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To illustrate the difficulty of building a beam-target fusion system, we will consider one promising fusion fuel, the proton-boron cycle, or p-B11.
Boron can be formed into highly purified solid blocks, and protons easily produced by ionizing hydrogen gas. The protons can be accelerated and fired into the boron block, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the physical sciences, a partition coefficient (P) or distribution coefficient (D) is the ratio of concentrations of a compound in a mixture of two immiscible solvents at equilibrium. This ratio is therefore a comparison of the solubilities of the solute in these two liquids. The partition coefficient generally refe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Matching involves a systematic comparison of a patient's clinical and demographic information against the eligibility criteria of various trials. Methods include:
* Manual: Healthcare providers or clinical trial coordinators manually review patient records and available trial criteria to identify potential matches. Thi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As mentioned above, a diathermal wall may pass energy as heat by thermal conduction, but not the matter. A diathermal wall can move and thus be a part of a transfer of energy as work. Amongst walls that are impermeable to matter, diathermal and adiabatic walls are contraries.
For radiation, some further comments may b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The town owners constructed a single-track standard-gauge steam railway to get products and supplies to and from Cement and Tolenas which were away from each other. The company had a total of of track including yard and side tracks. The railway's name was . | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Much like beta-oxidation, straight-chain fatty acid synthesis occurs via the six recurring reactions shown below, until the 16-carbon palmitic acid is produced.
The diagrams presented show how fatty acids are synthesized in microorganisms and list the enzymes found in Escherichia coli. These reactions are performed by ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iodine and thyroxine have also been shown to stimulate the spectacular apoptosis of the cells of the larval gills, tail and fins during metamorphosis in amphibians, as well as the transformation of their nervous system from that of the aquatic, herbivorous tadpole into that of the terrestrial, carnivorous adult. The fr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Yuri Tsolakovich Oganessian ( ; , born 14 April 1933) is a Soviet, Armenian and Russian nuclear physicist who is best known as a researcher of superheavy chemical elements. He participated with the discovery of multiple elements of the periodic table. He succeeded Georgy Flyorov as director of the Flyorov Laboratory of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The recovery and beneficiation of glass products produced via reuse or reprocessing of glass found in municipal wastes are very important goals from the environmental and economic point of view. Some technologies allow not only to reduce the volume of landfill waste but also to generate products of economic value by re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While mouse and human antibodies are structurally similar, the differences between them were sufficient to invoke an immune response when murine monoclonal antibodies were injected into humans, resulting in their rapid removal from the blood, as well as systemic inflammatory effects and the production of human anti-mou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The L-alanine derivative β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) has long been identified as a neurotoxin which was first associated with the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism–dementia complex (Lytico-bodig disease) in the Chamorro people of Guam. The widespread occurrence of BMAA can be attributed to cyanobacteria whi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As highly reduced species in solution, Zintl ions offer many and often unexpected, reaction possibilities, and their discrete nature positions them as potentially important starting materials in inorganic synthesis.
In solution, individual Zintl ions can react with each other to form oligomers and polymers. In fact, an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first reaction of iodine with SO and water is as follows:
SO+I+2HO→HSO+2HI
As the reaction proceeds, all available SO will be consumed and the starch indicator added to the solution will bind with the unconsumed iodine, turning the solution black.
The second step of the reaction requires pretreating with solution ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrogen sulfide (HS) is a weak electrolyte. It is partially ionized when in aqueous solution, therefore there exists an equilibrium between un-ionized molecules and constituent ions in an aqueous medium as follows:
:HS H + HS
By applying the law of mass action, we have
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a strong elect... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vectors and planes in a crystal lattice are described by the three-value Miller index notation. This syntax uses the indices h, k, and ℓ as directional parameters.
By definition, the syntax (hkℓ) denotes a plane that intercepts the three points a/h, a/k, and a/ℓ, or some multiple thereof. That is, the Miller indices ar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to the biological complexity of gene expression, the considerations of experimental design that are discussed in the expression profiling article are of critical importance if statistically and biologically valid conclusions are to be drawn from the data.
