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In some chain-growth polymerizations there is also a chain transfer step, in which the growing polymer chain RM° takes an atom X from an inactive molecule XY, terminating the growth of the polymer chain: RM° + XY → RMX + Y°. The Y fragment ls a new active center which adds more monomer M to form a new growing chain YM°... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There is great variation in the carbon isotope composition of amino acids within a single organism. In cyanobacteria, Macko et al. observed a ~30‰ range in δC values amongst the amino acids. Amino acids produced from the same precursors also had widely varying compositions. It is difficult to explain these trends becau... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During the last two decades, eco-evolutionary studies have investigated the relevance of life-history traits and environmental conditions on telomeres of wildlife. Most of these studies have been conducted in endotherms, i.e. birds and mammals. They have provided evidence for the inheritance of telomere length; however... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Water quality guidelines for South Africa are grouped according to potential user types (e.g. domestic, industrial) in the 1996 Water Quality Guidelines. Drinking water quality is subject to the South African National Standard (SANS) 241 Drinking Water Specification. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Novec 649 is a low-temperature heat-transfer fluid. It has been used as a full-immersion fluid in a proof of concept data center cooling system by Intel and SGI. As it boils off easily due to its boiling point, it is used in two-phase immersion cooling system with a condensing loop running cold water. Effects of evapo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the presence of an anionic initiator (M X), the reagent reacts with aldehydes and ketones to give a trimethylsilyl ether, the net product of insertion of the carbonyl into the Si-CF bond. Hydrolysis gives trifluoromethyl methanols. The reagent also converts esters to trifluoromethyl ketones. A typical initiator is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Briggs–Rauscher oscillating reaction is one of a small number of known oscillating chemical reactions. It is especially well suited for demonstration purposes because of its visually striking color changes: the freshly prepared colorless solution slowly turns an amber color, suddenly changing to a very dark blue. T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (sFCS) the measurement volume is moved across the sample in a defined way. The introduction of scanning is motivated by its ability to alleviate or remove several distinct problems often encountered in standard FCS, and thus, to extend the range of applicability of fluo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Brønsted and Lowry characterized an acid–base equilibrium as involving a proton exchange reaction:
:acid + base conjugate base + conjugate acid.
An acid is a proton donor; the proton is transferred to the base, a proton acceptor, creating a conjugate acid. For aqueous solutions of an acid HA, the base is water; the co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kagome () is a traditional Japanese woven bamboo pattern; its name is composed from the words kago, meaning "basket", and me, meaning "eye(s)", referring to the pattern of holes in a woven basket.
The kagome pattern is common in bamboo weaving in East Asia. In 2022, archaeologists found bamboo weaving remains at the Do... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ruthenium(II) complexes of amine ligands are known for engaging in the outer-sphere mechanism, during which the imine/iminium substrate does not bind to the metal center directly. Instead, substrate receives the elements of H by interaction with Ru-H and N-H sites. This process is utilized by the Shvo catalyst and man... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Set-Point Theory, first introduced in 1953, postulated that each body has a preprogrammed fixed weight, with regulatory mechanisms to compensate. This theory was quickly adopted and used to explain failures in developing effective and sustained weight loss procedures. A 2019 systematic review of multiple weight cha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Radionuclides are produced as an unavoidable result of nuclear fission and thermonuclear explosions. The process of nuclear fission creates a wide range of fission products, most of which are radionuclides. Further radionuclides can be created from irradiation of the nuclear fuel (creating a range of actinides) and of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Chemistry of vegetable tannins, 1 edition – first published in 1966
* The shikimate pathway, 2 editions – first published in 1974
* Metabolites and metabolism, 1 edition – first published in 1985
* Plant polyphenols: vegetable tannins revisited, 1 edition – first published in 1989
* Shikimic acid, 1 edition – first ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several smartphone companies have released handsets with optical image stabilisation (OIS) modules incorporating SMA actuators, manufactured under licence from Cambridge Mechatronics. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A predominance diagram purports to show the conditions of concentration and pH where a chemical species has the highest concentration in solutions in which there are multiple acid-base equilibria. The lines on a predominance diagram indicate where adjacent species have the same concentration. Either side of such a line... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The hexapede (Yerik in Navi) are hexapodal deer-like creatures. They are dark blue herbivores with white and yellow stripes. Twin horn structures sheathe a thin, patterned membrane structure. Their small, sloped skull is topped by this light-colored fan structure. This fan has an eye pattern on it similar to those foun... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In nearly all species of eukaryotic algae (Chloromonas being one notable exception), upon induction of the CCM, ~95% of RuBisCO is densely packed into a single subcellular compartment: the pyrenoid. Carbon dioxide is concentrated in this compartment using a combination of CO pumps, bicarbonate pumps, and carbonic anhyd... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Normal modes are generated in the Earth from long wavelength seismic waves from large earthquakes interfering to form standing waves.
