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Intracellular pathogens often reside in immune cells like macrophages. These pathogens can be obligate or facultative intracellular pathogens. Changing the innate immune response of these host-cells can alter the pathogens ability to live inside the cell. Many of these immunomodulatory host-directed therapies are adju... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An urban stream is a formerly natural waterway that flows through a heavily populated area. Often times, urban streams are low-lying points in the landscape that characterize catchment urbanization. Urban streams are often polluted by urban runoff and combined sewer outflows. Water scarcity makes flow management in the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The declassification of the program was a large topic of discussion between scientists at all of the laboratories involved with the project and at the Sherwood conferences. The reasoning for an initial high classification status was that if the research into controlled fusion were to be successful then it would be a si... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A negative balance is a result of energy intake being less than what is consumed in external work and other bodily means of energy expenditure.
The main cause is undereating due to a medical condition such as decreased appetite, anorexia nervosa, digestive disease, or due to some circumstance such as fasting or lack of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Newer luciferases have recently been identified that, unlike other luciferases, are naturally secreted molecules. One such example is the Metridia coelenterazine-dependent luciferase (MetLuc, ) that is derived from the marine copepod Metridia longa. The Metridia longa secreted luciferase gene encodes a 24 kDa protein ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrothermal H may have played a major role in pre-biotic chemistry. Production of H by serpentinization supported formation of the reactants proposed in the iron-sulfur world origin of life hypothesis. The subsequent evolution of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis is hypothesized as one of the earliest metabolisms on Ear... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
isomiRs (from iso- + miR) are miRNA sequences that have variations with respect to the reference sequence. The term was coined by Morin et al in 2008. It has been found that isomiR expression profiles can also exhibit race, population, and gender dependencies.
There are four main variation types:
*5 trimming—the 5 dici... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
2,3-butanediol fermentation produces smaller amounts of acid than mixed acid fermentation, and butanediol, ethanol, CO and H are the end products. While equal amounts of CO and H are created during mixed acid fermentation, butanediol fermentation produces more than twice the amount of CO because the gases are not produ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These probes are mostly used to monitor corrosion caused by erosion or wear. Generally, the erosion are occurred in gas pipelines where the speed of fluid cause erosion. Here the erosion is more important than corrosion. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organic acids have the ability to dissolve soil minerals, and can destroy silicate minerals and iron and aluminum oxides, so that metal ions are precipitated and complexed with organic complexing agents through ion exchange, surface absorption, and chelation-reaction mechanisms. For example, at low pH, a large number o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During heavy rainy seasons some areas can experience heavy floods while other areas might be experiencing drought like situations. With network of rivers this problem can be greatly avoided by channeling excess water to areas that are not experiencing a flood or are dry. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
HeSE has been used to study the diffusion rates and mechanisms of atoms and molecules (adsorbates) at surfaces. A non-exhaustive list of the research themes associated with HeSE diffusion measurements include:
nuclear quantum effects in the surface diffusion of atomic hydrogen;
benchmarking the adsorbate/surface free ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The previous conductance equations, written in terms of extensive properties, can be reformulated in terms of intensive properties. , and conductance, .
From the electrical formula: , where ρ is resistivity, x is length, and A is cross-sectional area, we have , where G is conductance, k is conductivity, x is length, an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tartaric acid may be most immediately recognizable to wine drinkers as the source of "wine diamonds", the small potassium bitartrate crystals that sometimes form spontaneously on the cork or bottom of the bottle. These "tartrates" are harmless, despite sometimes being mistaken for broken glass, and are prevented in man... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photolysis or thermolysis of mononuclear carbonyls generates di- and polymetallic carbonyls such as diiron nonacarbonyl (Fe(CO)). On further heating, the products decompose eventually into the metal and carbon monoxide.
