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Coal comes in four main types or ranks: lignite or brown coal, bituminous coal or black coal, anthracite and graphite. Each type of coal has a certain set of physical parameters which are mostly controlled by moisture, volatile content (in terms of aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons) and carbon content. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are a number of effects which control spectral line shape. A spectral line extends over a tiny spectral band with a nonzero range of frequencies, not a single frequency (i.e., a nonzero spectral width). In addition, its center may be shifted from its nominal central wavelength. There are several reasons for this ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bromophenol blue (3′,3″,5′,5″-tetrabromophenolsulfonphthalein, BPB), albutest is used as a pH indicator, an electrophoretic color marker, and a dye. It can be prepared by slowly adding excess bromine to a hot solution of phenolsulfonphthalein in glacial acetic acid. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In pharmacology, is often written as , where is the ligand, equivalent to L, and is the receptor. can be expressed in terms of the total amount of receptor and ligand-bound receptor concentrations: . is equal to the ratio of the dissociation rate of the ligand-receptor complex to its association rate (). Kd is the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organic photochemical reactions are explained in the context of the relevant excited states.
Parallel to the structural studies described above, the role of spin multiplicity – singlet vs triplet – on reactivity was evaluated. The importance of triplet excited species was emphasized. Triplets tend to be longer-lived th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Romanian surgeon Nicolae Racoviceanu-Pitești (1860–1942) was the first to use opioids for intrathecal analgesia; he presented his experience in Paris in 1901.
In 1921, Spanish military surgeon Fidel Pagés (18861923) developed the modern technique of lumbar epidural anesthesia, which was popularized in the 1930s by Ital... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, Rayleigh's equation or Rayleigh stability equation is a linear ordinary differential equation to study the hydrodynamic stability of a parallel, incompressible and inviscid shear flow. The equation is:
with the flow velocity of the steady base flow whose stability is to be studied and is the cross-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In many engineering applications the local flow velocity vector field is not known in every point and the only accessible velocity is the bulk velocity or average flow velocity (with the usual dimension of length per time), defined as the quotient between the volume flow rate (with dimension of cubed length per time... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PI-3K is one of the important components in the regulation of the insulin signaling pathway. It maintains the insulin sensitivity in the liver. PI-3K is composed of a regulatory subunit (P85) and a catalytic subunit (P110). P85 regulates the activation of PI-3K enzyme. In the PI-3K heterodimer (P85-p110), P85 is respon... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, when applied to the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system in the extracellular fluids, states that:
where:
* is the negative logarithm (or cologarithm) of molar concentration of hydrogen ions in the extracellular fluid.
* is the cologarithm of the acid dissociation constant of ca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ketenes were first studied as a class by Hermann Staudinger before 1905.
Ketenes were systematically investigated by Hermann Staudinger in 1905 in the form of diphenylketene (conversion of -chlorodiphenyl acetyl chloride with zinc). Staudinger was inspired by the first examples of reactive organic intermediates and sta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Numerous chemical targets have distinct stereochemical demands. Stereochemical transformations (such as the Claisen rearrangement and Mitsunobu reaction) can remove or transfer the desired chirality thus simplifying the target. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The presence of humic acid in water intended for potable or industrial use can have a significant impact on the treatability of that water and the success of chemical disinfection processes. For instance, humic and fulvic acids can react with the chemicals used in the chlorination process to form disinfection byproduct... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The theoretical model that was first conceived for superconductivity was completely classical: it is summarized by London constitutive equations.
It was put forward by the brothers Fritz and Heinz London in 1935, shortly after the discovery that magnetic fields are expelled from superconductors. A major triumph of the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hemorphin-4 is an endogenous opioid peptide of the hemorphin family which possesses antinociceptive properties and is derived from the β-chain of hemoglobin in the bloodstream. It is a tetrapeptide with the amino acid sequence Tyr-Pro-Trp-Thr. Hemorphin-4 has affinities for the μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors that are i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The pH of a solution containing a buffering agent can only vary within a narrow range, regardless of what else may be present in the solution. In biological systems this is an essential condition for enzymes to function correctly. For example, in human blood a mixture of carbonic acid (HCO) and bicarbonate (HCO) is pre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zenobi-Wong works in the area of tissue engineering, in particular for cartilage regeneration. She develops functional biomaterials which mimic the extracellular matrix. The biofabrication techniques used to develop these materials include electrospinning, casting, two-photon polymerization and bioprinting.
