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According to researchers, preliminary tests with the simulator, under possible conditions of the early Earth, created protocells: organized collections of lipds which may act as precursors to living cells. According to biologist David Deamer, the device is a game changer, and the cells produced so far are "significant"... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Peripheral blood samples were obtained and processed to isolate plasma following standard protocols. Upon centrifugation, plasma specimens were preserved at −80 °C, awaiting the extraction of ctDNA. The extraction of cfDNA from plasma volumes ranging from 2 to 16 ml was carried out using established laboratory procedur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The minerals found in seawater can also play an important role in the ocean and its ecosystems food cycle. For example, the Southern Ocean contributes greatly to the environmental carbon cycle. Given that this body of water does not contain high levels of iron, the deficiency impacts the marine life living in its water... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In physics, the super Tonks–Girardeau gas represents an excited quantum gas phase with strong attractive interactions in a one-dimensional spatial geometry.
Usually, strongly attractive quantum gases are expected to form dense particle clusters and lose all gas-like properties. But in 2005, it was proposed by Stefano G... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An experiment on oat plants by scientist Maria Quiles, revealed that extreme light intensity can inhibit photosynthesis and result in the lack of PS II activity. This reduction leads to an increase in NAD(P)H and PTOX levels which then causes the stimulation of chlororespiration.
Oat leaves were incubated and Chlorophy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Recombination hotspots are DNA sequences that increase local recombination. The HOT1 sequence in yeast is one of the most well studied mitotic recombination hotspots. The HOT1 sequence includes an RNA polymerase I transcription promoter. In a yeast mutant strain defective in RNA polymerase I the HOT1 activity in pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A ninhydrin solution is commonly used by forensic investigators in the analysis of latent fingerprints on porous surfaces such as paper. The amino acids present in the minute sweat secretions that gather on the finger's unique ridges transfer to surfaces that are touched. Exposure of the surface to ninhydrin converts t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ballistic foam is a foam that sets hard. It is widely used in the manufacture and repair of aircraft to form a light but strong filler for aircraft wings. The foam is used to surround aircraft fuel tanks to reduce the chance of fires caused by the penetration of incendiary projectiles.
Ballistic foam is a type of poly... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Corrosion of cast-iron-pipe can occur on both the internal and external surfaces. In electro-chemical corrosion, internal anodes develop where bare iron is exposed to aggressive waters, promoting iron to move into solution. The iron combines with various components in the water, forming a tubercle on the pipe interio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluid inclusions can provide useful data in mineral exploration, as their characteristics depend on the mineralization process. The methods of using fluid inclusions to identify mineral deposits include assessing the abundance of a specific inclusion type, looking into variations in the inclusions' temperatures of phas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pauline Rudd is a British biochemist and Professor at the Microbiome Institute, University College Cork. She is a founder of Wessex Biochemicals, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and was awarded the James Gregory Medal in 2010. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Group 2 elements form [[Alkaline earth octacarbonyl complex|[M(CO)]]] (M = Ca, Sr, Ba), characterized in gas phase by mass spectrometry and vibrational spectroscopy.
*Group 3 elements form [Sc(CO)] and [Y(CO)] in gas phase.
*Group 7 elements as monocations resemble neutral group 6 derivative [M(CO)] (M = Mn, Tc, Re).
... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The furnace comprises three distinct zones:
* Firstly, the preheating zone heats the ore to 800 °C using the hot fumes within the furnace. Ore reduction occurs only if temperatures exceed 900-1,000 °C, while the coal releases its most volatile constituents.
* Secondly, the reduction zone is situated in the middle of th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* BS 1881:204 Testing concrete. Recommendations on the use of electromagnetic covermeters
* DGZfP:B2: Guideline “für Bewehrungsnachweis und Überdeckungsmessung bei Stahl- und Spannbeton”
* DIN 1045: Guideline Concrete, reinforced and prestressed concrete structures
* ACI Concrete Practices Non Destructive testing 228.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The principal methods of this are enamelled glass, essentially a technique for painting patterns or images, used for both glass vessels and on stained glass, and glass paint, typically in black, and silver stain, giving yellows to oranges on stained glass. All of these are fired in a kiln or furnace to fix them, and c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lithium was first used in the 19th century as a treatment for gout after scientists discovered that, at least in the laboratory, lithium could dissolve uric acid crystals isolated from the kidneys. The levels of lithium needed to dissolve urate in the body, however, were toxic. Because of prevalent theories linking exc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrogen bonding is of persistent theoretical interest. According to a modern description integrates both the intermolecular O:H lone pair ":" nonbond and the intramolecular polar-covalent bond associated with repulsive coupling.