:2 Fe(CO) → Fe(CO) + CO
The thermal decomposition of triosmium dodecacarbonyl (Os(CO)) provides high... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ANCAs are associated with small vessel vasculitides including granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis, primary pauci-immune necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis (a type of renal-limited microscopic polyangiitis), eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis and drug induced vasculitides. ANCA-a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The allowed electron energies in the topological insulator were probed with the well-employed angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Γ and M space points were found to exhibit binding energies of 0.3 eV and 0.8 eV, respectively. ARPES also probed the Fermi electron velocities along the x and y axes to be 0.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Following phenotypic selection, genomic DNA is extracted from the selected clones, alongside a control cell population. In the most common protocols for genome-wide knockouts, a Next-generation sequencing (NGS) library is created by a two step polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The first step amplifies the sgRNA region, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All natural products begin as mixtures with other compounds from the natural source, often very complex mixtures, from which the product of interest must be isolated and purified. The isolation of a natural product refers, depending on context, either to the isolation of sufficient quantities of pure chemical matter fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bacteria depend on transcription-translation coupling for genome integrity, termination of transcription and control of mRNA stability. Consequently, artificial disruption of transcription-translation coupling impairs the fitness of bacteria. Without coupling, genome integrity is compromised as stalled transcription co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The FDA granted Patisiran (Onpattro) orphan drug status and breakthrough therapy designation due to its novel mechanism involving RNA therapy to block the production of an abnormal form of transthyretin. Patisiran received full FDA approval in 2018 and its RNA lipid nanoparticle drug delivery system was later used in t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Yeast artificial chromosome or YAC is a DNA molecule that is developed by humans to take the DNA sequences that belong to yeast cells and clone them. Yeast artificial chromosomes can be inserted with fragments of DNA from the organism of interest. Yeast cells will then assimilate the yeast artificial chromosome that co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One model of Z-ring formation permits its formation only after a certain spatial signal that tells the cell that it is big enough to divide.
The MinCDE system prevents FtsZ polymerization near certain parts of the plasma membrane. MinD localizes to the membrane only at cell poles and contains an ATPase and an ATP-bindi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Pinner triazine synthesis describes the preparation of 2-hydroxyl-4,6-diaryl-s-triazines by reaction of aryl amidines and phosgene. This reaction may be extended to halogenated aliphatic amidines.
This reaction was first reported by Adolf Pinner in 1890 | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phototendering, i.e., photochemical tendering. As a result of UV light, the substrate material supplies hydrogen to the colourant molecules, reducing the colorant molecule. As the hydrogen is removed, the material undergoes oxidation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many alkyl amines are produced industrially by the amination of alcohols using ammonia in the presence of solid acid catalysts. Illustrative is the production of tert-butylamine:
:NH + CH=C(CH) → HNC(CH)
The Ritter reaction of isobutene with hydrogen cyanide is not useful in this case because it produces too much... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first clear advantage of chain shuttling is that one can design copolymers with more desirable traits. A polymer that is normally semi crystalline and rigid can be altered so that it has a lower glass transition temperature. An amorphous, elastic polymer membrane can be altered to have a higher melting point. The... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
AGEs are responsible for many things. These molecules play an important role especially in nutrition, they are responsible for the brownish color and the aromas and flavors of some foods. It is demonstrated that cooking at high temperature results in various food products having high levels of AGEs.
Having elevated lev... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The HMG proteins are subdivided into 3 superfamilies each containing a characteristic functional domain:
* HMGA – contains an AT-hook domain
** HMGA1
** HMGA2
* HMGB – contains a HMG-box domain
** HMGB1
** HMGB2
** HMGB3
** HMGB4
* HMGN – contains a nucleosomal binding domain
** HMGN1
** HMGN2
** HMGN3
** HMGN4
** HMGN... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the late nineteenth century, Pierre Curie was investigating the mysteries of ordinary magnetism when he became aware of the spiritualist experiments of other European scientists, such as Charles Richet and Camille Flammarion. Pierre Curie initially thought the systematic investigation into the paranormal could help ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Minze Stuiver was born in Vlagtwedde, the Netherlands, on 25 October 1929. As a boy he narrowly missed being taken into German forced labor toward the end of the Second World War, but, because he was away delivering milk by bicycle, he escaped the round-up that took most of the young men and older boys from the villag... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many substances can form gels when a suitable thickener or gelling agent is added to their formula. This approach is common in manufacture of wide range of products, from foods to paints and adhesives.
In fiber optic communications, a soft gel resembling hair gel in viscosity is used to fill the plastic tubes containin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The NS radical is a highly transient species, with a lifetime on the order of milliseconds, but it can be observed spectroscopically over short periods of time through several methods of generation. NS is too reactive to isolate as a solid or liquid, and has only been prepared as a vapor in low pressure or low-temperat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Depending on the relationship between shear stress and the rate of strain and its derivatives, fluids can be characterized as one of the following:
*Newtonian fluids: where stress is directly proportional to rate of strain
*Non-Newtonian fluids: where stress is not proportional to rate of strain, its higher powers and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The consequences of having no inertial terms at low Reynolds number are:
* One consequence means that the swimmer experiences virtually no net force or torque.
