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* Theophilus Redwood: 1875–1876
* August Dupré: 1877–1878
* John Muter: 1879–1880
* Charles Heisch: 1881–1882
* George William Wigner: 1883–1884
* Dr Alfred Hill: 1885–1886
* Alfred Henry Allen: 1887–1888
* Matthew Adams: 1889–1890
* Otto Hehner: 1891–1892
* Sir Cha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Temperature plays a major role in the conversion of biomass to bio-oil. The temperature of the reaction determines the depolymerization of the biomass to bio-oil, as well as the repolymerization into char. While the ideal reaction temperature is dependent on the feedstock used, temperatures above ideal lead to an incre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1975, J. P. Gollub and H. L. Swinney published a paper on the onset of turbulence in rotating fluid. In a Taylor–Couette flow system, they observed that, as the rotation rate increases, the fluid stratifies into a pile of "fluid donuts". With further increases in the rotation rate, the donuts oscillate and twist and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrogen cyanide is a linear molecule, with a triple bond between carbon and nitrogen. The tautomer of HCN is HNC, hydrogen isocyanide.
Hydrogen cyanide is weakly acidic with a pK of 9.2. It partially ionizes in water to give the cyanide anion, CN. A solution of hydrogen cyanide in water, represented as HCN, is called ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Continuous quantum engines are the quantum analogues of turbines. The work output mechanism is coupling to an external periodic field, typically the electromagnetic field. Thus the heat engine is a model for a laser.
The models differ by the choice of their working substance
and heat source and sink. Externally driven... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Process integration is a term in chemical engineering which has two possible meanings.
# A holistic approach to process design which emphasizes the unity of the process and considers the interactions between different unit operations from the outset, rather than optimising them separately. This can also be called inte... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vacuum induction melting (VIM) utilizes electric currents to melt metal within a vacuum. The first prototype was developed in 1920. Induction heating induces eddy currents within conductors. Eddy currents create heating effects to melt the metal. Vacuum induction melting has been used in both the aerospace and nuclea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One accepted scientific hypothesis is that the Earth was formed by accretion of material with a chondritic composition through impacts with differentiated planetesimals. During this accretionary phase, planetary differentiation separated the Earth's core, where heavy metallic siderophile elements accumulated, from the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RNA primers are used by living organisms in the initiation of synthesizing a strand of DNA. A class of enzymes called primases add a complementary RNA primer to the reading template de novo on both the leading and lagging strands. Starting from the free 3’-OH of the primer, known as the primer terminus, a DNA polymeras... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a technique used to obtain physical, chemical, electronic and structural information about molecules due to the chemical shift of the resonance frequencies of nuclear spins in the sample. Its combination with electrochemical techniques can provide detailed and quantitative informatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The process of soil formation is dominated by chemical weathering of silicate minerals, aided by acidic products of pioneering plants and organisms as well as carbonic acid inputs from the atmosphere. Carbonic acid is produced in the atmosphere and soil layers through the carbonation reaction.
This is the dominant form... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Source:
A large range of functional groups have already been made into FSL Kode constructs. These include:
* Carbohydrates – ranging from monosaccharides to polysaccharides and including blood group antigens, hyaluronic acid oligomers and sialic acid residues
* Peptide/protein – ranging from single amino acids to prote... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
British endocrinologist Albert T. W. Simeons proposed HCG as an adjunct to an ultra-low-calorie weight-loss diet (fewer than 500 calories). Simeons, while studying pregnant women in India on a calorie-deficient diet, and fat boys with pituitary problems (Frölichs syndrome) treated with low-dose HCG, observed that both ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The global estimates of the biological pump have yet to include the elements of the lipid pump which could represent 50–100% of C export that is not accounted for. This is likely due to many observational challenges pertaining to the analysis of these seasonal migrations. As described above, more accurate ways to measu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photolithography and X-ray lithography have been used to etch substrates, often silicon. A resist, or photosensitive material, is coated onto a substrate. A mask is applied above the resist that often consists of gold or other compounds that absorb X-rays. The region exposed to light either becomes soluble in a photore... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Goldbeter–Koshland kinetics describe a steady-state solution for a 2-state biological system. In this system, the interconversion between these two states is performed by two enzymes with opposing effect. One example would be a protein Z that exists in a phosphorylated form Z and in an unphosphorylated form Z; th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pre-action sprinkler systems are specialized for use in locations where accidental activation is especially undesirable, such as in museums with rare art works, manuscripts, or books; and data centers, for protection of computer equipment from accidental water discharge.
