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The Jameson Cell has been adopted by Shell Canada and Syncrude for floating bitumen in the oil sands industry (see Bitumen flotation). Syncrude bought an additional eight 500 mm downcomers for its plant in 2012. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, an epoxide is a cyclic ether, where the ether forms a three-atom ring: two atoms of carbon and one atom of oxygen. This triangular structure has substantial ring strain, making epoxides highly reactive, more so than other ethers. They are produced on a large scale for many applications. In gene... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bulk metallic glasses have been modeled using atomic scale simulations (within the density functional theory framework) in a similar manner to high entropy alloys. This has allowed predictions to be made about their behavior, stability and many more properties. As such, new bulk metallic glass systems can be tested an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The inclusion of nanoparticles in a solid or liquid medium can substantially change its mechanical properties, such as elasticity, plasticity, viscosity, compressibility. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ziconotide is a synthetically made version of the ω-conotoxin made by the cone snail, that is used to treat severe pain and is delivered as an infusion into the cerebrospinal fluid using an intrathecal pump system. Ziconitide acts presynaptically on N-type calcium channels, blocking the receptors of this channel with ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In order to apply combinatorial chemistry for the synthesis of DNA-encoded chemical libraries, a Split-&-Pool approach was pursued. Initially a set of unique DNA-oligonucleotides (n) each containing a specific coding sequence is chemically conjugated to a corresponding set of small organic molecules. Consequently, the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
High levels of mixed-function oxidase activity have been studied for their activation effects in human colon carcinoma cell lines, to study the susceptibility to certain cancers. The research has been successful in mice but remains inconclusive in humans. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Jung sets out his agenda and explains his method. The text that follows will contain several cycles of dreams recounted by a patient to a student of Jung. Each dream will be described and then analysed and interpreted with reference to Alchemical imagery and psychoanalytic theory. Jung is at pains to explain that the p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The traditional approach to the study of acid–base physiology has been the empirical approach. The main variants are the base excess approach and the bicarbonate approach. The quantitative approach introduced by Peter A Stewart in 1978 is newer. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NMR spectroscopy uses the net spin of nuclei in a substance upon energy absorption to identify molecules. This has now become a standard spectroscopic tool within synthetic chemistry. One major use of NMR is to determine the bond connectivity within an organic molecule.
NMR imaging also uses the net spin of nuclei (com... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MK-886, or L-663536, is a leukotriene antagonist. It may perform this by blocking the 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP), thus inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and may help in treating atherosclerosis. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chichinin, Einfeld, Maul, and Gericke replaced the phosphor screen by a time-resolving delay line anode in order to be able to measure all three components of the initial product momentum vector simultaneously for each individual product particle arriving at the detector. This technique allows one to measure the three-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Desalting is used to remove salts from protein solutions, phenol or unincorporated nucleotides from nucleic acids or excess crosslinking or labeling reagents from conjugated proteins. Buffer exchange is used to transfer a protein solution into a buffer system appropriate for downstream applications such as ion exchange... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The activity of HNMT, unlike that of DAO, cannot be measured by blood (serum) analysis.
Organs that produce DAO continuously release it into the bloodstream. DAO is stored in vesicular structures associated with the plasma membrane in epithelial cells. As a result, serum DAO activity can be measured, but not HNMT. This... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since Serghidess solution was found to be one of the most accurate approximation of the implicit Colebrook–White equation, Niazkar modified the Serghidess solution to solve directly for the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor f for a full-flowing circular pipe.