Quantum chemical calculations of the relevant interresidue potential constants (complia... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metallurgists study the microscopic and macroscopic structure of metals using metallography, a technique invented by Henry Clifton Sorby.
In metallography, an alloy of interest is ground flat and polished to a mirror finish. The sample can then be etched to reveal the microstructure and macrostructure of the metal. The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The external stimulus (i.e., the drug or ligand) physically binds to ("hits") the biological target. The interaction between the substance and the target may be:
* noncovalent – A relatively weak interaction between the stimulus and the target where no chemical bond is formed between the two interacting partners and he... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Preoperative administration of Lugols solution decreases intraoperative blood loss during thyroidectomy in patients with Graves disease. However, it appears ineffective in patients who are already euthyroid on anti-thyroid drugs and levothyroxine.
* During colposcopy, Lugols iodine is applied to the vagina and cervix. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because of the multiple carbon–fluorine bonds, and the high electronegativity of fluorine, the carbon in tetrafluoromethane has a significant positive partial charge which strengthens and shortens the four carbon–fluorine bonds by providing additional ionic character. Carbon–fluorine bonds are the strongest single bond... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The branched and cyclic nature of carbohydrates poses particular problems to structure validation tools. At higher resolutions, it is possible to determine the sequence/structure of oligo- and poly-saccharides, both as covalent modifications and as ligands. However, at lower resolutions (typically lower than 2.0Å), seq... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermochemical equations can be changed, as mentioned above, by multiplying by any numerical coefficient. All agents must be multiplied, including ΔH. Using the thermochemical equation of variables as above, one gets the following example.
:A + B → C
:ΔH= (±) #
One must assume that A needs to be multiplied by two in or... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another form of dimensional analysis that will result in the Grashof number is known as the Buckingham π theorem. This method takes into account the buoyancy force per unit volume, due to the density difference in the boundary layer and the bulk fluid.
This equation can be manipulated to give,
The list of variables th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plakophilin are proteins of the cytoskeleton. They are involved in regulating the adhesive activity of cadherin.
The three types of plakophilin proteins found in humans are PKP1, PKP2, and PKP3; all exhibiting dual localization in the nucleus as well as desmosomes.
Genes include:
* PKP1
* PKP2
* PKP3 | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In marine systems DOC originates from either autochthonous or allochthonous sources. Autochthonous DOC is produced within the system, primarily by plankton organisms and in coastal waters additionally by benthic microalgae, benthic fluxes, and macrophytes, whereas allochthonous DOC is mainly of terrestrial origin supp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In eukaryotes, NADH is the most important electron donor. The associated electron transport chain is NADH → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → O where Complexes I, III and IV are proton pumps, while Q and cytochrome c are mobile electron carriers. The electron acceptor for this process is molecul... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The surface of photocathodes can be characterized by various surface sensitive techniques like scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The development of the nonapeptide teprotide (Glu-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro), which was originally isolated from the venom of the Brazilian pit viper Bothrops jararaca, greatly clarified the importance of ACE in hypertension. However, its lack of oral activity limited its therapeutic utility.
L-benzylsuccinic aci... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Radon harms indoor air quality in many homes. (See "Radon in Houses" below.)