* A second consequence tells us that the velocity is linearly proportional to the force (same can be said about angular velocity and torque).
* The Stokes equa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The New Zealand Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has banned the use of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in cosmetic products starting from 31st December 2026. This will make the country one of the first in the world to take this step on PFAS to protect people and the environment. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A protein subunit is a polypeptide chain or protein molecule that assembles (or "coassembles") with other protein molecules to form a protein complex. Large assemblies of proteins such as viruses often use a small number of types of protein subunits as building blocks. A key step in creating a recombinant protein vacc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Arsenic exposure through groundwater is highly concerning throughout the perinatal period. Pregnant women are a high-risk population because not only are the mothers at risk for adverse outcomes, but in-utero exposure also poses health risks to the infant.
There is a dose-dependent relationship between maternal exposur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
AOAC International holds an Annual Meeting & Conference, typically held in August or September of each year, which is moved around the United States and held in major cities. In addition, a mid-year meeting is held every March near the headquarters in Rockville, Maryland. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Methylation, in the chemical sciences, is the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group. Methylation is a form of alkylation, with a methyl group replacing a hydrogen atom. These terms are commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, soil science, and biology.
... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Total RNA is purified from the specimen of interest. Poly A messenger RNA is then purified from total RNA and subsequently translated into cDNA using a reverse transcription reaction. The cDNA produced from the mRNA is labeled using primers homologous to the spliced leader sequences of the organism. In a nine step PCR ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The relation between the change in Gibbs reaction energy and Gibbs energy can be defined as the slope of the Gibbs energy plotted against the extent of reaction at constant pressure and temperature.
This formula leads to the Nernst equation when applied to the oxidation-reduction reaction which generates the voltage of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some histidine kinases are hybrids that contain an internal receiver domain. In these cases, a hybrid HK autophosphorylates and then transfers the phosphoryl group to its own internal receiver domain, rather than to a separate RR protein. The phosphoryl group is then shuttled to histidine phosphotransferase (HPT) and s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Superfluidity was discovered in helium-4 by Pyotr Kapitsa and independently by John F. Allen and Don Misener in 1937. Onnes possibly observed the superfluid phase transition on August 2 1911, the same day that he observed superconductivity in mercury. It has since been described through phenomenology and microscopic th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Triple-decker complexes are known to obey a 30-valence electron (VE) rule. Subtracting 6 pairs of nonbonding electrons from the two metal atoms brings the number of SEPs to 9 pairs. For a triple-decker complex with cyclopentadienyl| as the decks, m + n + o + p − q = 3 + 17 + 2 + 2 − 0 = 24. Subtracting the 15 pairs cor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In pre-modern chemistry and alchemy, cohobation was the process of repeated distillation of the same matter, with the liquid drawn from it; that liquid being poured again and again upon the matter left at the bottom of the vessel. Cohobation is a kind of circulation, only differing from it in this, that the liquid is d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cell–cell interactions are highly specific and are tightly regulated. Genetic defects and dysregulation of these interactions can cause many different diseases. Dysregulation that leads to leukocyte migration into healthy tissues can cause conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and some types of arthr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The moisture sorption properties of pharmaceutical materials such as excipients, drug formulations and packaging films are recognized as critical factors in determining their storage, stability, processing and application performance. Further, vapor sorption experiments can be used to study hydrate and solvate formati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many types of solid materials can exhibit more than one mechanism for DNP. Some examples are carbonaceous materials such bituminous coal and charcoal (wood or cellulose heated at high temperatures above their decomposition point which leaves a residual solid char). To separate out the mechanisms of DNP and to character... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
New drugs are the products of a long drug development process, the first step of which is often the discovery of a new enzyme inhibitor. There are two principle approaches of discovering these inhibitors.