Niazkar's solution is shown in the following:
Niazkar's solutio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spathulenol is a tricyclic sesquiterpene alcohol which has a basic skeleton similar to the azulenes. It occurs in oregano among other plants. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Characterization of the RRNPP family of quorum sensing regulators (which stands for proteins Rap, NprR, PrgX, PlcRd) were used in comparisons with ropB to postulate its structural functions. The Rap protein derived from Bacilli regulates sporulation, the NprR protein in Bacillus thuringiensis regulates necrotrophism, t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Boltzmann equation is of use in galactic dynamics. A galaxy, under certain assumptions, may be approximated as a continuous fluid; its mass distribution is then represented by f; in galaxies, physical collisions between the stars are very rare, and the effect of gravitational collisions can be neglected for times f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Morton number is defined as
where g is the acceleration of gravity, is the viscosity of the surrounding fluid, the density of the surrounding fluid, the difference in density of the phases, and is the surface tension coefficient. For the case of a bubble with a negligible inner density the Morton number can be... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The use of depleted uranium (DU) in munitions is controversial because of questions about potential long-term health effects. Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and numerous other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because uranium is a toxic metal. Some people have raised concerns about th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term "tholin" was coined by astronomer Carl Sagan and his colleague Bishun Khare to describe the difficult-to-characterize substances they obtained in his Miller–Urey-type experiments on the methane-containing gas mixtures such as those found in Titan's atmosphere. Their paper proposing the name "tholin" said:
Thol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Given certain conditions a homolytic splitting of the C-O bond in alkoxylamines can occur and a stable 2-centre 3 electron N-O radical can be formed that is able to initiate a polymerization reaction. The preconditions for an alkoxylamine suitable to initiate a polymerization are bulky, sterically obstructive substitue... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to the rules exposed above, the phenanthrene molecule admits two different resonance structures: one of them presents a single circle in the center of the molecule, with each of the two adjacent rings having two double bonds; the other one has the two peripheral rings each with one circle, and the central rin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reineke earned her bachelors degree at University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire. She moved to Arizona State University for her graduate studies and earned a masters degree in 1998. Reineke was a PhD student at the University of Michigan, where she was supervised by Michael O'Keeffe and Omar M. Yaghi. She was awarded th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom is delocalized into the carbonyl group, thus forming a partial double bond between nitrogen and carbon. In fact the O, C and N atoms have molecular orbitals occupied by delocalized electrons, forming a conjugated system. Consequently, the three bonds of the nitrogen in am... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the year 2000 Meat and Livestock Australia (MLA) initiated a pilot group of beef and cattle farmers to partake in an environmental management system that would be soon implemented into the cattle industry. The standard aimed for the pilot group was ISO 14001 which is the current system standard for principal manage... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluoroantimonic acid is formed by combining hydrogen fluoride and antimony pentafluoride:
:SbF + 2 HF + HF
The speciation (i.e., the inventory of components) of "fluoroantimonic acid" is complex. Spectroscopic measurements show that fluoroantimonic acid consists of a mixture of HF-solvated protons, [ (such as ), and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The conformation assumed by a polymer chain in dilute solution can be modeled as a random walk of monomer subunits using a freely jointed chain model. However, this model does not account for steric effects. Real polymer coils are more closely represented by a self-avoiding walk because conformations in which different... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cholesterol is precursor for steroid hormones including progestogens, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Isofurans are nonclassic eicosanoids formed nonenzymatically by free radical mediated peroxidation of arachidonic acid. The isofurans are similar to the isoprostanes and are formed under similar conditions, but contain a substituted tetrahydrofuran ring. The concentration of oxygen affects this process; at elevated o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This article is about the discovery and development of 5α-reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs), also known as dihydrotestosterone (DHT) blockers. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to the U.S. National Park Service, and referring mostly to their employment in the American Civil War, a revetment is defined as a "retaining wall constructed to support the interior slope of a parapet. Made of logs, wood planks, fence rails, fascines, gabions, hurdles, sods, or stones, the revetment provided... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ADO is defined as the random non-amplification of one of the alleles present in a heterozygous sample. Some studies have reported the ADO rate of the MDA products to be 0–60%. This drawback decreases the accuracy of genotyping of single sample and misdiagnosis in other MDA involved applications. ADO appears to b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The δS (pronounced delta 34 S) value is a standardized method for reporting measurements of the ratio of two stable isotopes of sulfur, S:S, in a sample against the equivalent ratio in a known reference standard. Presently, the most commonly used standard is Vienna-Canyon Diablo Troilite (VCDT). Results are reported as... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The wind stress acting on the ocean surface is usually parameterized using the turbulent drag formula