Zenobi-Wong... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Wallach's rule (first proposed by Otto Wallach) states that racemic crystals tend to be denser than their chiral counterparts. This rule has been substantiated by crystallographic database analysis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2009 the Chesapeake Bay Foundation (CBF) filed suit against EPA for its failure to finalize a total maximum daily load (TMDL) ruling for the bay, pursuant to the Clean Water Act. The TMDL would restrict water pollution from farms, land development, power plants and sewage treatment plants. EPA, which had been workin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The excess volume is another important property in the characterization of grain boundaries. Excess volume was first proposed by Bishop in a private communication to Aaron and Bolling in 1972. It describes how much expansion is induced by the presence of a GB and is thought that the degree and susceptibility of segrega... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The notion of isomer also appears in other fields such as chemistry and meteorology. Therefore, in the first publications devoted to this effect the name nuclear isomeric shift on spectral lines was used. Before the discovery of the Mössbauer effect, the isomeric shift referred exclusively to atomic spectra; this expla... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Canada is one of the largest owners of fresh water and has for years been engaged in a legal dispute over its possession of the resource. In 1990 an American company named Sunbelt was invited by the government of British Columbia to invest in a water exporting operation. Due to setbacks, the contract never matured and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Early examples of different solutions to alleviate rotating stall in the front stages include the Rolls-Royce Avon with variable inlet guide vanes and interstage bleed, the General Electric J79 with variable inlet guide vanes and variable stators, the Bristol Olympus with split compressor and the Pratt & Whitney J57 wi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If enough mass is used it can create a seasonal advantage. That is, it can heat in the winter and cool in the summer. This is sometimes called passive annual heat storage or PAHS. The PAHS system has been successfully used at 7000 ft. in Colorado and in a number of homes in Montana. The Earthships of New Mexico utilize... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an extremely versatile technique for copying DNA. In brief, PCR allows a specific DNA sequence to be copied or modified in predetermined ways. The reaction is extremely powerful and under perfect conditions could amplify one DNA molecule to become 1.07 billion molecules in less than t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cyclamin has not been thoroughly investigated in terms of its effects on animals, given it is not a widely known compound. However, the effects of Cyclamin on the snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) in terms of molluscicidal activity were researched. The lowest concentration showing 100% mortality to snails was 21 mg/l. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dispersive soils are more common in older landscapes where leaching and illuviation processes have had more time to work. A source of sodium is also required. Possible sources can include weathering from soil parent materials or wind-blown salt deposition. Sodium ions are highly mobile in the soil solution and so they ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Binding sites can be characterized also by their structural features. Single-chain sites (of “monodesmic” ligands, μόνος: single, δεσμός: binding) are formed by a single protein chain, while multi-chain sites (of "polydesmic” ligands, πολοί: many) are frequent in protein complexes, and are formed by ligands that bind m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
From left to right the peaks are due to Po, Pu, Po and Am. The fact that isotopes such as Pu and Am have more than one alpha line indicates that the (daughter) nucleus can be in different discrete energy levels.
Calibration:
MCA does not work on energy, it works on voltage. To relate the energy to voltage one must cal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unlike crystalline materials which exhibit strong Bragg diffraction, the diffraction patterns of amorphous materials are characterized by broad and diffuse peaks. As a result, detailed analysis and complementary techniques are required to extract real space structural information from the diffraction patterns of amorph... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During the rule of Peter I the Great, Fedor I. Soimonov was a pioneering explorer of the sea. He was a hydrographer who charted and greatly expanded knowledge of the sea. He drew a set of four maps and wrote Pilot of the Caspian Sea, the first lengthy report and modern maps. These were published in 1720 by the Russian ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
They were the first set of nonsense mutations to be discovered, isolated by Richard H. Epstein and Charles Steinberg and named after their friend and graduate Caltech student Harris Bernstein, whose last name means "amber" in German (cf. Bernstein).