There are two main sub-types of pre-action syste... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Five basic modes of alternative splicing are generally recognized.
* Exon skipping or cassette exon: in this case, an exon may be spliced out of the primary transcript or retained. This is the most common mode in mammalian pre-mRNAs.
* Mutually exclusive exons: One of two exons is retained in mRNAs after splicing, but ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Learning and memory have levels of permanence, differing from other mental processes such as thought, language, and consciousness, which are temporary in nature. Learning and memory can be either accumulated slowly (multiplication tables) or rapidly (touching a hot stove), but once attained, can be recalled into consci... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Between May 13–14, 2004 the site was enclosed with temporary mesh fencing and plain-clothed security guards commenced patrols of the public areas. At 02:00 on May 15 bulldozers arrived at the site and tree-felling began at 07:00. The work caused immediate concern to nearby residents who feared the work might unsettle a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Levetiracetam does not undergo extensive metabolism, and the metabolites formed are not active and do not exert pharmacological activity. Metabolism of levetiracetam is not by liver cytochrome P450 enzymes, but through other metabolic pathways such as hydrolysis and hydroxylation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The flow equations of the Rankine half body are solved using the principle of superposition, combining the solutions of the linear flow of the stream and the circular flow of the source.
Given the linear flow field and the source , we have
The stagnation point for this flow can be determined by equating the velocity t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* "Surface Tension", (1891) Nature, 46, 437.
* "[https://archive.org/details/paper-doi-10_1038_046418e0/mode/2up On the relative contamination of the water-surface by equal quantities of different substances]", (1892) Nature 47, 418.
* "Relations between the surface tension and relative contamination of water surfaces"... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mound systems are used to help purify and transport water efficiently.
Some soils are too high in permeability, allowing water to quickly pass through it, hindering purification effectiveness and allowing contamination to spread to nearby water sources or ecosystems. .
Areas of low soil permeability, such as areas with... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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Water () is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, which is nearly colorless apart from an inherent hint of blue. It is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the "universal solvent" and the "solven... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
is a double-decker sandwich compound consisting of a ion coordinated to two the conjugate base of two phthalocyanines. The rings are arranged in a staggered conformation. The extremities of the two ligands are slightly distorted outwards. The complex features a non-innocent ligand, in the sense that the macrocycles c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Analytical light scattering (ALS), also loosely referred to as SEC-MALS, is the implementation of static light scattering (SLS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques in an online or flow mode. A typical ALS instrument consists of an HPLC/FPLC chromatography system coupled in-line with appropriate light scatteri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. A material containing unstable nuclei is considered radioactive. Three of the most common types of decay are alpha, beta, an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most important members of this group are the phosphoric acids, where each phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, one of them through a double bond, arranged as the corners of a tetrahedron. Two or more of these tetrahedra may be connected by shared single-bonded oxygens, forming linear or branched chains, cy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Here a parabolic shear in the outer velocity is introduced.
Then the solution to the first-order approximation is
where is the homogeneous solution to the Laplace equation which restores the boundary conditions. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inhabitants should plan to remain sheltered for at least two weeks (with an hour out at the end of the first week – see Swiss Civil Defense guidelines), then work outside for gradually increasing amounts of time, to four hours a day at three weeks. The normal work is to sweep or wash fallout into shallow trenches to de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In petrology and geochemistry, an incompatible element is one that is unsuitable in size and/or charge to the cation sites of the minerals in which it is included. It is defined by a partition coefficient between rock-forming minerals and melt being much smaller than 1.