where is the turbulent drag coefficient (usually determined empirically), is the air density, and is the wind velocity vector, usually taken at 10m above sea level. This parameterization is commonly referred to as ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ARTADE (ARabidopsis Tiling Array-based Detection of Exons) is a database for the annotation of genome-wide tiling-array data in Arabidopsis | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*[https://instrumentationandcontrol.net/orifice-plate-calculator-size.html Online Orifice Plate Calculator] | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Felkin model (1968) named after Hugh Felkin also predicts the stereochemistry of nucleophilic addition reactions to carbonyl groups. Felkin argued that the Cram model suffered a major drawback: an eclipsed conformation in the transition state between the carbonyl substituent (the hydrogen atom in aldehydes) and the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An approximate dependence of the diffusion coefficient on temperature in liquids can often be found using Stokes–Einstein equation, which predicts that
where
* D is the diffusion coefficient,
* T and T are the corresponding absolute temperatures,
* μ is the dynamic viscosity of the solvent. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Targeted cancer therapies are designed to target the specific genes, proteins, or environments contributing to tumor cell growth or survival. After a period of prolonged treatment with these therapies, however, tumor cells may develop resistance. Although the mechanisms behind cancer drug resistance are poorly understo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Similar to other -ome based technologies, analysis of the transcriptome allows for an unbiased approach when validating hypotheses experimentally. This approach also allows for the discovery of novel mediators in signaling pathways. As with other -omics based technologies, the transcriptome can be analyzed within the s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Award of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (1985)
* Award of the Scientific Secretariat of the Polish Academy of Sciences (1980, 1989)
* Member of the Polish Chemical Society (1985) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The caloric theory is an obsolete scientific theory that heat consists of a self-repellent fluid called caloric that flows from hotter bodies to colder bodies. Caloric was also thought of as a weightless gas that could pass in and out of pores in solids and liquids. The "caloric theory" was superseded by the mid-19th ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ferroparticles settle out of the suspension over time due to the inherent density difference between the particles and their carrier fluid. The rate and degree to which this occurs is one of the primary attributes considered in industry when implementing or designing an MR device. Surfactants are typically used to offs... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Kinesis, like a taxis or tropism, is a movement or activity of a cell or an organism in response to a stimulus (such as gas exposure, light intensity or ambient temperature).
Unlike taxis, the response to the stimulus provided is non-directional. The animal does not move toward or away from the stimulus but moves at ei... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molten salt is salt which is solid at standard temperature and pressure but liquified due to elevated temperature. A salt that is liquid even at standard temperature and pressure is usually called a room-temperature ionic liquid, and molten salts are technically a class of ionic liquids. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Examples of neutron activation systems include: pulsed fast neutron analysis (PFNA), fast neutron analysis (FNA), and thermal neutron analysis (TNA). All three systems are based on neutron interactions with the inspected items and examining the resultant gamma rays to determine the elements being radiated. TNA uses the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thiosulfate ion is produced by the reaction of sulfite ion with elemental sulfur, and by incomplete oxidation of sulfides (e.g. pyrite oxidation). Sodium thiosulfate can be formed by disproportionation of sulfur dissolving in sodium hydroxide (similar to phosphorus). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All of the experiments have led to at least one common conclusion: colloidal crystals may indeed mimic their atomic counterparts on appropriate scales of length (spatial) and time (temporal). Defects have been reported to flash by in the blink of an eye in thin films of colloidal crystals under oil using a simple optic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When building on top of bay mud layers or when dredging estuary bottoms, a variety of regulatory frameworks may arise. Normally in the United States, an Environmental Impact Report as well as a geotechnical investigation are conducted precedent to any major construction over bay mud. Combined, these reports have devel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Put simply, ion suppression describes the adverse effect on detector response due to reduced ionisation efficiency for analyte(s) of interest, resulting from the presence of species in the sample matrix which compete for ionisation, or inhibit efficient ionisation in other ways. Use of MS/MS as a means of detection may... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The introduction of eddy diffusivity and subsequently the turbulent Prandtl number works as a way to define a simple relationship between the extra shear stress and heat flux that is present in turbulent flow. If the momentum and thermal eddy diffusivities are zero (no apparent turbulent shear stress and heat flux), t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In eukaryotic transcription of mRNAs, terminator signals are recognized by protein factors that are associated with the RNA polymerase II and which trigger the termination process. The genome encodes one or more polyadenylation signals. Once the signals are transcribed into the mRNA, the proteins cleavage and polyadeny... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Of the three types of anchoring junctions, only two are involved in cell-cell interactions: adherens junctions and desmosomes. Both are found in many types of cells. Adjacent epithelial cells are connected by adherens junctions on their lateral membranes. They are located just below tight junctions. Their function is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A thermal bar is a hydrodynamic feature that forms around the edges of holomictic lakes during the seasonal transition to stratified conditions, due to the shorter amount of time required for shallow areas of the lake to stratify. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is theorized that the process of making testosterone from cholesterol, needs magnesium to function properly.