For an elastic, isotropic, homogeneous sphere, spheroidal, toroidal and radial (or breathing) modes arise. Spheroidal modes only involve P and SV waves (like Rayleigh waves) and depend o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Physical organic chemistry is the study of the interrelationships between structure and reactivity in organic molecules. It can be seen as the study of organic chemistry using tools of physical chemistry such as chemical equilibrium, chemical kinetics, thermochemistry, and quantum chemistry. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The high purity, moisture barrier, clarity, and sterilization compatibility of COC resins make them an excellent alternative to glass in a wide range of medical products. Breakage prevention and weight reduction are common reasons for choosing COC in these applications. COC has a very low-energy and nonreactive surface... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Only energy and momentum are transferred.
*(p,p') tests differences between nuclear states.
*(α,α') measures nuclear surface shapes and sizes. Since α particles that hit the nucleus react more violently, elastic and shallow inelastic α scattering are sensitive to the shapes and sizes of the targets, like light scattere... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Spot analysis, spot test analysis, or spot test is a chemical test, a simple and efficient technique where analytic assays are executed in only one, or a few drops, of a chemical solution, preferably in a great piece of filter paper, without using any sophisticated instrumentation. The development and popularization of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HEPPS (EPPS) is a buffering agent used in biology and biochemistry. The pKa of HEPPS is 8.00. It is ones of Good's buffers.
Research on mice with Alzheimers disease-like amyloid beta plaques has shown that HEPPS can cause the plaques to break up, reversing some of the symptoms in the mice. HEPPS was reported to dissoc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This article provides an error analysis of time discretization applied to spatially discrete approximation of the stationary and nonstationary Navier-Stokes equations. The nonlinearity of the convection term is the main problem in solving a stationary or nonstationary Navier-Stokes equation or Euler equation problems. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Between 1840 and 1843, Joule carefully studied the heat produced by an electric current. From this study, he developed Joules laws of heating, the first of which is commonly referred to as the Joule effect. Joules first law expresses the relationship between heat generated in a conductor and current flow, resistance,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pyridine is not abundant in nature, except for the leaves and roots of belladonna (Atropa belladonna) and in marshmallow (Althaea officinalis). Pyridine derivatives, however, are often part of biomolecules such as alkaloids.
In daily life, trace amounts of pyridine are components of the volatile organic compounds that ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Lactase (breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose)
* Maltase (breaks down maltose into 2 glucoses)
* Sucrase (breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose)
* Trehalase (breaks down trehalose into 2 glucoses)
<br />For a thorough scientific overview of small-intestinal disaccharidases, one can consult chapter ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Multicomponent solvents appeared after World War II in the USSR, and continue to be used and produced in the post-Soviet states. These solvents may have one or more applications, but they are not universal preparations. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The related ion is the most prevalent molecular ion in interstellar space. It is believed to have played a crucial role in the cooling of early stars in the history of the Universe through its ability readily to absorb and emit photons. One of the most important chemical reactions in interstellar space is + e H and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the process of photosynthesis, the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP using the energy of sunlight is called photophosphorylation. Cyclic photophosphorylation occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, driven by the main primary source of energy available to living organisms, which is sunlight. All organisms p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rothalpy has applications in turbomachinery and study of relative flows in rotating systems.
One such application is that for steady, adiabatic and irreversible flow in a turbomachine, the value of rothalpy across a blade remains constant along a flow streamline:
so Euler equation of turbomachinery can be written in te... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A thermodynamic system is a body of matter and/or radiation separate from its surroundings that can be studied using the laws of thermodynamics.