Radon (Rn) released into the air decays to Pb and other radioisotopes and the levels of Pb can be measured. It is important to note that the rate of deposition of this radioisotope is very dependent on the season. Here is a graph of the deposi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Achille Le Bel Grand Prize of the French Chemical Society (1979)
* Pierre Desnuelle Prize from the French Academy of sciences (1996)
* Medal of the Berthelot Foundation (1996)
* Claude S. Hudson Award in Carbohydrate Chemistry from the American Chemical Society (2007)
* Elected Correspondent of the Fre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV) is designed to record instantaneous velocity components at a single point with a relatively high frequency. Measurements are performed by measuring the velocity of particles in a remote sampling volume based upon the Doppler shift effect. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The BioBricks assembly standard was described and introduced by Tom Knight in 2003 and it has been constantly updated since then. Currently, the most commonly used BioBricks standard is the assembly standard 10, or BBF . BioBricks defines the prefix and suffix sequences required for a DNA part to be compatible with the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stretched film linear dichroism is a method of orientation based on incorporating the sample molecules into a polyethylene film. The polyethylene film is then stretched, causing the randomly oriented molecules on the film to ‘follow’ the movement of the film. The stretching of the film results in the sample molecules... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*There are several substances that have antihistaminergic action despite not being ligands for the histamine receptor. For instance, epinephrine raises arterial pressure through vasoconstriction mediated by A1-adrenergic receptor activation, in contrast to histamine, which lowers arterial pressure. Thus, despite not be... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the case of octahedral complexes, the question of high spin vs low spin first arises for d, since it has more than the 3 electrons to fill the non-bonding d orbitals according to ligand field theory or the stabilized d orbitals according to crystal field splitting.
All complexes of second and third row metals are lo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the specific rotation, of a pure chiral compound is known, it is possible to use the observed specific rotation, to determine the enantiomeric excess (ee), or "optical purity", of a sample of the compound, by using the formula:
For example, if a sample of bromobutane measured under standard conditions has an obser... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ICRP recommends a number of limits for dose uptake in table 8 of report 103. These limits are "situational", for planned, emergency and existing situations. Within these situations, limits are given for the following groups:
* Planned exposure – limits given for occupational, medical and public
* Emergency exposur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Using a volume integral on dimensions, the density of states is:
The Fermi energy is obtained by looking for the number density of particles:
To get:
where is the corresponding d-dimensional volume, is the dimension for the internal Hilbert space. For the case of spin-½, every energy is twice-degenerate, so in this ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is thought that erythroid differentiation is primarily dependent on the presence and induction of erythroid transcriptional factors such as GATA-1, FOG-1 and EKLF, as well as the suppression of myeloid/lymphoid transcriptional factors such as PU.1. Direct and significant effects of EpoR signaling specifically upon t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For contact potential measurements a lock-in amplifier is used to detect the cantilever oscillation at ω. During the scan V will be adjusted so that the electrostatic forces between the tip and the sample become zero and thus the response at the frequency ω becomes zero. Since the electrostatic force at ω depends on V ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
FSP was used to modify a Mg alloy and insert nano-sized SiO. The test was conducted a total four times with the average grain size varying from 0.5–2μm. This nearly doubled the hardness of the Mg and also increased the super-plasticity. At room temperature, the yield stress of the FSP composites was improved in the 1D... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A carbon sink is a natural or artificial process that "removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere". These sinks form an important part of the natural carbon cycle. An overarching term is carbon pool, which is all the places where carbon on Earth can be, i.e. the atmosphe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are other forms of metastable iron carbides that have been identified in tempered steel and in the industrial Fischer–Tropsch process. These include epsilon (ε) carbide, hexagonal close-packed FeC, precipitates in plain-carbon steels of carbon content > 0.2%, tempered at 100–200 °C. Non-stoichiometric ε-carbide d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The osmotic stress technique is a method for measuring the effect of water on biological molecules, particularly enzymes. Just as the properties of molecules can depend on the presence of salts, pH, and temperature, they can depend significantly on the amount of water present. In the osmotic stress technique, flexibl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
C. albicans is a yeast with a particular feature: it translates the CUG codon into serine rather than leucine. Due to this different codon usage it is difficult to use the model system S. cerevisiae as a Y2H to check for protein-protein interactions using C. albicans genes. To provide a more native environment a C. alb... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vector magnetometers measure one or more components of the magnetic field electronically. Using three orthogonal magnetometers, both azimuth and dip (inclination) can be measured. By taking the square root of the sum of the squares of the components the total magnetic field strength (also called total magnetic intensit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An N-body treatment accounting for all impact parameters can be performed by taking into account a few simple facts. The main two ones are: (i) The above change in perpendicular velocity is the lowest order approximation in 1/b of a full Rutherford deflection. Therefore, the above perturbative theory can also be done b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Different methodologies can be used to assess the carbon intensity of a process. Among the most used methodologies there are:
* The whole life-cycle assessment (LCA): this includes not only the carbon emissions due to a specific process, but also those due to the production and end-of-life of materials, plants and mach... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stream restoration activities may range from the simple improvement or removal of a structure that inhibits natural stream functions (e.g. repairing or replacing a culvert, or removing barriers to fish passage such as weirs), to the stabilization of stream banks, or other interventions such as riparian zone restoration... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Originally isolated from Pennicillum compactum in 1969, brevianamide A has shown insecticidal activity. Further studies showed that a minor secondary metabolite, brevianamide B, has an epimeric center at the spiro-indoxyl quaternary center. Both were found to fluoresce under long-wave ultraviolet radiation. Furtherm... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The raw material was bar iron, or (from the introduction of mild steel in the late 19th century), a bar of steel. This was drawn into a flat bar (known as a tin bar) at the ironworks or steel works where it was made. The cross-section of the bar needed to be accurate in size as this would be the cross-section of the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Of the known types of bronze or brass, not distinguished in classical antiquity and interchangeably known in Latin as aes and in Greek as χαλκός, Corinthian bronze was the most valuable. Statues, vases and vessels, or other objects formed of this metal were priceless, of greater value than if they had been made of silv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A venturi siphon, also known as an eductor, is not a siphon but a form of vacuum pump using the Venturi effect of fast flowing fluids (e.g. air), to produce low pressures to suction other fluids; a common example is the carburetor. See pressure head. The low pressure at the throat of the venturi is called a siphon when... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The simplest approach and still one of the most common techniques is known as pump–probe spectroscopy. In this method, two or more optical pulses with variable time delay between them are used to investigate the processes happening during a chemical reaction. The first pulse (pump) initiates the reaction, by breaking a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Inductive cleavage, in organic chemistry, is the charge-initiated counterpoint to radical initiated alpha-cleavage. Since inductive cleavage does not require unpairing and re-pairing electrons it can occur at both radical cationic and cationic sites. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* COGEMA La Hague site
* Mayak
* Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant and B205 at Sellafield
* Tokai, Ibaraki
* West Valley Reprocessing Plant
* Savannah River Site
* Hanford Site
* Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, (now Idaho National Laboratory)
* Radiochemical Engineering Development Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In MEMO, initialization is performed with suitable diagnostic methods: a mass-consistent initial wind field is formulated using an objective analysis model and scalar fields are initialized using appropriate interpolating techniques (Kunz, R., 1991). Data needed to apply the diagnostic methods may be derived either fro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glycogenin-1 is an enzyme that is involved in the biosynthesis of glycogen. It is capable of self-glucosylation, forming an oligosaccharide primer that serves as a substrate for glycogen synthase. This is done through an inter-subunit mechanism. It also plays a role in glycogen metabolism regulation. Recombinant human ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Haploid cells are one of two mating types (a or α), and respond to the mating pheromone produced by haploid cells of the opposite mating type, and can mate with cells of the opposite mating type. Haploid cells cannot undergo meiosis. Diploid cells do not produce or respond to either mating pheromone and do not mate, bu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sulfuric acid is rarely encountered naturally on Earth in anhydrous form, due to its great affinity for water. Dilute sulfuric acid is a constituent of acid rain, which is formed by atmospheric oxidation of sulfur dioxide in the presence of water – i.e. oxidation of sulfurous acid. When sulfur-containing fuels such as ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polymer surfaces differ from non-polymer surfaces in that the subunits that make up the surface are covalently bonded to one another. Non-polymer surfaces can be bound by ionic bonds, metallic bonds or intermolecular forces (IMFs). In a two component system, non-polymer surfaces form when a positive net amount of energ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Lattice Boltzmann methods for solids (LBMS) are a set of methods for solving partial differential equations (PDE) in solid mechanics. The methods use a discretization of the Boltzmann equation(BM), and their use is known as the lattice Boltzmann methods for solids.
LBMS methods are categorized by their reliance on:... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
β adrenergic receptor antagonists (also called beta-blockers or β-blockers) were initially developed in the 1960s, for the treatment of angina pectoris but are now also used for hypertension, congestive heart failure and certain arrhythmias. In the 1950s, dichloroisoproterenol (DCI) was discovered to be a β-antagoni... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Siwy is from Poland. She studied chemistry at the Silesian University of Technology in Poland. She graduated with a master's degree in polymer technology in 1995, before completing a doctorate in chemical sciences in 1997. Siwy was a postdoctoral scholar at the University of Florida. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1738 Daniel Bernoulli published his Hydrodynamica seu de viribus et motibus fluidorum commentarii. His theory of the motion of fluids, the germ of which was first published in his memoir entitled Theoria nova de motu aquarum per canales quocunque fluentes, communicated to the academy of St Petersburg as early as 172... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Naturally occurring restriction endonucleases are categorized into five groups (Types I, II, III, IV, and V) based on their composition and enzyme cofactor requirements, the nature of their target sequence, and the position of their DNA cleavage site relative to the target sequence. DNA sequence analysis of restrictio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PEP carboxylase is mainly subject to two levels of regulation: phosphorylation and allostery. Figure 3 shows a schematic of the regulatory mechanism.