The first general method is rational drug design based on mimicking the transition state of the chemical reaction c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cefalexin, also spelled cephalexin, is an antibiotic that can treat a number of bacterial infections. It kills gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria by disrupting the growth of the bacterial cell wall. Cefalexin is a β-lactam antibiotic within the class of first-generation cephalosporins. It works similarly to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Xylenol orange is an organic reagent, most commonly used as a tetrasodium salt as an indicator for metal titrations. When used for metal titrations, it will appear red in the titrand and become yellow once it reaches its endpoint. Historically, commercial preparations of it have been notoriously impure, sometimes cons... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Depending on how the experiment is carried out, DamID can be subject to plasmid methylation biases. Because plasmids are usually amplified in E. coli where Dam is naturally expressed, they are methylated on every GATC. In transient transfection experiments, the DNA of those plasmids is recovered along with the DNA of t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reverse electron flow is the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain through the reverse redox reactions. Usually requiring a significant amount of energy to be used, this can reduce the oxidized forms of electron donors. For example, NAD can be reduced to NADH by Complex I. There are several factors... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tris-buffered saline (TBS) is a buffer used in some biochemical techniques to maintain the pH within a relatively narrow range. Tris (with HCl) has a slightly alkaline buffering capacity in the 7–9.2 range. The conjugate acid of Tris has a pK of 8.07 at 25 °C. The pK declines approximately 0.03 units per degree Celsius... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The saturation state (known as Ω) of seawater for a mineral is a measure of the thermodynamic potential for the mineral to form or to dissolve, and for calcium carbonate is described by the following equation:
Here Ω is the product of the concentrations (or activities) of the reacting ions that form the mineral (Ca and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyanobacteria have fundamentally transformed the geochemistry of the planet. Multiple lines of geochemical evidence support the occurrence of intervals of profound global environmental change at the beginning and end of the Proterozoic (2,500–542 Mya).
While it is widely accepted that the presence of molecular oxygen ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Until 1980, laser-heated crystal growth used only two laser beams focused over the source material. This condition generated a high radial thermal gradient in the molten zone, making the process unstable. Increasing the number of beams to four did not solve the problem, although it improved the growth process.
An imp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During the 1990s, the lactic acid hypothesis was created to explain why people experienced burning or muscle cramps that occurred during and after intense exercise. The hypothesis proposes that a lack of oxygen in muscle cells results in a switch from cellular respiration to fermentation. Lactic acid created as a bypro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term ‘secondary building unit’ has been used for some time to describe conceptual fragments which can be compared as bricks used to build a house of zeolites; in the context of this page it refers to the geometry of the units defined by the points of extension. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aliphatic diisocyanates are not used in the production of polyurethane foam as the cost is too high and foam is very much a commodity. It is used in special applications for polyurethane, such as enamel coatings which are resistant to abrasion and degradation from ultraviolet light. There are also multiple patents wher... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In some cases, discordant reads can also indicate a CNV for example in sequences repeats. For larger CNV, the density of the reads will vary accordingly to the copy number. An increase of copy numbers will be reflected by increasing mapping of the same region on the reference genome. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Forced convection is a mechanism, or type of transport, in which fluid motion is generated by an external source (like a pump, fan, suction device, etc.). Alongside natural convection, thermal radiation, and thermal conduction it is one of the methods of heat transfer and allows significant amounts of heat energy to be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sialic acid containing glycoproteins (sialoglycoproteins) bind selectin in humans and other organisms. Metastatic cancer cells often express a high density of sialic acid-rich glycoproteins. This overexpression of sialic acid on surfaces creates a negative charge on cell membranes. This creates repulsion between cells ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Upon first arriving in the Philippine archipelago, landing specifically in the visayas, Spanish colonizers noted astonishing amounts of gold in common use, including earrings, armbands legbands, gold chains, collars of beads, wristlets, armlets, finger rings, and so on. They were also integrated into clothing as sequi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term "apothecary" derives from the Ancient Greek (, "a repository, storehouse") via Latin ("repository, storehouse, warehouse", cf. and ), Medieval Latin ("storekeeper"), and eventually Old French .
In some European and other languages, the term is current and used to designate a pharmacist/chemist, such as Dut... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Soap bubbles have been used as entertainment for at least 400 years, as evidenced by 17th-century Flemish paintings showing children blowing bubbles with clay pipes. The London-based firm A. & F. Pears created a famous advertising campaign for its soaps in 1886 using a painting by John Everett Millais of a child playi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A variety of complexes - a subset of metallaborane - are known with one or two dicarbollide ligands. An example of a 1:1 complex is [Mn(CO)(η-7,8-CBH)].