Thermodynamic systems can be passive and active according to internal processes. According to internal processes, passive systems and active systems are distinguished: passiv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Until the last quarter of the 20th century, the real existence of the bismuthyl ion was not in doubt; it was fully present in all reference books and manuals on inorganic chemistry, including German and English ones. The most famous compound of this class was considered bismuthyl chloride, the chemical properties of wh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Soluforce is used for the following applications:
* Oil and/or gas flowlines
* Oil field waste water disposal lines
* Oil field injection lines
* Offshore water injection risers
* Offshore oil flowlines
* High pressure Water injection lines
* High pressure gas transport lines
* Relining existing pipes
Although these ki... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The theory is a powerful theoretical framework used to predict and analyze the intensities of electronic transitions within the 4f electron shell of rare-earth ions in solid-state materials. The transitions, which are parity forbidden in free ions, are made partially allowed in a solid matrix due to the effects of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fecal sludge management (FSM) (or faecal sludge management in British English) is the storage, collection, transport, treatment and safe end use or disposal of fecal sludge. Together, the collection, transport, treatment and end use of fecal sludge constitute the "value chain" or "service chain" of fecal sludge managem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The silver-stained spots on the microarray are clearly visible. By using a transmission microarray scanner, the signals are transformed into digital values which are finally available as an image file. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Grignard is most noted for devising a new method for generating carbon-carbon bonds using magnesium to couple ketones and alkyl halides. This reaction is valuable in organic synthesis. It occurs in two steps:
#Formation of the "Grignard reagent", which is an organomagnesium compound made by the reaction of an organohal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Theoretical quantum-mechanical calculations become rather accurate to describe the energy structure of some simple electronic configurations. The results of theoretical developments were summarized by Condon and Shortley in 1935.
Edlén thoroughly analyzed spectra of MIA for many chemical elements and derived regulariti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It was proposed that increased synthesis of (p)ppGpp would cause polyphosphate (PolyP) accumulation in E. coli. The alarmone could interact with exopolyphosphatase PPX, which would inhibit the hydrolysis of PolyP, thus causing its accumulation in bacteria. Although it has recently been shown that it is actually DksA an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If the particles interact via identical pairwise potentials: , the average internal energy per particle is: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sintering in practice is the control of both densification and grain growth. Densification is the act of reducing porosity in a sample, thereby making it denser. Grain growth is the process of grain boundary motion and Ostwald ripening to increase the average grain size. Many properties (mechanical strength, electrical... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mound system includes a septic tank, a dosing chamber, and a mound. Wastes from homes are sent to the septic tank where the solid portion sinks to the bottom of the tank. Effluents are sent to a second tank called a dosing chamber, from which they are distributed to the mound at a metered rate (in doses). Wastewate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Construction of MOSE was authorised by the "Comitatone" on 3April 2003 and the associated construction sites opened the same year. Work began simultaneously and continues in parallel at the three inlets of Lido, Malamocco and Chioggia. Work on the structural parts (foundations, mobile barrier abutments, gate housing st... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Trimethylenemethane is a neutral, four-carbon molecule composed of four pi bonds; thus, it must be expressed either as a non-Kekulé molecule or a zwitterion. The orbital energy levels of TMM reveal that it possesses singlet and triplet states; generally, these states exhibit different reactivity and selectivity profile... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Wastewater enters the basin and very fine particles in the water are separated by means of gravity. The water must be in the basin long enough for the desired particle size to be removed. Smaller particles require longer periods for removal and thus larger basins. In some basins a flocculant may be added to help smalle... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many forms of oxyhydrogen lamps have been described, such as the limelight, which used an oxyhydrogen flame to heat a piece of lime to white hot incandescence. Because of the explosiveness of the oxyhydrogen, limelights have been replaced by electric lighting. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The National Research Council's 2006 report emphasized that accurate communication of results is essential for the proper use of biomonitoring surveys, but at the same time noted "there is no accepted standard for good biomonitoring communications." In 2007, the Boston University School of Public Health organized a pan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When discussing the properties of acids it is usual to specify equilibrium constants as acid dissociation constants, denoted by K, with numerical values given the symbol pK.
On the other hand, association constants are used for bases.