Phosphorylation by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase turns the enzyme on, whereas phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase phosphatase turns it back off. Both kinase and phos... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Around 2 Ga, an increase in atmospheric oxygen levels took place, causing an oxidation of HS in the surroundings, and an increase in the pH of the sea water. The resulting environment had become more oxidizing and thus allowed the later incorporation of the heavier metals such as copper and zinc. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Insensitive nuclei enhancement by polarization transfer (INEPT) is a signal enhancement method used in NMR spectroscopy. It involves the transfer of nuclear spin polarization from spins with large Boltzmann population differences to nuclear spins of interest with lower Boltzmann population differences. INEPT uses J-co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The NNRTIs act by binding non-competitively to the RT enzyme (figure 3). The binding causes conformational change in the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme and creates the NNIBP. Binding of NNRTI to HIV-1 RT makes the p66 thumb domain hyper extended because it induces rotamer conformation changes in amino acid r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Today, the IIR has 59 member countries representing over two-thirds of the global population.
According to their annual financial contributions to the IIR, these member countries are divided into six category levels and this determines the services they receive and their level of voting power within the IIR. Member Cou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2019 it was reported that ordinary graphite exhibits second sound at 120 K. This feature was both predicted theoretically and observed experimentally, and
was by far the highest temperature at which second sound has been observed. However, this second sound is observed only at the microscale, because the wave dies o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In mid-March 1989, both research teams were ready to publish their findings, and Fleischmann and Jones had agreed to meet at an airport on 24 March to send their papers to Nature via FedEx. Fleischmann and Pons, however, pressured by the University of Utah, which wanted to establish priority on the discovery, broke the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Following the Peoples National Movements defeat in the 2010 general election, Rowley was appointed as Leader of the Opposition on the 1st June. He was then elected political leader of the People's National Movement as he was seen as the most capable to lead the party. As political leader he advocated implementation of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nanoparticles of certain materials can be created by "wet" chemical processes, in which solutions of suitable compounds are mixed or otherwise treated to form an insoluble precipitate of the desired material. The size of the particles of the latter is adjusted by choosing the concentration of the reagents and the tempe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The slightly kinked diagonal line on the main part of the map is known as the surge (or stall) line. Above this line is a region of unstable flow, which is an area best avoided.
A compressor surge or compressor stall causes an abrupt reversal of airflow in the compressor. Compressor blades create a pumping action by wo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term azeotrope is derived from the Greek words ζέειν (boil) and τρόπος (turning) with the prefix α- (no) to give the overall meaning, "no change on boiling". The term was coined in 1911 by English chemist John Wade and Richard William Merriman. Because their composition is unchanged by distillation, azeotropes are... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Median aerodynamic diameter (MAD) is one of two parameters influencing the deposition of inhaled particles, the other being the geometric standard deviation of the particle size distribution. The MAD is the value of aerodynamic diameter for which 50% of some quantity in a given aerosol is associated with particles smal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is known that Middle Minoan bronze work flourished as an independent native art. To the very beginning of this epoch belongs the largest sword of the age, found in the palace of Malia. It is a flat blade, 79 cm long, with a broad base and a sharp point; there is a gold and crystal hilt but no ornament on the blade. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reaction allows for alkylation of electron deficient heterocyclic species which is not possible with Friedel-Crafts chemistry. A method for alkylating electron deficient arenes, nucleophilic aromatic substitution, is also unavailable to electron deficient heterocycles as the ionic nucleophilic species used will dep... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metallic parts produced by casting are comparatively inexpensive, but are often subject to metallurgical flaws like porosity and microstructural defects. Friction stir processing can be used to introduce a wrought microstructure into a cast component and eliminate many of the defects. By vigorously stirring a cast meta... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A crystallization adjutant is a material used to promote crystallization, normally in a context where a material does not crystallize naturally from a pure solution. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* [http://gpsprot.org GPS-Prot] Web-based data visualization for protein interactions