Studies have shown that significant gains in testosterone occur after taking 8-10 mg magnesium/kg body weight/day. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carl Jacob Löwig (17 March 1803 – 27 March 1890) was a German chemist and discovered bromine independently of Antoine Jérôme Balard.
He received his PhD at the University of Heidelberg for his work with Leopold Gmelin.
During his research on mineral salts he discovered bromine in 1825, as a brown gas evolving after th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photo-induced Rydberg ionization (PIRI) was developed following REMPI experiments on electronic autoionization of low-lying Rydberg states of carbon dioxide. In REMPI photoelectron experiments, it was determined that a two-photon ionic core photoabsorption process (followed by prompt electronic autoionization) could do... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Methyl isocyanate (MIC) is an organic compound with the molecular formula CHNCO. Synonyms are isocyanatomethane and methyl carbylamine. Methyl isocyanate is an intermediate chemical in the production of carbamate pesticides (such as carbaryl, carbofuran, methomyl, and aldicarb). It has also been used in the production ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in situ hybridization is a highly multiplexed version of smFISH. It uses combinatorial labeling, followed by imaging, and then error-resistant encoding to capture a high number of RNA molecules and spatial localization within the cell. The capture of a large number of RNA molecules... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DEPBT (3-(diethoxyphosphoryloxy)-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one) is a peptide coupling reagent used in peptide synthesis. It shows remarkable resistance to racemization.
Fmoc-Dab(Mtt)-OH, a commercially available amino acid building block for solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), was proven to undergo rapid lactamization... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nitrogen is an important nutrient for plant and animal growth. Atmospheric nitrogen is less biologically available than dissolved nitrogen in the form of ammonia and nitrates. Availability of dissolved nitrogen may contribute to algal blooms. Ammonia and organic forms of nitrogen are often measured as Total Kjeldahl Ni... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gallic acid is formed from 3-dehydroshikimate by the action of the enzyme shikimate dehydrogenase to produce 3,5-didehydroshikimate. This latter compound spontaneously rearranges to gallic acid. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The organic matter in soil derives from plants, animals and microorganisms. In a forest, for example, leaf litter and woody material falls to the forest floor. This is sometimes referred to as organic material. When it decays to the point in which it is no longer recognizable, it is called soil organic matter. When the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Signal pheromones cause short-term changes, such as the neurotransmitter release that activates a response. For instance, GnRH molecule functions as a neurotransmitter in rats to elicit lordosis behavior. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By sequence similarity, most sigma factors are σ-like (). They have four main regions (domains) that are generally conserved:
N-terminus --------------------- C-terminus
The regions are further subdivided. For example, region 2 includes 1.2 and 2.1 through 2.4.
Domain 1.1 is found only in "primary sigma factors" (RpoD... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*H. Schubert, History of British Iron and Steel Industry c.450 BC to AD 1775 (1957), 272–291.
*A. den Ouden, "The Production of Wrought Iron in Finery Hearths", Historical Metallurgy 15(2) (1981), 63–87 and 16(1) (1982), 29–33.