There are three main elements to consider when designing a m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, a leaving group is defined by the IUPAC as an atom or group of atoms that detaches from the main or residual part of a substrate during a reaction or elementary step of a reaction. However, in common usage, the term is often limited to a fragment that departs with a pair of electrons in heterolytic bond ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 2000 Royal Society of Chemistry Meldola Medal and Prize
* 2018 Ramsay Trustee of the Society of Chemical Industry
* 2019 Royal Society of Chemistry Applied Inorganic Chemistry Award | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lecithins have emulsification and lubricant properties, and are a surfactant. They can be completely metabolized (see inositol) by humans, so are well tolerated by humans and nontoxic when ingested.
The major components of commercial soybean-derived lecithin are:
* 33–35% soybean oil
* 20–21% phosphatidylinositols
* 19... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Like any mechanical and physical entity there are scientific, industrial, and layman terminology. The following is a partial list of terms that are associated with mechanical screening.
*Amplitude - This is a measurement of the screen cloth as it vertically peaks to its tallest height and troughs to its lowest point. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In photosynthetic organisms, Mg has the additional vital role of being the coordinating ion in the chlorophyll molecule. This role was discovered by Richard Willstätter, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915 for the purification and structure of chlorophyll binding with sixth number of carbon | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nitrile oxides have the chemical formula . Their general structure is . The R stands for any group (typically organyl, e.g., acetonitrile oxide , hydrogen in the case of fulminic acid , or halogen, e.g., chlorine fulminate ). They and are used in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. They undergo type 1 dyotropic rearrangement t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drug solubility has previously been done by the shaker method. A 96-well high throughput device has allowed development of a new method to test drugs. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some sperm banks enable recipients to choose the sex of their child, through methods of sperm sorting. Although the methods used do not guarantee 100% success, the chances of being able to select the gender of a child are held to be considerably increased.
One of the processes used is the swim up method, whereby a sper... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another way to form primitive compartments that may lead to the formation of a protocell is polyesters membraneless structures that have the ability to host biochemicals (proteins and RNA) and/or scaffold the assemblies of lipids around them. While these droplets are leaky towards genetic materials, this leakiness coul... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Conducting clinical trials of vaccines during epidemics and pandemics is subject to ethical concerns. For diseases with high mortality rates like Ebola, assigning individuals to a placebo or control group can be viewed as a death sentence. In response to ethical concerns regarding clinical research during epidemics, th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
From the start Fulmer was a commercial enterprise aiming to make a surplus for investment in its own development. It received no grant or membership fees. Its income was solely from projects, each with defined objectives and time and cost limits agreed with individual sponsors from Government or Industry. Normally, t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the cells, the cytosolic CK enzymes consist of two subunits, which can be either B (brain type) or M (muscle type). There are, therefore, three different isoenzymes: CK-MM, CK-BB and CK-MB. The genes for these subunits are located on different chromosomes: B on 14q32 and M on 19q13. In addition to those three cytoso... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Before powered fans were widely accessible, their use related to the social divide between social classes. In Britain and China, they were initially only installed in the buildings of Parliament and in noble homes. In Ancient Egypt (3150 BC), servants were required to fan Pharaohs and important figures.
In parts of the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Figuratively speaking, hyperspectral sensors collect information as a set of images. Each image represents a narrow wavelength range of the electromagnetic spectrum, also known as a spectral band. These images are combined to form a three-dimensional (x,y,λ) hyperspectral data cube for processing and analysis, where x ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The technique initially incubates a small amount of abnormal prion with an excess of normal protein, so that some conversion takes place. The growing chain of misfolded protein is then blasted with ultrasound, breaking it down into smaller chains and so rapidly increasing the amount of abnormal protein available to cau... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* U.S. Naval Research Laboratory ocean-floor pressure sensors detected a freak wave caused by Hurricane Ivan in the Gulf of Mexico, 2004. The wave was around high from peak to trough, and around long. Their computer models also indicated that waves may have exceeded in the eyewall.