Viruses with amber mutations are characterized by their ability to inf... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ASO analysis is only one of the methods used to detect genetic polymorphisms. Direct DNA sequencing is used to initially characterize the mutation, but is too laborious for routine screening. An earlier method, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) didn't need to know the sequence change beforehand, but requi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In October 1885, it was announced that the authorities were in favour of the creation of an institute of chemistry in Nancy. This pulled together a variety of chemical activities in the University of Nancy, with the specific aim of instructing young men in the practical application of chemistry to industry and agricul... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Artemether was more promising for clinical drug than its parent molecule artemisinin. In 1981, the National Steering Committee for Development of Qinghaosu (artemisinin) and its Derivatives authorised Zhou Yiqing, who was working at the Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology of the Chinese Academy of Military Medic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Apoptosis triggered by FasR-Fas ligand binding plays a fundamental role in the regulation of the immune system. Its functions include:
*T-cell homeostasis: the activation of T-cells leads to their expression of the Fas ligand. T cells are initially resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis during clonal expansion, but become... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many reaction exists which make use of an intermediate nitroso compound, such as the Barton reaction and Davis–Beirut reaction, as well as in the synthesis of indoles, for example: Baeyer–Emmerling indole synthesis, Bartoli indole synthesis. In the Saville reaction, mercury is used to replace a nitrosyl from a thiol gr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Paz-Pujalt was born August 9, 1954, in Arequipa, Peru. He is of Galician and Welsh descent on his fathers side and Catalan and Basque on his mothers. He graduated from San Andrés (Colegio), an Anglo Peruvian college preparatory school in Lima, Peru. He graduated with honors and received the Miller Prize for accomplishm... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This describes the preparation of what Agricola calls "juices": salt, soda, nitre, alum, vitriol, saltpetre, sulphur and bitumen. Finally glass making is covered. Agricola seems less secure about this process. He is not clear about making glass from the raw ingredients but clearer about remelting glass to make objects.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The main source of atmospheric free oxygen is photosynthesis, which produces sugars and free oxygen from carbon dioxide and water:
Photosynthesizing organisms include the plant life of the land areas, as well as the phytoplankton of the oceans. The tiny marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus was discovered in 1986 and a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An amorphous brazing foil (ABF) is a form of eutectic amorphous metal that serves as a filler metal in brazing operations. ABFs are composed of various transition metals, including nickel, iron, and copper, blended with metalloids like silicon, boron, and phosphorus. By precisely managing the concentration of these met... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This reaction shows the oxidation of p-cresol in a sulfate-enriched environment. P-cresol was seen to be the easiest to degrade through the sulfate-enriched environment, while m-cresol and o-cresol where inhibited. In the chart above, p-cresol was oxidized under an anaerobic sulfate reducing condition and formed four d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He graduated from the Chinese University of Hong Kong with a B.Sc. in 1977, and obtained his Ph.D. in biochemistry and cell biology at the University of Newcastle, Australia, in 1981. He came to New York as a Population Council post-doctoral trainee in 1981, studying in the laboratory of Drs. Wayne Bardin, Neal Musto, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable element characterized by the presence of long terminal repeats (LTRs) directly flanking an internal coding region. As retrotransposons, they mobilize through reverse transcription of their mRNA and integration of the newly created cDNA into another location. Their mechanism... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the STAT1 gene. It is a member of the STAT protein family. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a pressurized gas is released, the velocity of the flow will heavily depend on the pressure difference between stagnant pressure and downstream pressure. By assuming an isentropic expansion of an ideal gas from its stagnant conditions (P , meaning the velocity of the gas is zero) to downstream conditions (P, posit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When an atom or molecule interacts with an electromagnetic wave of frequency , it can undergo a transition from an initial to a final state of energy difference through the coupling of the electromagnetic field to the transition dipole moment. When this transition is from a lower energy state to a higher energy state,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Generally, oral CoQ supplementation is well tolerated. The most common side effects are gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, appetite suppression, and abdominal pain), rashes, and headaches. Some adverse effects, largely gastrointestinal, are reported with intakes. Doses of 100-300 mg per day may induce insomni... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tap water may be added to a paper bag which then is put on a stove to boil. The paper bag can absorb water, which cools down the system and prevents the paper bag from being burnt. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In addition to treating copper concentrates, ISASMELT furnaces have also been built to treat secondary (scrap) copper materials. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NRA can also be used non-resonantly (of course, RBS is non-resonant). For example, deuterium can easily be profiled with a He beam without changing the incident energy by using the
:He + D = α + p + 18.353 MeV