*K-G. Hildebrand, Swedish Iron in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Export Industr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In physics, the Lamb–Mössbauer factor (LMF, after Willis Lamb and Rudolf Mössbauer) or elastic incoherent structure factor (EISF) is the ratio of elastic to total incoherent neutron scattering, or the ratio of recoil-free to total nuclear resonant absorption in Mössbauer spectroscopy. The corresponding factor for coher... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ryōji Noyori was born in Kobe, Japan. Early in his school days Ryoji was interested in physics. His interest was kindled by the famous physicist Hideki Yukawa (1949 Nobel Prize in Physics winner), a close friend of his father. Later, he became fascinated with chemistry, after hearing a presentation on nylon at an indus... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The weight a foil can lift is proportional to its lift coefficient, the density of the fluid, the foil area and its speed squared. The following shows the lifting ability of a flat plate with span 10 metres and area 10 square metres moving at a speed of 10 m/s at different altitudes and water depths. It uses the lift a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ali Akbar Moosavi-Movahedi's research career has been mostly marked on thermodynamics of protein denaturation especially by surfactants, protein folding/unfolding, protein glycation, biophysics of molecular diabetes, amyloid and protein aggregation and fibrillation, bioactive peptides, nutraceuticals, functional foods ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The technique is applied to conversions that proceed via unimolecular pathways. 2-Acetoxydioxane, when heated at 425 °C converts to the highly reactive dioxene, via loss of acetic acid.
2-Furonitrile has been prepared by flash-dehydration of 2-furoic acid amide or oxime over molecular sieves. The strained ring benzo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
LAAM, or levomethadyl acetate, is the levo isomer of acetylmethadol, or α-methadyl acetate. The dextro isomer, d-alphacetylmethadol (d-α-acetylmethadol), is more potent but shorter acting. The levo isomer is also less toxic with an in mice of 110 mg/kg s.c. and 172.8 mg/kg orally as opposed to s of 61 mg/kg s.c. and 1... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rasagiline is molecularly a propargylamine derivative. The form brought to market by Teva and its partners is the mesylate salt, and was designated chemically as: 1H-Inden-1-amine-2,3-dihydro-N-2-propynyl-(1R)-methanesulfonate. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Given the biochemical network:
where and are fixed species to ensure the system is open. The system equation can be written as:
So that:
The elements of the rate vector will be rate equations that are functions of one or more species and parameters, p. In the example, these might be simple mass-action rate laws such... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Tebbe reagent is synthesized from titanocene dichloride and trimethylaluminium in toluene solution.
::CpTiCl + 2 Al(CH) → CH + CpTiCHAlCl(CH) + Al(CH)Cl
After about 3 days, the product is obtained after recrystallization to remove Al(CH)Cl. Although syntheses using the isolated Tebbe reagent give a cleaner product... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The catalysis of this mechanism is initiated by the deprotonation of TPP at the thiazolium ring. This carbanion then binds to the carbonyl of the donor substrate thus cleaving the bond between C-2 and C-3. This keto fragment remains covalently bound to the C-2 carbon of TPP. The donor substrate is then released, and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The worlds first oil well was drilled in 1859 by Edwin Drake at what is now called the Drake Well in Cherrytree Township, Pennsylvania. Drakes well is considered the first because it was drilled, not dug, and used a steam engine. There also was a company associated with it, and it sparked a major oil drilling boom.
Pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Maximum valences for the elements are based on the data from list of oxidation states of the elements. They are shown by the color code at the bottom of the table. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While there are no chemical or practical uses for the NanoKid molecule or any of its known derivatives outside of the classroom, James Tour has turned the NanoKid into a lifelike character to educate children in the sciences. The goals of the outreach program, as described on the NanoKids website, are:
*“To significant... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These experiments address various important questions in evolutionary biology: does evolution proceed in small steps or in large leaps; is evolution reversible; how does complexity evolve? It has been shown that slight mutations in the amino acid sequence of hormone receptors determine an important change in their pref... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For in-situ bonded face sheets the core is closed-cell foam. The goal of in-situ bonding is to create a metallic bonding between the foam core and face sheets. This is achieved in three ways. A foamable precursor is expanded between two face sheets. When the liquid foam comes in contact with the solid face sheets a me... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the context of electron transfer, these groups enhance the oxidizing power tendency of the attached species. For example, Tetracyanoethylene serves as an oxidant due to its attachment to four cyano substituents, which are electron-withdrawing groups.
Oxidants with EWGs are stronger than the parent compound. Acetyl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The scallop theorem is a consequence of the subsequent forces applied to the organism as it swims from the surrounding fluid. For an incompressible Newtonian fluid with density and dynamic viscosity , the flow satisfies the Navier–Stokes equations:
where denotes the velocity of the fluid. However, at the low Reynolds... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The chemistry component incorporates both bioavailability and potential effects on benthic community. The potential of sediment toxicity for a given site is based on a linear regression model (LRM). A chemical score index (CSI) of the contaminant describes the magnitude of exposure relative to benthic community distur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Enolate anions are electronically related to allyl anions. The anionic charge is delocalized over the oxygen and the two carbon sites. Thus they have the character of both an alkoxide and a carbanion.