* Aleutian Ballad, (Bering Sea, 20... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Around 1950, researchers from the Technion Institute in Haifa (Israel) and from New York University tried to explain this effect scientifically. In fact, there are two phenomena that contribute to this effect: on the one hand, the Bernoulli equation is used to explain it, on the other hand, the adhesion between the liq... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
LHCGR have been found in many types of extragonadal tissues, and the physiologic role of some has remained largely unexplored. Thus receptors have been found in the uterus, sperm, seminal vesicles, prostate, skin, breast, adrenals, thyroid, neural retina, neuroendocrine cells, and (rat) brain. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carcinogenic cells undergo a metabolic rewiring during oncogenesis, and oncometabolites play an important role. In cancer, there are several reprogrammed metabolic pathways that help cells survive when nutrients are scarce: Aerobic glycolysis, an increase in glycolytic flux, also known as the Warburg effect, allows gly... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All enzymes work within a range of temperature specific to the organism. Increases in temperature generally lead to increases in reaction rates. There is a limit to the increase because higher temperatures lead to a sharp decrease in reaction rates. This is due to the denaturating (alteration) of protein structure resu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In biochemistry, differences between the isotopomers of biochemicals such as starches is of practical importance in archaeology. They offer clues to the diet of prehistoric humans that lived as long ago as paleolithic times. This is because naturally occurring carbon dioxide contains both C and C. Monocots, such as ric... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemcatcher® is a passive sampling device for monitoring a variety of pollutants (including trace metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides and pharmaceutical residues) in water.
Chemcatcher® comprises a reusable three component, water-tight PTFE body. Two different designs are available to accommodate diffe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The soil vapor extraction remediation technology uses vacuum blowers and extraction wells to induce gas flow through the subsurface, collecting contaminated soil vapor, which is subsequently treated aboveground. SVE systems can rely on gas inflow through natural routes or specific wells may be installed for gas inflow... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The aliphatic biopolyesters are mainly polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) like the poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV) and polyhydroxyhexanoate (PHH). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Source:
* Lomonosov Prize, 1974.
* Mendeleev Prize, 1979.
* Nesmeyanov Prize, 1991.
* Demidov Prize, 2003.
* State Prize, 2004.
* IUPAC 2013 Distinguished Women in Chemistry or Chemical Engineering Award, 2013. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adam17 may facilitate entry of the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus, possibly by enabling fusion of virus particles with the cytoplasmic membrane. Adam17 has similar ACE2 cleavage activity as TMPRSS2, but by forming soluble ACE2, Adam17 may actually have the protective effect of blocking circulating SARS‑CoV‑2 virus particles.
Adam17... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Different isotopes of the same element can be considered as different kinds of atoms when enumerating isomers of a molecule or ion. The replacement of one or more atoms by their isotopes can create multiple structural isomers and/or stereoisomers from a single isomer.
For example, replacing two atoms of common hydrogen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In molecular biology, the ankyrin-G binding motif of KCNQ2-3 is a protein motif found in the potassium channels KCNQ2 and KCNQ3.
Interactions with ankyrin-G (ankyrin-3) are crucial to the localisation of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) at the axonal initial segment and for neurons to initiate action potentials. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Research conducted by the American Cyanamid laboratories in the late 1940s and early 1950s demonstrated that adding penicillin to chicks' feed increased their weight gain by 10 per cent. The reasons for this were still subject to debate in the twenty-first century. Subsequent research indicated that adding penicillin t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
"Deluge" systems are systems in which all sprinklers connected to the water piping system are open, in that the heat sensing operating element is removed. These systems are used for special hazards where rapid fire spread is a concern, as they provide a simultaneous application of water over the entire hazard.