reaction, usually written H(He,p)α. The energy of the fast proton detected depends on the depth of the deut... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photoproteins are a type of enzyme produced by bioluminescent organisms. They add to the function of the luciferins whose usual light-producing reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme luciferase. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are molecules containing two or more simple aromatic rings fused together by sharing two neighboring carbon atoms (see also simple aromatic rings). Examples are naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A thermodynamic operation is an externally imposed manipulation that affects a thermodynamic system. The change can be either in the connection or wall between a thermodynamic system and its surroundings, or in the value of some variable in the surroundings that is in contact with a wall of the system that allows trans... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unlike the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), ATSDR is an advisory, nonregulatory agency. ATSDR conducts research on the health impacts of hazardous waste sites and provides information and recommendations to federal and state agencies, community members, and other interested parties. However, ATSDR is not involved... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Small RNA sequencing can be useful for:
* studying the expression profile of miRNA and other small RNAs
* increasing the understanding of how cells are regulated or misregulated under pathological conditions
* small RNA clustering
* novel small RNA discovery
* small RNA prediction
* differential expression of all s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Olson received her bachelor's degree in chemistry at the University of Delaware in 1967, with honors and distinction. During her studies, she received the A.C.S. (Delaware Section) Student Award. Olson obtained her Ph.D. in 1971 at Stanford University, where she studied the configurational statistics of polynucleotide ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mono Lake ( ) is a saline soda lake in Mono County, California, formed at least 760,000 years ago as a terminal lake in an endorheic basin. The lack of an outlet causes high levels of salts to accumulate in the lake which make its water alkaline.
The desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Heterochromatin in S. cerevisiae is composed of a wide array of proteins and plays several roles. The first stage of heterochromatin formation requires DNA binding proteins, which interact with specific cis DNA sequences at the telomeres, rDNA and HM loci. These proteins, including Rap1p and the origin recognition comp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluciclovine (F), also known as anti-1-amino-3-18F-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (anti-3[18F] FACBC), or as Axumin (brand name), is a diagnostic agent indicated for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in men with suspected prostate cancer recurrence based on elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Petite mutants show extranuclear inheritance.The inheritance pattern varying with the type of petite involved.
Segregational petites (pet–): mutants are created by nuclear mutations and exhibit Mendelian 1:1 segregation.
Neutral petites (rho–N): Neutral petite when crossed to wild-type, all offspring are wild-type. It ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Combined with the energy needed to produce hydrogen and purified atmospheric nitrogen, ammonia production is energy-intensive, accounting for 1% to 2% of global energy consumption, 3% of global carbon emissions, and 3% to 5% of natural gas consumption. Hydrogen required for ammonia synthesis is most often produced thro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A carbon–carbon bond is a covalent bond between two carbon atoms. The most common form is the single bond: a bond composed of two electrons, one from each of the two atoms. The carbon–carbon single bond is a sigma bond and is formed between one hybridized orbital from each of the carbon atoms. In ethane, the orbitals a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unlike most epidermal cells, the guard cells of plant stomata contain relatively well-developed chloroplasts. However, exactly what they do is controversial. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The basis of catalytic resonance theory utilizes the transient behavior of adsorption, surface reactions, and desorption as surface binding energy and surface transition states oscillate with time. The binding energy of a single species, i, is described via a temporal functional including square or sinusoidal waves of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Enolate activation is the simplest Conia-ene activation mode. In this mode, the carbonyl starting material is treated with a strong base, such as nBuLi, NaH, or tBuOK, to form a metal-stabilized enolate, which then attacks the tethered alkyne and transfers the metal cation. An early example of enolate activation was re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In some snails, the protein component of the egg yolk is primarily ferritin. This is a different ferritin, with a different genetic sequence, from the somatic ferritin. It is produced in the midgut glands and secreted into the haemolymph, whence it is transported to the eggs. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ingram's research areas are analytical chemistry and environmental chemistry. She specializes on environmental uranium and arsenic contamination and how they effect the food chain and water supplies of the Navajo nation. She also researches traditional Navajo food ingredients and their health benefits, for example juni... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1999 the New Zealand Association of Scientists established the Shorland Medal in Shorland's honour. It is awarded annually in recognition of a "major and continued contribution to basic or applied research that has added significantly to scientific understanding or resulted in significant benefits to society." | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reverse transcriptase is commonly used in research to apply the polymerase chain reaction technique to RNA in a technique called reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The classical PCR technique can be applied only to DNA strands, but, with the help of reverse transcriptase, RNA can be transcribed ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fumagillin is a complex biomolecule and used as an antimicrobial agent. It was isolated in 1949 from the microbial organism Aspergillus fumigatus. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Power steering fluid is a sub type of hydraulic fluid. Most are mineral oil or silicone based fluids, while some use automatic transmission fluid, made from synthetic base oil. Automatic transmissions use fluids for their lubrication, cooling and hydraulic properties for viscous couplings.
