine is a deoxyribonucleoside, a component of deoxyribonucleic acid. It is similar to the ribonucleoside cytidine, but with one hydroxyl group removed from the C2' position.
Deoxycytidine can be phosphorylated at C5' of the deoxyribose by deoxycytidine kinase, converting it to deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCM... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Saffman–Taylor instability, also known as viscous fingering, is the formation of patterns in a morphologically unstable interface between two fluids in a porous medium, described mathematically by Philip Saffman and G. I. Taylor in a paper of 1958. This situation is most often encountered during drainage processes ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Grignard reaction () is an organometallic chemical reaction in which, according to the classical definition, carbon alkyl, allyl, vinyl, or aryl magnesium halides (Grignard reagent) are added to the carbonyl groups of either an aldehyde or ketone under anhydrous conditions. This reaction is important for the format... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The count of 251 known stable nuclides includes tantalum-180m, since even though its decay and instability is automatically implied by its notation of "metastable", this has still not yet been observed. All "stable" isotopes (stable by observation, not theory) are the ground states of nuclei, with the exception of tant... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are a number of polyunsaturated fatty acids that can be reinforced by deuteration. They include (the names of the reinforced deuterated versions are separated by a slash):
* linoleic acid / D-linoleic acid (D2-Lin)
* α-linolenic acid / D-α-linolenic acid (D4-Lnn)
* arachidonic acid / D-arachidonic acid (D6-ARA)
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Atomitat (1962) was an underground bunker-home in Plainview, Texas, designed by architect Jay Swayze. The name of the home came from the combination of the words "atomic" and "habitat". It was the first home in the U.S. to meet civil defense specifications for a nuclear shelter. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A class of aliphatic acids (volatile fatty acids as a kind of carboxylic acid) was found in female rhesus monkeys that produced six types in the vaginal fluids. The combination of these acids is referred to as "copulins". One of the acids, acetic acid, was found in all of the sampled female's vaginal fluid. Even in hum... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In order to reap the benefits of working in this small-angle regime, one must take into consideration:
* The characteristic length scale of the polymer, e.g.
* The wavelength of the scattered particles
The ratio will determine the available angular spectrum of this regime. To see this one may consider the case of ela... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Applications of quorum quenching that have been exploited by humans include the use of AHL-degrading bacteria in aquacultures to limit the spread of diseases in aquatic populations of fish, mollusks and crustaceans. This technique has also been translated to agriculture, to restrict the spread of pathogenic bacteria th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The empirical laws that led to the derivation of the ideal gas law were discovered with experiments that changed only 2 state variables of the gas and kept every other one constant.
All the possible gas laws that could have been discovered with this kind of setup are:
* Boyle's law ()
* Charles's law ()
* Avogadro's ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Physicians prescribed various forms of lead to heal ailments ranging from constipation to infectious diseases such as the plague. Lead was also used to preserve or sweeten wine. Lead arsenate is used in insecticides and herbicides. Some organic lead compounds are used as industrial biocides: thiomethyl triphenyllead is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This category includes articles relating to the topic clinical pharmacology, the science of drugs and their clinical use. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Malic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula . It is a dicarboxylic acid that is made by all living organisms, contributes to the sour taste of fruits, and is used as a food additive. Malic acid has two stereoisomeric forms (- and -enantiomers), though only the -isomer exists naturally. The salts and es... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Research has demonstrated that overexpression of CRBP-I increases the ability of RBP-ROH complex to phosphorylate STRA6 and, later, JAK2 and STAT5. Suppressing CRBP-I, on the other hand, led to decreased ability of RBP-ROH complex to phosphorylate STRA6 and signaling components. Similarly, reducing the expression of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Capillary pressure is defined as:
where:
:is the capillary pressure
: is the pressure of the non-wetting phase
: is the pressure of the wetting phase
The wetting phase is identified by its ability to preferentially diffuse across the capillary walls before the non-wetting phase. The "wettability" of a fluid depends on ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1884, Jacobus van t Hoff proposed the Van t Hoff equation describing the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant for a reversible reaction:
where ΔU is the change in internal energy, K is the equilibrium constant of the reaction, R is the universal gas constant, and T is thermodynamic temperature. Based o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polyols may be classified according to their chemistry. Some of these chemistries are polyether, polyester, polycarbonate and also acrylic polyols. Polyether polyols may be further subdivided and classified as polyethylene oxide or polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG) and Polytetrahydrofuran or PTMEG. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Particulate organic matter (POM) is a fraction of total organic matter operationally defined as that which does not pass through a filter pore size that typically ranges in size from 0.053 millimeters (53 μm) to 2 millimeters.
Particulate organic carbon (POC) is a closely related term often used interchangeably with PO... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Jupiter's atmosphere has 2.5 ± 0.5 times the solar abundance values for Xenon and similarly elevated argon and krypton (2.1 ± 0.5 and 2.7 ± 0.5 times solar values separately). These signals of enrichment are due to these elements coming to Jupiter in very cold (T<30K) icy planetesimals. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Natural products sometimes have pharmacological activity that can be of therapeutic benefit in treating diseases. Moreover, synthetic analogs of natural products with improved potency and safety can be prepared and therefore natural products are often used as starting points for drug discovery. Natural product constitu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Thomson scattering a charged particle emits radiation under incident light. The particle may be an ordinary atomic electron, so emission coefficients have practical applications.