Water i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nucleotides are organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate. They serve as monomeric units of the nucleic acid polymers – deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth. Nucleotides are obtained in th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A novel application for gel electrophoresis is the separation or characterization of metal or metal oxide nanoparticles (e.g. Au, Ag, ZnO, SiO2) regarding the size, shape, or surface chemistry of the nanoparticles. The scope is to obtain a more homogeneous sample (e.g. narrower particle size distribution), which then c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Renal lipotoxicity occurs when excess long-chain nonesterified fatty acids are stored in the kidney and proximal tubule cells. It is believed that these fatty acids are delivered to the kidneys via serum albumin. This condition leads to tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis in mild cases, and to kidney failure a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first analysis, assuming a Faraday efficiency of 100%, yielded an average apparent excess heat of 21% of input power. The term "apparent excess heat" was coined by the investigators to indicate that the actual Faraday efficiency was ignored in the analysis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Examples of industrial applications of these devices for intensifying processes are:
* preparation of food emulsions
* preparation of multicomponent suspensions with vulcanizing and gelling agents (sulfur, zinc oxide, soot, kaolin, sodium silicofluoride) in latex sponge production; Obtaining suspensions of titanium dio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2002, a seminal paper on Brownian motors published in the American Institute of Physics magazine Physics Today, "Brownian motors", by Dean Astumian and Peter Hänggi. There, they proposed the then novel concept of Brownian motors and posited that "thermal motion combined with input energy gives rise to a channeling o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1984, Martin Peng proposed an alternate arrangement of magnet coils that would greatly reduce the aspect ratio while avoiding the erosion issues of the compact tokamak: a spherical tokamak. Instead of wiring each magnet coil separately, he proposed using a single large conductor in the center, and wiring the magnets... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) is a form of reversed phase liquid chromatography that uses an aqueous micellar solutions as the mobile phase. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The replication cycle of a retrovirus entails the insertion ("integration") of a DNA copy of the viral genome into the nuclear genome of the host cell. Most retroviruses infect somatic cells, but occasional infection of germline cells (cells that produce eggs and sperm) can also occur. Rarely, retroviral integration ma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mutation in genes (XPB), (XPD) or (TTDA) cause trichothiodystrophy, a condition characterized by photosensitivity, ichthyosis, brittle hair and nails, intellectual impairment, decreased fertility and/or short stature. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These occur between alkenes and electrophiles, often halogens as in halogen addition reactions. Common reactions include use of bromine water to titrate against a sample to deduce the number of double bonds present. For example, ethene + bromine → 1,2-dibromoethane:
:CH + Br → BrCHCHBr
This takes the form of 3 main ste... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In host-guest chemistry, cucurbiturils are macrocyclic molecules made of glycoluril () monomers linked by methylene bridges (). The oxygen atoms are located along the edges of the band and are tilted inwards, forming a partly enclosed cavity (cavitand). The name is derived from the resemblance of this molecule with a p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transnasal evaporative cooling is a method of inducing the hypothermia process and provides a means of continuous cooling of a person throughout the early stages of targeted temperature management and during movement throughout the hospital environment. This technique uses two cannulae, inserted into a person's nasal c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The O−O bond length in peroxides is about 1.45 Å, and the R−O−O angles (R = H, C) are about 110° (water-like). Characteristically, the C−O−O−R (R = H, C) dihedral angles are about 120°. The O−O bond is relatively weak, with a bond dissociation energy of , less than half the strengths of C−C, C−H, and C−O bonds. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sinapaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula HO(CHO)CHCH=CHCHO. It is a derivative of cinnamaldehyde, featuring one hydroxy group and two methoxy groups as substituents. It is an intermediate in the formation of sinapyl alcohol, a lignol that is a major precursor to lignin. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS) was a global survey of the three-dimensional distributions of chemical, isotopic, and radiochemical tracers in the ocean. A key objective was to investigate the deep thermohaline circulation of the ocean, using chemical tracers, including radiotracers, to establish the pat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Li Zhou and coworkers used a volumetric apparatus to measure the adsorption equilibria of hydrogen and methane on activated carbon (Figure 2, 3). They also measure the adsorption equilibria of nitrogen on microporous activated carbon (Figure 4) and on a mesoporous silica gel (Figure 5) for both subcritical and supercri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