Most heavily studied are complexes with two dicarbollide ligands, especially sandwich complexes. Thus, these are prepared by salt metathesis reactions, as illustrated... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The stockpiles, which have been maintained for more than 50 years, are now considered obsolete. Public Law 99-145, contains section 1412, which directs the Department of Defense (DOD) to dispose of the stockpiles. This directive fell upon the DOD with joint cooperation from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Yusif Haydar oglu Mammadaliyev (; December 31, 1905 – December 15, 1961) was an Azerbaijani and Soviet chemist. He was a Doctor of Chemistry, academician of the National Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR, and was the president of the National Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR.
According to the statemen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Independent of the developments for electrons in vacuum, at about the same time the components of quantum mechanics were being assembled. In 1924 Louis de Broglie in his PhD thesis Recherches sur la théorie des quanta introduced his theory of electron waves. He suggested that an electron around a nucleus could be thoug... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In response to the criticism that the Gaia hypothesis seemingly required unrealistic group selection and cooperation between organisms, James Lovelock and Andrew Watson developed a mathematical model, Daisyworld, in which ecological competition underpinned planetary temperature regulation.
Daisyworld examines the energ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An example of the implementation of the IVB approach was in the engineering of autologous bone by injecting calcium alginate in a sub-periosteal location. The periosteum is a membrane that covers the long bones, jawbone, ribs and the skull. This membrane contains an endogenous population of pluripotent cells called th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Zintl compounds feature naked anionic clusters that are generated by reduction of heavy main group p elements, mostly metals or semimetals, with alkali metals, often as a solution in anhydrous liquid ammonia or ethylenediamine. Examples of Zintl anions are [Bi], [Sn], [Pb], and [Sb]. Although these species are called "... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although smart fluids are rightly seen as having many potential applications, they are limited in commercial feasibility for the following reasons:
* High density, due to presence of iron, makes them heavy. However, operating volumes are small, so while this is a problem, it is not insurmountable.
* High-quality fluids... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molds that are often found on meat and poultry include members of the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Mortierella, Mucor, Neurospora, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, and Rhizopus. Grain crops in particular incur considerable losses both in field and storage due to pathogens, po... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Calcium deficiency can sometimes be rectified by adding agricultural lime to acid soils, aiming at a pH of 6.5, unless the subject plants specifically prefer acidic soil. Organic matter should be added to the soil to improve its moisture-retaining capacity. However, because of the nature of the disorder (i.e. poor tra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are only three basic options for offgas treatment available. The volatilized contaminants in the offgas can either be discharged to atmosphere, collected or destroyed. In some cases, both a collection and destruction system are employed. In addition to managing the volatilized components, the particulate solids (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reduction of the anode by the photosynthetic material can be achieved by a direct electron transfer, or via a soluble redox mediator. Redox mediators may be lipid-soluble (e.g. vitamin K2), allowing them to pass through cell membranes, and can either be added to the system or produced by the biological material. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diphenylamine is manufactured by the thermal deamination of aniline over oxide catalysts:
: 2 CHNH → (CH)NH + NH
It is a weak base, with a K of 10. With strong acids, it forms salts. For example, treatment with sulfuric acid gives the bisulfate [(CH)NH][HSO] as a white or yellowish powder with m.p. 123-125 °C.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* As with all carbonyl compounds, the protons on the α-carbon are labile due to keto–enol tautomerization. Thus, the α-carbon is easily halogenated in the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky halogenation.
* The Schmidt reaction converts carboxylic acids to amines.
* Carboxylic acids are decarboxylated in the Hunsdiecker reaction.
* ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Trimethylamine N-oxide reductase (TOR or TMAO reductase, EC 1.7.2.3) is a microbial enzyme that can reduce trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) into trimethylamine (TMA), as part of the electron transport chain. The enzyme has been purified from E. coli and the photosynthetic bacteria Roseobacter denitrificans.
Trimethylamine... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The uhp system is composed of UhpA, UhpB, UhpC, and UhpT. UhpB and UhpC are both transmembrane proteins which form a complex with each other. UhpA is a signal protein found in the cytoplasm. UhpT is a transporter protein which facilitates the uptake of phosphorylated hexose molecules into the cell. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For at least 600 years, wood tar has been used as a water repellent coating for boats, ships, and roofs. In Scandinavia, it was produced as a cash crop. "Peasant Tar" might be named for the district of its production.