* PINV - [http://biosual.cbio.uct.ac.za/pinv.html Protein Interaction Network Visualizer] | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In epitranscriptomic sequencing, most methods focus on either (1) enrichment and purification of the modified RNA molecules before running on the RNA sequencer, or (2) improving or modifying bioinformatics analysis pipelines to call the modification peaks. Most methods have been adapted and optimized for mRNA molecule... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acyl groups are named by stripping the "-ic acid" of the corresponding carboxylic acid and replacing it with "-yl." For example, is called ethanoyl-R. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Research in the RajanBabu lab is focused on development of new methodology for stereoselective synthesis. Major research areas include:
</u>
RajanBabu developed methodology surrounding C-C bond formation via metal-catalyzed hydroformylation. They reported several asymmetric examples through the usage of chiral phosphin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alkynyl ethers and siloxyacetylenes have proven to be the ideal pair for aromatic annulations. The reactions can be run with both activated heterosubstituted alkynes and un-activated acetlyenes. Alkynyl thioethers and ynamines have been used as reactants in the annulation reaction.
Conjugated enynes have also been used... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptomycin (discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksmans laboratory), the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Three major classes of charge transfer reactions can be studied at an ITIES:
*Ion transfer reactions
*Assisted ion transfer reactions
*Heterogeneous electron transfer reactions
The Nernst equation for an ion transfer reaction reads
where is the standard transfer potential defined as the Gibbs energy of transfer expres... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Commonly silylation of alcohols requires a silyl chloride and an amine base. One reliable and rapid procedure is the Corey protocol in which the alcohol is reacted with a silyl chloride and imidazole at high concentration in DMF. If DMF is replaced by dichloromethane, the reaction is somewhat slower, but the purificat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reductive processes discussed above can be enhanced in two ways. One is by increasing the amount of usable iron in the subsurface to increase the rate of the reduction by chemical or biological means. The second method is to enhance the reducing ability of the iron by coupling it with other chemical reductants or u... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Examples of sulfones in pharmacology include dapsone, a drug formerly used as an antibiotic to treat leprosy, dermatitis herpetiformis, tuberculosis, or pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Several of its derivatives, such as promin, have similarly been studied or actually been applied in medicine, but in general sulfones are... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to the Malaysian Food Act 1983 and Regulations (as of 5 January 2010), ractopamine is allowed in pig muscle and fat (MRL of 10 ppb), pig liver (MRL of 40 ppb), and pig kidney (MRL of 90 ppb). Ractopamine is allowed as its half-life is lower, leading to reduced residues in the food, and the dose required to a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A major pathway of induced health effects arises from spills or leaks of solvents, especially chlorinated solvents, that reach the underlying soil. Since solvents readily migrate substantial distances, the creation of widespread soil contamination is not uncommon; this is particularly a health risk if aquifers are affe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Venturi tubes are more expensive to construct than simple orifice plates, and both function on the same basic principle. However, for any given differential pressure, orifice plates cause significantly more permanent energy loss. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In bacteria, HMP-P arises by conversion of the purine biosynthetic precursor 5-aminoimidazole ribotide (AIR) through the action of enzymes such as phosphomethylpyrimidine synthase, a member of the radical SAM superfamily. Studies using isotopically labelled AIR have shown which atoms carry into the product. Mechanisms ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The synthesis and characterization of the platinum carbonyl dianions [Pt(CO)] (n = 1–10), also known as Chini clusters or more correctly Chini-Longoni clusters, are recognized by the scientific community as the most spectacular result of Chini's work.
Chini clusters follow the general formula of [Pt(CO)], 1 subunits. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In structural biology, a heterologous association is a binding mode between the protomers of a protein structure. In a heterologous association, each protomer contributes a different set of residues to the binding interface. In contrast, two protomers form an isologous association when they contribute the same set of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Escitalopram is among the most effective and well-tolerated antidepressants for the short-term (acute) treatment of major depressive disorder in adults. It is also the safest one to give to children and adolescents.
Controversy existed regarding the effectiveness of escitalopram compared with its predecessor, citalopra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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