During the fractional crystallization of magma an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Primary clarifier effluent was discharged directly to natural wetlands for decades before environmental regulations discouraged the practice. Subsurface flow constructed wetlands with sand filter beds have their origin in China and are now used in Asia in small cities. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Shorter (large ) waves (e.g. 2 mm for the water–air interface), which are proper capillary waves, do the opposite: an individual wave appears at the front of the group, grows when moving towards the group center and finally disappears at the back of the group. Phase velocity is two thirds of group velocity in this limi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plants have many protection mechanisms to cope with stresses from the environment, which include ultraviolet light, cold or hot weather, windy days, and mechanical wounding. There are multiple pathways, but one pathway that plants have been able to develop is a self-defense mechanism by recognize pathogens through path... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Healthy Waterways Raingardens Program promotes a simple and effective form of stormwater treatment, and aims to raise peoples' awareness about how good stormwater management contributes to healthy waterways. The program encourages people to build rain gardens at home, and has achieved its target is to see 10,000 rain... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many metal complexes catalyze the dehydrogenation of amine-borane (AB). Catalysis in the absence of metals has also been observed. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Performance testing of solar thermal collectors utilizes the term stagnation temperature to indicate the maximum achievable collector temperature with a stagnant fluid (no motion), an ambient temperature of 30C, and incident solar radiation of 1000W/m. The aforementioned figures are worst case scenario values that allo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although polyadenylation is seen in almost all organisms, it is not universal. However, the wide distribution of this modification and the fact that it is present in organisms from all three domains of life implies that the last universal common ancestor of all living organisms, it is presumed, had some form of polyade... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The trace amount of samples collected from crime scenes can be amplified by MDA to the quantity that is enough for forensic DNA analysis, which is commonly used in identifying victims and suspects. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a typical TAP pulse-response experiment, very small (~10 mol) and narrow (~100 μs) gas pulses are introduced into the evacuated (~10 torr) microreactor
containing a catalytic sample. While the injected gas molecules traverse the microreactor packing through the interstitial voids,
they encounter the catalyst on whic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Capillary electrophoresis may be used for the simultaneous determination of the ions NH, Na, K, Mg and Ca in saliva.
One of the main applications of CE in forensic science is the development of methods for amplification and detection of DNA fragments using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which has led to rapid and dra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The symbol used to represent density in equations is ρ (rho) with SI units of kilograms per cubic meter. This term is the reciprocal of specific volume.
Since gas molecules can move freely within a container, their mass is normally characterized by density. Density is the amount of mass per unit volume of a substance, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A better alternative to the use of potentially hazardous oxidizers is an NMR tube cleaner (right). It is an apparatus which uses a vacuum to flush solvent and/or a detergent solution through the entire length of the NMR tube.
In this apparatus, the NMR tube 1 (with the cap 3 fixed to the base of the NMR tube), is place... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During the formation of a crystalline structure, different impurities, irregularities, and other defects can form. These imperfections can form through deformation of the solid, rapid cooling, or high energy radiation. Types of defects include point defects, line defects, as well as edge dislocation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Industrial fermentation is the intentional use of fermentation in manufacturing processes. In addition to the mass production of fermented foods and drinks, industrial fermentation has widespread applications in chemical industry. Commodity chemicals, such as acetic acid, citric acid, and ethanol are made by fermentati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The natural reactor of Oklo has been used to check if the atomic fine-structure constant α might have changed over the past 2 billion years. That is because α influences the rate of various nuclear reactions. For example, captures a neutron to become , and since the rate of neutron capture depends on the value of α, t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MR fluids often contain surfactants including, but not limited to:
* oleic acid
* tetramethylammonium hydroxide