However, general purpose computer programs that are used to derive equilibrium const... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Conservation of Vector Current hypothesis was created out of the Gamow–Teller theory. The Fermi decay is the result of a vector current and is dominant in the decay of the neutron to a proton while the Gamow–Teller decay is an axial-current transition. Conservation of Vector Current is the assumption that the wea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adair Crawford FRS FRSE (174829 July 1795), a chemist and physician, was a pioneer in the development of calorimetric methods for measuring the specific heat capacity of substances and the heat of chemical reactions. In his influential 1779 book "Experiments and Observations on Animal Heat", Crawford presented new expe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the early 20th century, galvanized piping replaced previously-used cast iron and lead in cold-water plumbing. Typically, galvanized piping rusts from the inside out, building up layers of plaque on the inside of the piping, causing both water pressure problems and eventual pipe failure. These plaques can flake off, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Innovative remediation techniques used at distressed brownfields in recent years include in situ thermal remediation, bioremediation and in situ oxidation. Often, these strategies are used in conjunction with each other or with other remedial strategies such as soil vapor extraction. In this process, vapor from the soi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Density: 2.203 g/cm
*Hardness: 5.3–6.5 (Mohs scale), 8.8 GPa
*Tensile strength: 48.3 MPa
*Compressive strength: > 1.1 GPa
*Bulk modulus: ~37 GPa
*Rigidity modulus: 31 GPa
*Young's modulus: 71.7 GPa
*Poisson's ratio: 0.17
*Lamé elastic constants: λ = 15.87 GPa, μ = 31.26 GPa
*Coefficient of thermal expansion: 5.5 × 10/... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There is an increased risk of central nervous system depression when eszopiclone is taken together with other CNS depressant agents, including antipsychotics, sedative hypnotics (like barbiturates or benzodiazepines), antihistamines, opioids, phenothiazines, and some antidepressants. There is also increased risk of cen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the hallmarks of cancer is altered metabolism or deregulating cellular energetics. Cancers cells often have reprogrammed their glucose metabolism to perform lactic acid fermentation, in the presence of oxygen, rather than send the pyruvate made through glycolysis to the mitochondria. This is referred to as the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Entropy is a function of state, and therefore the entropy change can be computed directly from the knowledge of the final and initial equilibrium states. For an ideal gas, the change in entropy is the same as for isothermal expansion where all heat is converted to work:
For an ideal monatomic gas, the entropy as a func... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The relation of equilibrium vapor pressure to the saturation vapor pressure can be thought of as a relative humidity measurement for the atmosphere. As P/P increases, vapor will continue to condense inside a given capillary. If P/P decreases, liquid will begin to evaporate into the atmosphere as vapor molecules. The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The development of the Lemieux–Johnson oxidation was preceded by an analogous process, developed by Lemieux and Ernst Von Rudloff (sometimes called the Lemieux-Von Rudloff reaction), which used an aqueous solution of sodium periodate with a low (catalytic) concentration of potassium permanganate. This mixture became kn... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By the time of the 2nd Chapman Conference on the Gaia Hypothesis, held at Valencia, Spain, on 23 June 2000, the situation had changed significantly. Rather than a discussion of the Gaian teleological views, or "types" of Gaia hypotheses, the focus was upon the specific mechanisms by which basic short term homeostasis w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cellular composites extend stretch-dominated lattices to the ultralight regime (below ten milligrams per cubic centimeter). Performance depends positively on the framework rigidity of the lattice, node connectivity, slenderness of strut members and the scaling of the density cost of mechanical connections.
Conventional... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The shape of the molecule is predicted to be an equilateral triangle. Vibrations can occur in the molecule in two ways, firstly the molecule can expand and contract retaining the equilateral triangle shape (breathing), or one atom can move relative to the others distorting the triangle (bending). The bending vibration ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Earth-atmosphere system is radiatively cooled, emitting long-wave (infrared) radiation which balances the absorption of short-wave (visible light) energy from the sun.
Convective transport of heat, and evaporative transport of latent heat are both important in removing heat from the surface and distributing it in t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although the concept of using a single optical element for analyte regression and detection was suggested in 1986, the first full MOC concept device was published in 1997 from the Myrick group at the University of South Carolina, with a subsequent demonstration in 2001. The technique has received much recognition in t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Theoretically, IVF could be performed by collecting the contents from the fallopian tubes or uterus after natural ovulation, mixing it with sperm, and reinserting the fertilised ova into the uterus. However, without additional techniques, the chances of pregnancy would be extremely small. The additional techniques that... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The stereochemical term enantiotopic refers to the relationship between two groups in a molecule which, if one or the other were replaced, would generate a chiral compound. The two possible compounds resulting from that replacement would be enantiomers.