Use of the wrong type of flu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sulfur is intimately involved in production of fossil fuels and a majority of metal deposits because of its ability to act as an oxidizing or reducing agent. The vast majority of the major mineral deposits on Earth contain a substantial amount of sulfur including, but not limited to: sedimentary exhalative deposits (S... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The simplest polymetallic system, the [FeS] cluster, is constituted by two iron ions bridged by two sulfide ions and coordinated by four cysteinyl ligands (in FeS ferredoxins) or by two cysteines and two histidines (in Rieske proteins). The oxidized proteins contain two Fe ions, whereas the reduced proteins contain one... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cubic materials are special orthotropic materials that are invariant with respect to 90° rotations with respect to the principal axes, i.e., the material is the same along its principal axes. Due to these additional symmetries the stiffness tensor can be written with just three different material properties like
The in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In vitro, thienamycin employs a similar mode of action as penicillins through disrupting the cell wall synthesis (peptidoglycan biosynthesis) of various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa to name a few). Although thienamycin binds to al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Internal corrosion is occasioned by the combined effects and severity of four modes of material deterioration, namely: general corrosion, pitting corrosion, microbial corrosion, and fluid corrosivity. The same principals of external corrosion control can be applied to internal corrosion but due to accessibility, the ap... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Condensation of long double-helical DNAs is a sharp phase transition, which takes place within a narrow interval of condensing agent concentrations.[ref] Since the double helices come very closely to each other in the condensed phase, this leads to the restructuring of water molecules, which gives rise to the so-called... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carboxypeptidase B (, protaminase, pancreatic carboxypeptidase B, tissue carboxypeptidase B, peptidyl-L-lysine [L-arginine]hydrolase) is a carboxypeptidase that preferentially cleaves off basic amino acids arginine and lysine from the C-terminus of a peptide. This enzyme is secreted by the pancreas, and it travels to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Airborne sawdust and sawdust accumulations present a number of health and safety hazards. Wood dust becomes a potential health problem when, for example, the wood particles, from processes such as sanding, become airborne and are inhaled. Wood dust is a known human carcinogen. Certain woods and their dust contain toxin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The convection–diffusion equation can be derived in a straightforward way from the continuity equation, which states that the rate of change for a scalar quantity in a differential control volume is given by flow and diffusion into and out of that part of the system along with any generation or consumption inside the c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
β-carotene can be extracted from fungus Blakeslea trispora, marine algae Dunaliella salina or genetically modified yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, starting with xylose as a substrate. Chemical synthesis uses either a method developed by BASF or a Grignard reaction utilized by Hoffman-La Roche.
The world market for synt... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transitions between scales are always fluent. There is no sharp cut that defines the end of small- and the beginning of medium/pilot scale. However, chromatography columns with an inner diameter (ID) of up to 5 cm are generally considered small scale or laboratory scale columns.
Small scale chromatography columns are m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In lactic acid fermentation, each pyruvate molecule is directly reduced by NADH. The only byproduct from this type of fermentation is lactate. Lactic acid fermentation is used by human muscle cells as a means of generating ATP during strenuous exercise where oxygen consumption is higher than the supplied oxygen. As thi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The phrase -ate ion or ate ion can refer generically to many negatively charged anions. -ate compound or ate compound can refer to salts of the anions or esters of the functional groups.