* citric acid
* soy lecithin
These surfactants serve to decrease the rate of ferroparticle settling, of which a high rate is an unfavorable characteristic of MR fluids. The ideal MR fluid would never settle, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Early studies in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster saw large-scale, systematic loss of function (LOF) screens performed through saturation mutagenesis, demonstrating the potential of this approach to characterise genetic pathways and identify genes with unique and essential functions. The saturation mu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydraulic Engineering Circular Manual No. 18 (HEC-18) was published by the FHWA, and includes several techniques of estimating scour depth. The empirical scour equations for live-bed scour, clear-water scour, and local scour at piers and abutments are shown in the Chapter 5General Scour section. The total scour depth i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polycrystalline silicon, or multicrystalline silicon (multi-Si) cells are made from cast square ingots—large blocks of molten silicon carefully cooled and solidified. They consist of small crystals giving the material its typical metal flake effect. Polysilicon cells are the most common type used in photovoltaics and a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because the urea conversion is incomplete, the urea must be separated from the unconverted reactants, including the ammonium carbamate. Various commercial urea processes are characterized by the conditions under which urea forms and the way that unconverted reactants are further processed. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ratsimamanga married Suzanne Urverg-Ratsimamanga on 23 March 1963. She was a French Ashkenazi Jewish biochemist, a Fellow of the World Academy of Sciences (1989), and the African Academy of Sciences (1987), and IMRAs Chair and Alberts closest collaborator. With Albert, she co-founded "Albert and Suzanne Rakoto Ratsima... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The main driver of the concept is the beam effect, which indicates the influence of sections in very good ecological condition on sections in less good or rather poor condition with respect to their ecological status. There are two categories of beam effects which are biotic and abiotic. The biotic beam effect relies o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell. The reactants, products, and intermediates of an enzymatic reaction are known as metabolites, which are modified by a sequence of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes. In most cases of a metabolic pathway, the pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is now known from study of the Sun and primitive meteorites that the solar system was initially almost homogeneous in isotopic composition. Deviations from the (evolving) galactic average, locally sampled around the time that the Sun's nuclear burning began, can generally be accounted for by mass fractionation (see ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1960, physicist John H. Reynolds discovered that certain meteorites contained an isotopic anomaly in the form of an overabundance of Xe. He inferred that this must be a decay product of long-decayed radioactive I. This isotope is produced in quantity in nature only in supernova explosions. As the half-life of I is c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
UNSCEAR recommends a reference value of 9 nSv (Bq·h/m).
For example, a person living (7000 h/year) in a concentration of 40 Bq/m receives an effective dose of 1 mSv/year.
Studies of miners exposed to radon and its decay products provide a direct basis for assessing their lung cancer risk. The BEIR VI report, entitled H... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A further method to differentiate converted from unconverted bisulfite-treated DNA is using high-resolution melting analysis (HRM), a quantitative PCR-based technique initially designed to distinguish SNPs. The PCR amplicons are analyzed directly by temperature ramping and resulting liberation of an intercalating fluo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings, the traditional coupling partners are organobromides and organoboron compounds. While Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings typically employ organobromides as coupling partners, organochlorides are more desirable electrophiles for cross-coupling due to their lower cost. The sluggish reactivi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A domestic refrigerator is an example of a heat pump: a heat engine in reverse. Work is used to create a heat differential. Many cycles can run in reverse to move heat from the cold side to the hot side, making the cold side cooler and the hot side hotter. Internal combustion engine versions of these cycles are, by the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vaginal aplasia is a rare medical condition in which the vagina does not form properly before birth. Those with the condition may have a partially formed vagina, or none at all. The condition is typically treated by reconstructive surgery. First a space is surgically created where the vagina would typically exist. T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ethanol contained in alcoholic beverages is produced by means of fermentation induced by yeast.