If is the energy scattered by a volume element into solid angle between wavelengths and per unit time then the Emission coefficient i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Outer sphere refers to an electron transfer (ET) event that occurs between chemical species that remain separate and intact before, during, and after the ET event. In contrast, for inner sphere electron transfer the participating redox sites undergoing ET become connected by a chemical bridge. Because the ET in outer ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The diboron compound bis(pinacolato)diboron reacts with aromatic heterocycles or simple arenes to an arylboronate ester with iridium catalyst [IrCl(COD)] (a modification of Crabtree's catalyst) and base 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine in a C-H coupling reaction for example with benzene:
In one modification the arene... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The two major types of austenitic stainless steels are characterized by the oxide layer that forms on the steel surface: either chromia-forming or alumina-forming. Cr-forming stainless steel is the most common type. However, Cr-forming steels do not exhibit high creep resistance at high temperatures, especially in envi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Giant tube worms use bacteria in their trophosome to fix carbon dioxide (using hydrogen sulfide as their energy source) and produce sugars and amino acids.
Some reactions produce sulfur:
:hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis:
::18H + 6CO + 3 → CHO (carbohydrate) + 12H + 18
Instead of releasing oxygen gas while fixing carbon... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Force tuning has recently proven its efficiency with a maximum error of 5% in comparison with standard finite element solvers in mechanics. Accurate validation of results can also be a tedious task since these methods are very different, common issues are:
* Meshes or lattice discretization
* Location of computed field... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These rules are based on empirical evidence and numerous "exceptions" are known. Examples include:
* cyclisations of cations
* reactions involving third-row atoms, such as sulfur
* Transition metal catalysis | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
AOAC Research Institute (AOAC RI) Performance Tested Methods program develops, improves, and validates proprietary kit-based food safety testing methods. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Diagnostic test strips, developed by Helen Murray Free and Alfred Free at Miles Laboratories (now Bayer AG) in the 1950s
*Discovery of fullerenes by Richard Smalley, Robert Curl, James R. Heath, Sean O'Brien, and Harold Kroto at Rice University in 1985 | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mature mRNA finds its way to a ribosome, where it gets translated. In prokaryotic cells, which have no nuclear compartment, the processes of transcription and translation may be linked together without clear separation. In eukaryotic cells, the site of transcription (the cell nucleus) is usually separated from the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Collagen is the primary component of the extracellular matrix. Collagen scaffolds efficiently support fibroblast growth, which in turn allows keratinocytes to grow nicely into multilayers. Collagen (mainly collagen type I) is often used as a scaffold because it is biocompatible, non-immunogenic and available. However, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Areas that have limited surface water or groundwater may choose to desalinate. RO is an increasingly common method, because of its relatively low energy consumption.
Energy consumption is around , with the development of more efficient energy recovery devices and improved membrane materials. According to the Internatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TAD locations are defined by applying an algorithm to Hi-C data. For example, TADs are often called according to the so-called "directionality index". The directionality index is calculated for individual 40kb bins, by collecting the reads that fall in the bin, and observing whether their paired reads map upstream or d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ST2-PT (Single Transition-to-single Transition Polarization Transfer) is a method of sensitivity enhancement in NMR spectroscopy, developed by K.V. Pervushin, G. Wider, and K. Wüthrich in 1998.
This method affords a sensitivity enhancement for kinetically stable amide 15N–1H groups in proteins. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Once the fatty acid is inside the mitochondrial matrix, beta-oxidation occurs by cleaving two carbons every cycle to form acetyl-CoA. The process consists of 4 steps.
# A long-chain fatty acid is dehydrogenated to create a trans double bond between C2 and C3. This is catalyzed by acyl CoA dehydrogenase to produce trans... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For a heuristic argument, consider a thin airfoil of chord and infinite span, moving through air of density . Let the airfoil be inclined to the oncoming flow to produce an air speed on one side of the airfoil, and an air speed on the other side. The circulation is then
The difference in pressure between the two si... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A combination tee (combo tee, combo wye, tee-wye, long-sweep wye, or combi) is a tee with a gradually curving central connecting joint: a wye plus an additional 1/8 bend (45°), combined in one 90° unit. It is used in drains for a smooth, gradually curving path to reduce the likelihood of clogs, to ease the pushing of a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transcriptional regulation is one of the most common ways for an organism to alter gene expression. The use of activation and coactivation allows for greater control over when, where and how much of a protein is produced. This enables each cell to be able to quickly respond to environmental or physiological changes and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neurochemistry International is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in neurochemistry, including molecular and cellular neurochemistry, neuropharmacology and genetic aspects of central nervous system function, neuroimmunology, metabolism as well as the neurochemistry of neurological and psychiatric dis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Autonomous Landing Hazard Avoidance Technology used in NASAs Project Morpheus lunar lander to automatically find a safe landing place contains a lidar Doppler velocimeter that measures the vehicles altitude and velocity. The AGM-129 ACM cruise missile uses laser doppler velocimeter for precise terminal guidance. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reaction occurring between double bonds and ozone is known as ozonolysis when one molecule of the gas reacts with the double bond:
The immediate result is formation of an ozonide, which then decomposes rapidly so that the double bond is cleaved. This is the critical step in chain breakage when polymers are attacked... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Usually when describing a space geometrically, a coordinate system is used which consists of a choice of origin and a basis of linearly independent, non-coplanar basis vectors , where is the dimension of the space being described. With reference to this coordinate system, each point in the space can be specified by ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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