For example, the two hydrogen atoms attached to the second carbon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Generally distinct types of unsaturated organic compounds are recognized.
For hydrocarbons:
*alkene (unsaturated) vs alkane (saturated)
*alkyne (unsaturated) vs alkane (saturated)
*arene (unsaturated) vs cycloalkane (saturated)
For organic compounds containing heteroatoms (other than C and H), the list of unsaturated... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Reef Ball Foundation manufactures reef balls for open ocean deployment in sizes from in diameter and in weight. Reef balls are hollow, and typically have several convex-concave holes of varying sizes to most closely approximate natural coral reef conditions by creating whirlpools. Reef balls are made from pH-bal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbopalladations can be a description of the elementary step of a reaction catalyzed by a palladium catalyst (Mizoroki-Heck reaction) and can also refer to a carbometalation reaction with a palladium catalyst (alkene difunctionalization, hydrofunctionalization, or reductive Heck) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recent studies have shown that SK channels do not only regulate afterhyperpolarization, they also have an effect on synaptic plasticity. This is the activity-dependent adaptation of the strength of synaptic transmission. Synaptic plasticity is an important mechanism underlying learning and memory processes. Apamin is e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many methods exist for the preparation of ketones in industrial scale and academic laboratories. Ketones are also produced in various ways by organisms; see the section on biochemistry below.
In industry, the most important method probably involves oxidation of hydrocarbons, often with air. For example, a billion kilog... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reverse transcriptases were discovered by Howard Temin at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in Rous sarcoma virions and independently isolated by David Baltimore in 1970 at MIT from two RNA tumour viruses: murine leukemia virus and again Rous sarcoma virus. For their achievements, they shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Debye–Hückel theory was proposed by Peter Debye and Erich Hückel as a theoretical explanation for departures from ideality in solutions of electrolytes and plasmas.
It is a linearized Poisson–Boltzmann model, which assumes an extremely simplified model of electrolyte solution but nevertheless gave accurate predicti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Development of the chromatogram is done by allowing the solvent to travel down the paper. Here, the mobile phase is placed in a solvent holder at the top. The spot is kept at the top and solvent flows down the paper from above. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gravimetric biosensors use the basic principle of a response to a change in mass. Most gravimetric biosensors use thin piezoelectric quartz crystals, either as resonating crystals (QCM), or as bulk/surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. In the majority of these the mass response is inversely proportional to the crystal ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An Oligopeptidase is an enzyme that cleaves peptides but not proteins. This property is due to its structure: the active site of this enzyme is located at the end of a narrow cavity which can only be reached by peptides. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hybridization is the process of complementary base pairs binding to form a double helix. Melting is the process by which the interactions between the strands of the double helix are broken, separating the two nucleic acid strands. These bonds are weak, easily separated by gentle heating, enzymes, or physical force. Me... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Herzberg pointed out direct evidence of H molecules in the atmospheres of the outer planets. The atmospheres of the inner planets and of Saturns big moon Titan also show significant CIA in the infrared due to concentrations of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other molecular gases. However, the total CIA contributi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are numerous types of restriction enzymes, each of which will cut DNA differently. Most commonly used restriction enzymes are Type II restriction endonuclease (See article on Restriction enzymes for examples). There are some that cut a three base pair sequence while others can cut four, six, and even eight. Each ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Triphosgene's low vapor pressure makes it possible for it to reach concentrations that are considered toxicologically unsafe. While several properties of triphosgene are not yet readily available, it is known that it is very toxic if inhaled. A toxic gas is emitted if it comes in contact with water. There is a lack of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The chemical consists of rings of 8 sulfur atoms. It adopts a crown conformation with D point group symmetry. The S–S bond lengths are equal, at about 2.05 Å. Octasulfur crystallizes in three distinct polymorphs: rhombohedral, and two monoclinic forms, of which only two are stable at standard conditions. The rhombohedr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plasma treatment of surfaces is essentially a dry etching of the surface. This is achieved by filling a chamber with gas, such as oxygen, fluorine, or chlorine, and accelerating ions species from an ion source through plasma. The ion acceleration towards the surface forms deep grooves within the surface. In addition to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Microemulsions have many commercially important uses:
* Water-in-oil microemulsions for some dry cleaning processes
* Floor polishers and cleaners
* Personal care products
* Pesticide formulations
* Cutting oils
* Drugs
Much of the work done on these systems have been motivated by their possible use to mobilize petrole... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The invariance of a Hamiltonian of an isolated system under time translation implies its energy does not change with the passage of time. Conservation of energy implies, according to the Heisenberg equations of motion, that .