* Wine is produced by fermentation of the natural sugars present in grapes; cider and perry are produced by similar fermentation of natural sugar in apples and pears, respectively; and other fruit wines are produced from the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A chemical structure can be represented by a bond network of the kind familiar in molecular diagrams. The infinitely connected bond networks found in crystals can be simplified into finite networks by extracting one formula unit and reconnecting any broken bonds to each other. If the bond network is not known, a plau... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The word polyurea is derived from the Greek words πολυ- - poly- meaning "many"; and ουρίας - oûron meaning "to urinate" (referring to the substance urea, found in urine). Urea or carbamide is an organic compound with the chemical formula (NH)CO. The molecule has two amine groups (–NH) joined by a carbonyl functional gr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Boger fluids are named after David V. Boger, who in the late 1970s was the primary researcher pushing for the study of constant viscosity elastic liquids. He released his first paper on Boger fluids in 1977, titled "A Highly Elastic Constant-Viscosity Fluid", where he described the ideal fluid for experimentation as a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fundamentally, two types of diffusion are distinguished:
* Tracer diffusion and Self-diffusion, which is a spontaneous mixing of molecules taking place in the absence of concentration (or chemical potential) gradient. This type of diffusion can be followed using isotopic tracers, hence the name. The tracer diffusion is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Whether or not a GMO is present in a sample can be tested by Q-PCR, but also by multiplex PCR. Multiplex PCR uses multiple, unique primer sets within a single PCR reaction to produce amplicons of varying sizes specific to different DNA sequences, i.e. different transgenes. By targeting multiple genes at once, additiona... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because free cysteine rarely occurs on protein surface, it is an excellent choice for chemoselective modification. Under basic condition, the cysteine residues will be deprotonated to generate a thiolate nucleophile, which will react with soft electrophiles, such as maleimides and iodoacetamides (shown in the first two... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The malate shuttle allows the mitochondria to move electrons from NADH without the consumption of metabolites and it uses two antiporters to transport metabolites and keep balance within the mitochondrial matrix and cytoplasm.
On the cytoplasmic side a transaminase enzyme is used to remove an amino group from aspartate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbodiimides such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) are frequently used for amide bond formation. The reaction proceeds via the formation of a highly reactive O-acylisourea. This reactive intermediate is attacked by the peptide N-terminal amine, forming a peptide bond. Formation of th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the US, nominal pipe sizes vary from 3 inches up to 64 inches, in increments of at least 1 inch, and are standardised according to the American AWWA C-151 | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cooling curves are important in controlling the quality of a casting. The most important part of the cooling curve is the cooling rate which affects the microstructure and properties. Generally speaking, an area of the casting which is cooled quickly will have a fine grain structure and an area which cools slowly will ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The stochastic empirical loading and dilution model (SELDM) is a stormwater quality model. SELDM is designed to transform complex scientific data into meaningful information about the risk of adverse effects of runoff on receiving waters, the potential need for mitigation measures, and the potential effectiveness of su... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phenols are produced by heating aqueous solutions of arenediazonium salts:
This reaction goes by the German name Phenolverkochung ("cooking down to yield phenols"). The phenol formed may react with the diazonium salt and hence the reaction is carried in the presence of an acid which suppresses this further reaction. A ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Multiferroics are defined as materials that exhibit more than one of the primary ferroic properties in the same phase:
* ferromagnetism – a magnetisation that is switchable by an applied magnetic field
* ferroelectricity – an electric polarisation that is switchable by an applied electric field
* ferroelasticity – a d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Le Bail analysis is a whole diffraction pattern profile fitting technique used to characterize the properties of crystalline materials, such as structure. It was invented by Armel Le Bail around 1988. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A J-aggregate is a type of dye with an absorption band that shifts to a longer wavelength (bathochromic shift) of increasing sharpness (higher absorption coefficient) when it aggregates under the influence of a solvent or additive or concentration as a result of supramolecular self-organisation. The dye can be characte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When the central density becomes large, i.e., or equivalently , the governing equation reduces to
subjected to the conditions and . This is exactly the Lane–Emden equation with polytropic index . Note that in this limit of large densities, the radius
tends to zero. The mass of the white dwarf however tends to a fini... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group (United States)(2001). [https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/national/water/manage/?&cid=stelprdb1043448 Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices.] GPO Item No. 0120-A; SuDocs No. A 57.6/2:EN 3/PT.653. . | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Averaging pitot tubes (also called impact probes) extend the theory of pitot tube to more than one dimension. A typical averaging pitot tube consists of three or more holes (depending on the type of probe) on the measuring tip arranged in a specific pattern. More holes allow the instrument to measure the direction of t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phospholipid liposomes are used as targeted drug delivery systems. Hydrophilic drugs can be carried as solution inside the SUVs or MLVs and hydrophobic drugs can be incorporated into lipid bilayer of these liposomes. If injected into circulation of human/animal body, MLVs are preferentially taken up phagocytic cells, a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The A-stage, or adsorption stage is the most innovative component of the process. It is not preceded by primary treatment. Influent organic matter is removed in the A-stage mainly by flocculation and sorption to sludge due to the high loading rates (2–10 g BOD • g VSS • d) and low sludge age (typically 4–10 h). Hydrol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Systems similar to Ames test have been developed in yeast. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is generally used. These systems can check for forward and reverse mutations, as well as recombinant events. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HYSYS is a portmanteau formed from Hyprotech, the name of the company which created the software, and Systems. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1972, C.W. Horsting of the RCA Corporation published a paper which reported test results on the reliability of semiconductor devices in which the connections were made using aluminium wires bonded ultrasonically to gold plated posts. His paper demonstrated the importance of the Kirkendall effect in wire bonding tech... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The synthesis of the ligands often involves the reaction between 1,3-dibromoethylbenzene with a secondary phosphine followed by deprotonation of the quaternary phosphorus intermediates to generate the ligand.