Wood tar is still used as an additive in the flavoring of candy, alcohol, and other foods. Wood tar i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Labeling studies establish the following regiochemistry:
:RCDO + CH=CHR → RC(O)CHCHDR
In terms of the reaction mechanism, hydroacylation begins with oxidative addition of the aldehydic carbon-hydrogen bond. The resulting acyl hydride complex next binds the alkene. The sequence of oxidative addition and alkene coo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adverse effects can include hypersensitivity reactions including urticaria, fever, joint pains, rashes, angioedema, anaphylaxis, serum sickness-like reaction. Rarely central nervous system toxicity including convulsions (especially with high doses or in severe renal impairment), interstitial nephritis, haemolytic anaem... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The precursor mixture of powders and space-holders are compacted into a mold under a specified pressure. This can be achieved through uniaxial or isostatic processes. The pores resulting from this method are open and interconnected via windows between neighboring pores with the size of the pores partially dependent upo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the number of glass and batch components is not equal, if it is impossible to exactly obtain the desired glass composition using the selected batch ingredients, or if the matrix equation is not soluble for other reasons (i.e., the rows/columns are linearly dependent), the batch composition must be determined by opti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, a thermodynamic state of a system is its condition at a specific time; that is, fully identified by values of a suitable set of parameters known as state variables, state parameters or thermodynamic variables. Once such a set of values of thermodynamic variables has been specified for a system, the v... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ion chromatography has advanced through the accumulation of knowledge over a course of many years. Starting from 1947, Spedding and Powell used displacement ion-exchange chromatography for the separation of the rare earths. Additionally, they showed the ion-exchange separation of 14N and 15N isotopes in ammonia. At th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SHINGRIX is a licensed recombinant subunit vaccine for protection against Herpes Zoster, whose risk of developing increases with decline of varicella zoster virus (VZV) specific immunity. The vaccine contains VZV gE antigen component extracted from CHO cells, which is to be reconstituted with adjuvant suspension AS01.
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Berkeley Catalysis Center
*Berkeley Center for Green Chemistry
*Berkeley Global Science Institute
*Berkeley Nanosciences and Nanoengineering Institute
*Berkeley Nanotechnology Club
*Berkeley Quantum Information and Computation Center
*Berkeley Stem Cell Center
*California Research Alliance
*CalSolv Center
*Center for ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A radiocarbon dating study in 2018 found that after the 30-meter isobath, only around 10% of the methane in surface waters can be attributed to ancient permafrost or methane hydrates. The authors suggested that even a significantly accelerated methane release would still largely fail to reach the atmosphere. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ponceau S, Acid Red 112, or C.I. 27195 (systematic name: 3-hydroxy-4-(2-sulfo-4-[4-sulfophenylazo]phenylazo)-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid sodium salt) is a sodium salt of a diazo dye of a light red color, that may be used to prepare a stain for rapid reversible detection of protein bands on nitrocellulose or polyviny... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As a Department of Energy Committee writing on the human radiation experiments wrote, "It appears to have been almost immediately apparent to the AEC and the Joint Task Force running the Castle series that research on radiation effects could be done in conjunction with the medical treatment of the exposed populations."... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After several years of cooling, most radioactivity is from the fission products caesium-137 and strontium-90, which are each produced in about 6% of fissions, and have half-lives of about 30 years. Other fission products with similar half-lives have much lower fission product yields, lower decay energy, and several (Sm... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first type of molecular marker developed and run on gel electrophoresis were allozymes. These markers are used for the detection of protein variation. The word "allozyme" (also known as "alloenzyme") comes from "allelic variants of enzymes." When run on a gel, proteins are separated by size and charge. Although all... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process in which amylase breaks down starch for sugar consumption is not consistent with all organisms that use amylase to breakdown stored starch. There are different amylase pathways that are involved in starch degradation. The occurrence of starch degradation into sugar by the enzyme amylase was most commonly kn... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is legal under EU law to sell and buy seeds from a composite cross population as an experiment in the period between 2014 and 2018. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nervous system control over hormone release is based in the hypothalamus, from which the neurons that populate the pariventricular and arcuate nuclei originate. These neurons project to the median eminence, where they secrete releasing hormones into the hypophysial portal system connecting the hypothalamus with the pi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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