Although they are often drawn as being simple salts, in fact they adopt complicated structures often featuring aggrega... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Animals that are capable of smell detect aroma compounds with their olfactory receptors. Olfactory receptors are cell-membrane receptors on the surface of sensory neurons in the olfactory system that detect airborne aroma compounds. Aroma compounds can then be identified by gas chromatography-olfactometry, which involv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Microcystins have a common structural framework of D-Ala-X--Z-Adda-D-γ-Glu-, where X and Z are variable amino acids; the systematic name "microcystin-XZ" (MC-XZ in short) is then assigned based on the one letter codes (if available; longer codes otherwise) of the amino acids. If the molecule show any other modification... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The calcium cycle is a transfer of calcium between dissolved and solid phases. There is a continuous supply of calcium ions into waterways from rocks, organisms, and soils. Calcium ions are consumed and removed from aqueous environments as they react to form insoluble structures such as calcium carbonate and calcium si... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the recent years, fluid inclusion research has been extensively applied to understand the role of fluids in the deep crust and crust-mantle interface. Fluid inclusions trapped within granulite facies rocks have provided important clues on the petrogenesis of dry granulite facies rocks through the influx of CO-rich f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An exact and conscientious worker, Klaproth did much to improve and systematise the processes of analytical chemistry and mineralogy. His appreciation of the value of quantitative methods led him to become one of the earliest adherents of the Lavoisierian doctrines outside France.
Klaproth was the first to discover ura... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ShapiroSenapathy algorithm (S&S) is an algorithm for predicting splice junctions in genes of animals and plants. This algorithm has been used to discover disease-causing splice site mutations and cryptic splice sites. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nanofiber Seeding is a process to control the bulk morphology of chemically synthesized conducting polymers.
Typically, catalytic amount of nanofiber seeds are added in prior to onset of nanofiber seeding polymerization (reaction), where seeds are served as the morphology directing agent rather than conventional templa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For a free ion, e.g. gaseous Ni or Mo, the energy of the d-orbitals are equal in energy; that is, they are "degenerate". In an octahedral complex, this degeneracy is lifted. The energy of the d−y set, which are aimed directly at the ligands are destabilized. On the other hand, the energy of the d, d, and d orbita... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Past recipients of the Lilly Award:
*1935 – Willard Myron Allen
*1939 – George Wald
*1941 – David Rittenberg
*1942 – Earl A. Evans, Jr.
*1943 – Herbert E. Carter
*1944 – Joseph S. Fruton
*1946 – John D. Ferry
*1947 – Sidney Colowick
*1948 – Dilworth Wayne Woolley
*1951 – John M. Buchanan
*1953 – Nathan O. Kaplan
*1954 ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Naldemedine has a similar chemical structure as naltrexone but with an additional side chain that increases the molecular weight and polar surface area of the substance. Like naloxegol, naldemedine is a substrate of the P-glycoprotein efflux transporter. These properties result in less penetration into the CNS and decr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A power station, also referred to as a power plant and sometimes generating station or generating plant, is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. Power stations are generally connected to an electrical grid.
Many power stations contain one or more generators, rotating machine that converts mechan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After completing his PhD at Purdue University, Atalla was employed at Bell Telephone Laboratories (BTL) in 1949. In 1950, he began working at Bell's New York City operations, where he worked on problems related to the reliability of electromechanical relays, and worked on circuit-switched telephone networks. With the e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Beneath the layer of microwells is an ion sensitive layer, below which is an ISFET ion sensor. All layers are contained within a CMOS semiconductor chip, similar to that used in the electronics industry.
Each chip contains an array of microwells with corresponding ISFET detectors.
Each released hydrogen ion then trigge... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first radio-receptor assay (RRA) was done in 1970 by Lefkowitz et al., using a radiolabeled hormone to determine the binding affinity for its receptor.
A radio-receptor assay requires the separation of the bound from the free ligand. This is done by filtration, centrifugation or dialysis.
A method that does not re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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