To generate the metal complex, two common routes are employed. One is a simple oxidative addition of the ipso-C... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An example of the operations of the nucleic acid extraction apparatus which incorporates
Tajima pipette are typically as shown in Fig. 1. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
EDC is commercially available. It may be prepared by coupling ethyl isocyanate to N,N-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine to give a urea, followed by dehydration: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The bypass transition scenario was first observed experimentally by P. S. Klebanoff, during his experiments in elevated free-stream turbulence flow. Klebanoff identified an important aspect of the bypass transition. In an experiment using hot wires, he studied flow over a flat plate that was subjected to a 0.3% free-st... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The butyrate or butanoate ion, , is the conjugate base of butyric acid. It is the form found in biological systems at physiological pH. A butyric (or butanoic) compound is a carboxylate salt or ester of butyric acid. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phosphaalkynes with small substituents (H, F, Me, Ph, etc.) undergo decomposition at or below room temperature by way of polymerization/oligimerization to yield mixtures of products which are challenging to characterize. The same is largely true of kinetically stable phosphaalkynes, which undergo oligomerization reacti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A number of datable minerals occur as common detrital grains in sandstones, and if the strata have not been buried too deeply, these minerals grains retain information about the source rock. Fission track analysis of these minerals provides information about the thermal evolution of the source rocks and therefore can ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surface plasmon resonance can be implemented in analytical instrumentation. SPR instruments consist of a light source, an input scheme, a prism with analyte interface, a detector, and computer. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At equilibrium, the sum of the chemical potentials of the reactants is equal to the sum of the chemical potentials of the products. The Gibbs free energy change for the reactions, ΔG, is equal to the difference between these sums and therefore, at equilibrium, is equal to zero. Thus, for an equilibrium such as
Substitu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An early C-symmetric ligand, diphosphine catalytic ligand DIPAMP, was developed in 1968 by William S. Knowles and coworkers of Monsanto Company, who shared the 2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. This ligand was used in the industrial production of -DOPA.
Some classes of C-symmetric ligands are called privileged ligands, wh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Conductivity measurement is a versatile tool in process control. The measurement is simple and fast, and most advanced sensors require only a little maintenance. The measured conductivity reading can be used to make various assumptions on what is happening in the process. In some cases it is possible to develop a model... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The United States Environmental Protection Agency has set a maximum contaminant level for benzene in drinking water at 0.0005 mg/L (5 ppb), as promulgated via the U.S. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. This regulation is based on preventing benzene leukemogenesis. The maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG), a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rain gardens are a form of stormwater management using water capture. Rain gardens are shallow depressed areas in the landscape, planted with shrubs and plants that are used to collect rainwater from roofs or pavement and allows for the stormwater to slowly infiltrate into the ground.
Ubiquitous lawn grass is not a sol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SOFIA comprises a multiwell plate sample container, an automated means for successively transporting samples from the multiwell plate sample container to a transparent capillary contained within a sample holder, an excitation source in optical communication with the sample, wherein radiation from the excitation source ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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