or:
Where is the time-translation operator which implies invariance of the Hamiltonian under... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Source:
*1997 Ahmed Zewail
*1998 Robin M. Hochstrasser
*1999 Richard N. Zare
*2000 Ad Bax
*2001 William A. Klemperer
*2002 Takeshi Oka
*2003 Marilyn E. Jacox
*2004 James K.G. Watson
*2005 Eizi Hirota
*2006 Donald H. Levy
*2007 Michael D. Fayer
*2008 Jack H. Freed
*2009 Paul F. Barbara
*2010 George W. Flynn
*2011 Veroni... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Potassium is the main intracellular ion for all types of cells, while having a major role in maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance. Potassium is necessary for the function of all living cells, and is thus present in all plant and animal tissues. It is found in especially high concentrations within plant cells, a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A thermodynamic limit does not exist in all cases. Usually, a model is taken to the thermodynamic limit by increasing the volume together with the particle number while keeping the particle number density constant. Two common regularizations are the box regularization, where matter is confined to a geometrical box, and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cryo- is from the Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “ice, icy cold, chill, frost”). Uses of the prefix Cryo- include: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Firstly, mRNA template needs to be isolated for the creation of cDNA libraries. Since mRNA only contains exons, the integrity of the isolated mRNA should be considered so that the protein encoded can still be produced. Isolated mRNA should range from 500 bp to 8 kb. Several methods exist for purifying RNA such as triz... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The concentration of Cu in bulk silicate Earth is ~30 ppm, slightly less than its average concentration (~72 ppm) in fresh mid-oceanic ridge basalt (MORB) glass. and form a variety of sulfides (often in association with Fe), as well as carbonates and hydroxides (e.g., chalcopyrite, chalcocite, cuprite and malachite).... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Proteins that are to be targeted to a particular organelle or for secretion have an N-terminal signal peptide that directs the protein to its final destination. This signal peptide is removed by proteolysis after their transport through a membrane. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The metabolism of bacteria is adversely affected by silver ions at concentrations of 0.01–0.1 mg/L. Therefore, even less soluble silver compounds, such as silver chloride, also act as bactericides or germicides, but not the much less soluble silver sulfide. In the presence of atmospheric oxygen, metallic silver also ha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nils Gabriel Sefström (2 June 1787 – 30 November 1845) was a Swedish chemist. Sefström was a student of Berzelius and, when studying the brittleness of steel in 1830, he rediscovered a new chemical element, to which he gave the name vanadium.
Vanadium was first discovered by the Spanish-Mexican mineralogist André... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The strangeness production and its diagnostic potential as a signature of quark–gluon plasma has been discussed for nearly 30 years. The theoretical work in this field today focuses on the interpretation of the overall particle production data and the derivation of the resulting properties of the bulk of quark–gluon pl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The products and services offered by the fine chemical industry fall into two broad categories: (1) "Exclusives", a.k.a. custom manufacturing (CM) and (2) "standard" or "catalogue" products. "Exclusives", provided mostly under contract research or custom manufacturing arrangements, prevail in business with life scienc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Federal Radon Action Plan, also known as FRAP, was created in 2010 and launched in 2011. It was piloted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in conjunction with the U.S. Departments of Health and Human Services, Agriculture, Defense, Energy, Housing and Urban Development, the Interior, Veterans Affairs, and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iron reducing bacteria reduce ferric iron to ferrous iron under anaerobic conditions. One of the first studies that studied iron fractionation in iron-reducing bacteria studied the bacterium Shewanella algae. S. algae was grown on a ferrihydrite substrate, and was then allowed to reduce iron. The study found that S. al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The main geologic history locally had two stages. The first is the Miocene, determined by tectonic events that correlate with the closing of the Tethys Sea. The second is the Pleistocene noted for its glaciation cycles and the full run of the present Volga. During the first stage, the Tethys Sea had evolved into the Sa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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