LD for the HCl salt of pempidine in mice: 74 mg/kg (intravenous); 125 mg/kg (intraperitoneal); 413 mg/kg (oral). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The eluant from the column passes through one or more flow cells to measure the concentration of protein in the eluant (by UV light absorption at 280 nm). The conductivity cell measures the buffer conductivity, usually in millisiemens/cm, which indicates the concentration of salt in the buffer. A flow cell which measur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sodium hydroxide has been used for detection of carbon monoxide poisoning, with blood samples of such patients turning to a vermilion color upon the addition of a few drops of sodium hydroxide. Today, carbon monoxide poisoning can be detected by CO oximetry. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The porous medium equation, also called the nonlinear heat equation, is a nonlinear partial differential equation taking the form:where is the Laplace operator. It may also be put into its equivalent divergence form:where may be interpreted as a diffusion coefficient and is the divergence operator. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to the bibliographer Ibn al-Nadīm, the first Muslim alchemist was Khālid ibn Yazīd, who is said to have studied alchemy under the Christian Marianos of Alexandria. The historicity of this story is not clear; according to M. Ullmann, it is a legend. According to Ibn al-Nadīm and Ḥajjī Khalīfa, he is the auth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The lack of drugs and unavailability of experimental treatment in the most affected regions of the West African Ebola virus outbreak spurred some controversy. The fact that the drug was first given to Americans and a European and not to Africans, according to the Los Angeles Times, "provoked outrage, feeding into Afri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nanofluids are produced by several techniques:
# Direct Evaporation (1 step)
# Gas condensation/dispersion (2 step)
# Chemical vapour condensation (1 step)
# Chemical precipitation (1 step)
# Bio-based (2 step)
Several liquids including water, ethylene glycol, and oils have been used as base fluids. Although stabilizat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In his work "On Floating Bodies", Archimedes famously stated:
While this basic idea carried enormous weight and has come to form the basis of understanding why objects float, it is best applied for objects with a characteristic length scale greater than the capillary length. What Archimedes had failed to predict was th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The extraction cell is filled with the solid sample to be examined and placed in a temperature-controllable oven. After adding the solvent, the cell is heated at constant pressure (adjustable between 0.3 and 20 MPa) up to a maximum temperature of 200°C and kept at constant conditions for a while so that equilibrium can... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rhodoquinone (RQ) is a modified ubiquinone-like molecule that is an important cofactor used in anaerobic energy metabolism by many organisms. Recently, it has gained attention as a potential anthelmintic drug target due to the fact that parasitic hosts do not synthesize or use this cofactor. Because this cofactor is us... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier effect to create a heat flux between the junction of two types of material. This effect is commonly used in camping and portable coolers and for cooling electronic components and small instruments. Peltier coolers are often used where a traditional vapor-compression cycle refrige... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
** After considering the concept for some time, John Nuckolls publishes the concept of inertial confinement fusion. The laser, introduced the same year, appears to be a suitable "driver".
** The Soviet Union test the Tsar Bomba (50 megatons), the most powerful thermonuclear weapon ever.
** Plasma temperatures of approx... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Generally associated with exposure to beryllium levels at or above 100 μg/m, it produces severe cough, sore nose and throat, weight loss, labored breathing, anorexia, and increased fatigue.
In addition to beryllium's toxicity when inhaled, when brought into contact with skin at relatively low doses, beryllium can cause... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some typical Doppler-broadened NICE-OHMS signals, from 13 ppb (10 μTorr, 13•10 atm) of CH detected in a cavity with a finesse of 4800, are shown in the figure. (a) fm- and (b) wm-signal. Individual markers: measured data; Solid curves: theoretical fits. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) are typically Gram-negative bacteria and belong to Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria including the commonly studied genera including Nitrosomonas and Nitrococcus. They are known for their ability to utilize ammonia as an energy source and are prevalent in a wide range of enviro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The appearance of oxhide ingots in the archaeological record corresponds with the beginning of the bulk copper trade in the Mediterranean—approximately 1600 BC. The earliest oxhide ingots found come from Crete and date to the Late Minoan IB, approximately 1500 BC to 1450 BC. The latest oxhide ingots date to approximate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because hypophosphorous acid can reduce elemental iodine to form hydroiodic acid, which is a reagent effective for reducing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine to methamphetamine, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration designated hypophosphorous acid (and its salts) as a List I precursor chemical effective November... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the two side-chains on the central carbon are different from each other—either an aldoxime, or a ketoxime with two different "R" groups—the oxime can often have two different geometric stereoisomeric forms according to the E/Z configuration. An older terminology of syn and anti was used to identify especially aldoxi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anti-wear (AW) hydraulic oils are made from a petroleum base fluid and commonly contain the anti-wear additive Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP). This additive works to protect the hydraulic pump. They come in multiple viscosity grades that have varying applications. For example, AW 46 hydraulic oils can be used to op... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Microspectrophotometry is the measure of the spectra of microscopic samples using different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation (e.g. ultraviolet, visible and near infrared, etc.) It is accomplished with microspectrophotometers, cytospectrophotometers, microfluorometers, Raman microspectrophotometers, etc. A micro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Native iron in the metallic state occurs rarely as small inclusions in certain basalt rocks. Besides meteoritic iron, Thule people of Greenland have used native iron from the Disko region. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Kamal was born on 5 April 1959 in the Nile Delta city Zagazig. He attended Cairo University, faculty of engineering, and graduated from the chemical engineering department in 1982. Kamal began his career at the state-owned Engineering for Petroleum and Process Industries (Enppi) as an engineer. A few years later, Kamal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The focus of Hieberts research was the history and philosophy of chemistry and physical sciences in the 2nd half of 19th century and 1st half of the 20th century. During his lifetime he completed three books and his fourth book (which deals with acoustics) was nearly complete at the time of his death. His book 1961 boo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In addition, it is thought that extensive salinity stratification can lead to a reduction in the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) through the slowing of thermohaline circulation. Increased stratification means that there is effectively a barrier to subduction of parcels of water; isopycnals effectively do not o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The local Nusselt number for laminar flow over a flat plate, at a distance downstream from the edge of the plate, is given by
The average Nusselt number for laminar flow over a flat plate, from the edge of the plate to a downstream distance , is given by | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In physics, the gyromagnetic ratio (also sometimes known as the magnetogyric ratio in other disciplines) of a particle or system is the ratio of its magnetic moment to its angular momentum, and it is often denoted by the symbol Gamma|, gamma. Its SI unit is the radian per second per tesla (rad⋅s⋅T) or, equiva... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RMR is regularly used in ecology to study the response of individuals to changes in environmental conditions.
Parasites by definition have a negative impact on their hosts and it is thus expected that there might be effects on host RMR. Varying effects of parasite infection on host RMR have been found. Most studies ind... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Crookes became interested in spiritualism in the late 1860s, and was most strongly involved around 1874–1875. Eric Deeson notes that Crookes's studies of the occult are related to his scientific work on radiometry in that both involved the detection of previously undiscovered forces.
Crookes was possibly influenced by ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The action potential generated at the axon hillock propagates as a wave along the axon. The currents flowing inwards at a point on the axon during an action potential spread out along the axon, and depolarize the adjacent sections of its membrane. If sufficiently strong, this depolarization provokes a similar action po... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Uranium
*Enriched uranium
*Nuclear weapon design
*The technology of mining and metallurgy [http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu29me/uu29me08.htm], retrieved 7 October 2005. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Also shown on the map is a typical steady state working (or operating/running) line. This is a locus of the operating points of the engine, as it is throttled.
Being a high pressure ratio device, the working line is relatively shallow. If the unit had no variable geometry, there would be handling problems, because the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The human genome contains about 28 million CpG sites, and roughly 60% of the CpG sites are methylated at the 5 position of the cytosine. During formation of a cancer there is an average reduction of the number of methylated cytosines of about 5% to 20%, or about 840,00 to 3.4 million demethylations of CpG sites.
DNM... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To create this effect, a stream of negative muons, most often created by decaying pions, is sent to a block that may be made up of all three hydrogen isotopes (protium, deuterium, and/or tritium), where the block is usually frozen, and the block may be at temperatures of about 3 kelvin (−270 degrees Celsius) or so. The... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050425235816/http://www.romawa.nl/nereus/fuel.html TRISO fuel descripción]
*[http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt00/papers/idn540/idn540.htm Non-Destructive Examination of SiC Nuclear Fuel Shell using X-Ray Fluorescence Microtomography Technique]
*[http://www.world-nuclear.org/sym/2003/fig-h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Other types of radioactive decay were found to emit previously seen particles but via different mechanisms. An example is internal conversion, which results in an initial electron emission, and then often further characteristic X-rays and Auger electrons emissions, although the internal conversion process involves neit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calthemite coralloids (also known as popcorn), can form on the underside of concrete structures and look very similar to those which occurs in caves. Coralloids can form by a number of different methods in caves, however on concrete the most common form is created when hyperalkaline solution seeps from fine cracks in c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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