Chemical terms ending in -ate (and -ite) generally refer to the negatively charged anions, neutral radicals, and covalently bonded fu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
LA-ICP-MS can determine major and trace elements, however, with LA-ICPMS, the melt inclusion and any accompanying materials within the melt inclusion are ionized, thus destroying the melt inclusion, and then analyzed with a mass spectrometer. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While there are multitudes of molecules in existence which would appear to be antiaromatic on paper, the number of molecules that are antiaromatic in actuality is considerably less. This is compounded by the fact that one cannot typically make derivatives of antiaromatic molecules by adding more antiaromatic hydrocarbo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hot particles, radioactive particles of nuclear fallout and radioactive waste, also exhibit distinct isotopic signatures. Their radionuclide composition (and thus their age and origin) can be determined by mass spectrometry or by gamma spectrometry. For example, particles generated by a nuclear blast contain detectable... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Absorbance is defined as "the logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a sample (excluding the effects on cell walls)". Alternatively, for samples which scatter light, absorbance may be defined as "the negative logarithm of one minus absorptance, as measured on a uniform sample". The term... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The saddle coil shows the most complex geometry of these three coil types.
The B field is generated primarily by the four vertical wire segments. Because of this coil geometry, the B field of a saddle coil is more homogeneous in z direction than that of a planar coil. The saddle coil can be formed from wire, but it is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ribosome profiling is a method that can reveal pausing sites through sequencing the ribosome protected fragments (RPFs or footprints) to map ribosome occupancy on the mRNA. Ribosome profiling has the ability to reveal the ribosome pause sites in the whole transcriptome. When the kinetics layer is added, it discloses th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The similarity-based virtual screening (a kind of ligand-based virtual screening) assumes that all compounds in a database that are similar to a query compound have similar biological activity. Although this hypothesis is not always valid, quite often the set of retrieved compounds is considerably enriched with actives... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In an oscillatory flow with flow velocity , the Morison equation gives the inline force parallel to the flow direction:
where
* is the total inline force on the object,
* is the flow acceleration, i.e. the time derivative of the flow velocity
* the inertia force , is the sum of the Froude–Krylov force and the hydro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nuclear DNA is normally tightly wrapped around histones rendering the DNA inaccessible to the general transcription machinery and hence this tight association prevents transcription of DNA. At physiological pH, the phosphate component of the DNA backbone is deprotonated which gives DNA a net negative charge. Histones... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fractional crystallization is the removal and segregation from a melt of mineral precipitates, which changes the composition of the melt. This is one of the most important geochemical and physical processes operating within the Earth's crust and mantle.
Fractional crystallization in silicate melts (magmas) is a very co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sweat diagnostics is an emerging non-invasive technique used to provide insights to the health of the human body. Common sweat diagnostic tests include testing for cystic fibrosis and illicit drugs. Most testing of human sweat is in reference to the eccrine sweat gland which in contrast to the apocrine sweat gland, h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Different solvents can affect the equilibrium constant of a reaction by differential stabilization of the reactant or product. The equilibrium is shifted in the direction of the substance that is preferentially stabilized.
Stabilization of the reactant or product can occur through any of the different non-covalent int... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Couette flow is frequently used in undergraduate physics and engineering courses to illustrate shear-driven fluid motion. A simple configuration corresponds to two infinite, parallel plates separated by a distance ; one plate translates with a constant relative velocity in its own plane. Neglecting pressure gradients,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In some cases, rates of reaction decrease with increasing temperature. When following an approximately exponential relationship so the rate constant can still be fit to an Arrhenius expression, this results in a negative value of E.
Elementary reactions exhibiting negative activation energies are typically barrierless ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Strong Acids
* Perchloric acid HClO
* Hydriodic acid HI
* Hydrobromic acid HBr
* Hydrochloric acid HCl
* Sulfuric acid HSO
* Nitric acid HNO
* Chloric acid HClO
* Bromic acid HBrO
* Perbromic acid HBrO
* Periodic acid HIO
* Fluoroantimonic acid HSbF
* Magic acid FSOHSbF
* Carborane superacid H(CHBCl)
* Fluorosulfuric a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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