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The precise physiological role of uteroglobin is not yet known. Putative functions are:
# Immunomodulation
# Progesterone binding: weak in some animals, especially weak in humans. (Note: UGB is itself progesterone induced gene in the endometrium in Lagomorphs)
# Inhibits phospholipase A2 in vitro
# Binds phosphatidylch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dimensional correctness as part of type checking has been studied since 1977.
Implementations for Ada and C++ were described in 1985 and 1988.
Kennedy's 1996 thesis describes an implementation in Standard ML, and later in F#. There are implementations for Haskell, OCaml, and Rust, Python, and a code checker for Fortran... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glycoside hydrolases are found in essentially all domains of life. In prokaryotes, they are found both as intracellular and extracellular enzymes that are largely involved in nutrient acquisition. One of the important occurrences of glycoside hydrolases in bacteria is the enzyme beta-galactosidase (LacZ), which is invo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Two methods for the synthesis of haloalkanes from carboxylic acids are Hunsdiecker reaction and Kochi reaction. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The high functional group tolerance of the intramolecular Heck reaction allows it to be used at a very late stage in synthetic routes. In a synthesis of (±)-FR900482, IMHR establishes a tricyclic ring system in high yield without disturbing any of the sensitive functionality nearby.
Intramolecular Heck reactions have b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorescence spectroscopy (also known as fluorimetry or spectrofluorometry) is a type of electromagnetic spectroscopy that analyzes fluorescence from a sample. It involves using a beam of light, usually ultraviolet light, that excites the electrons in molecules of certain compounds and causes them to emit light; typica... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The six factor formula effective neutron multiplication factor, k, is the average number of neutrons from one fission that cause another fission. The remaining neutrons either are absorbed in non-fission reactions or leave the system without being absorbed. The value of k determines how a nuclear chain reaction proceed... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Double bond isomers are always considered diastereomers, not enantiomers. Diastereomerism can also occur at a double bond, where the cis vs trans relative positions of substituents give two non-superposable isomers. Many conformational isomers are diastereomers as well.
In the case of diastereomerism occurring at a dou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The harmful effects of glutamate on the central nervous system were first observed in 1954 by T. Hayashi, a Japanese scientist who stated that direct application of glutamate caused seizure activity, though this report went unnoticed for several years. D. R. Lucas and J. P. Newhouse, after noting that "single doses of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Treatment of a Grignard reagent with oxygen gives the magnesium organoperoxide. Hydrolysis of this material yields hydroperoxides or alcohol. These reactions involve radical intermediates.
The simple oxidation of Grignard reagents to give alcohols is of little practical importance as yields are generally poor. In cont... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kobayashi et al. isolated callystatin A in 1997 from the marine sponge Callyspongia truncata using acetone extraction. This marine sponge was discovered near the Goto Islands of the Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. Kobayashi also reported the isolation of callystatin A from another marine sponge Stelletta sp. and an unide... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2009, Ted Ellis produced an exhibit focusing on the theme of African-American history in light of slavery and emancipation. The exhibit, American Slavery: The Reason Why Were Here, tied into the Juneteenth commemoration of slaverys abolition in the State of Texas. It was located at and included tours of the historic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The medium in which a sound wave is travelling does not always respond adiabatically, and as a result, the speed of sound can vary with frequency.
The limitations of the concept of speed of sound due to extreme attenuation are also of concern. The attenuation which exists at sea level for high frequencies applies to su... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As of 2017 there are no peer-reviewed scientific studies available regarding the efficacy of the technique. A few university student projects investigate Hügelkultur but have not been published in scientific journals.
One small scale and short term student project investigated the Hügelkultur method as a potential use ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There has been increasing controversy surrounding pharmaceutical marketing and influence. There have been accusations and findings of influence on doctors and other health professionals through drug reps including the constant provision of marketing gifts and biased information to health professionals; highly prevalent... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Measurement of natural variations in the abundances of stable isotopes of the same element is normally referred to as stable isotope analysis. This field is of interest because the differences in mass between different isotopes leads to isotope fractionation, causing measurable effects on the isotopic composition of sa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atmospheric particulate matter, also known as particulate matter, or PM, describes solids and/or liquid particles suspended in a gas, most commonly the Earth's atmosphere. Particles in the atmosphere can be divided into two types, depending on the way they are emitted. Primary particles, such as mineral dust, are emitt... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term was used as early as 1973, when scientist Carl Sagan described it and other human chauvinisms that limit imagination of possible extraterrestrial life. It suggests that human beings, as carbon-based life forms who have never encountered any life that has evolved outside the Earth's environment, may find it dif... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the Voigt profile can be found from the
widths of the associated Gaussian and Lorentzian widths. The FWHM of the Gaussian profile
is
The FWHM of the Lorentzian profile is
An approximate relation (accurate to within about 1.2%) between the widths of the Voigt, Gaussian, and Lore... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Potassium ethyl xanthate (KEX) is an organosulfur compound with the chemical formula . It is a pale yellow powder that is used in the mining industry for the separation of ores. It is a potassium salt of ethyl xanthic acid. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A salamander (or deadman's foot or furnace bear) in the metallurgy dialect means all liquid and solidified
materials in the hearth of a blast furnace below the tap hole.
The target of the salamander tapping is to remove the remaining hot metal and slag from the blast furnace to allow a safe and efficient intermediate r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Percentages are dimensionless quantities, since they are ratios of two quantities with the same dimensions. In other words, the % sign can be read as "hundredths", since .
Taking a derivative with respect to a quantity divides the dimension by the dimension of the variable that is differentiated with respect to. Thus:
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Endogenous template-independent primer-primer interaction is due to the random design of hexamer primers. One possible solution is to design constrained-randomized hexanucleotide primers that do not cross-hybridize. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The recommendations include a flow chart which can be summarised very briefly:
*identify the central atom,
*identify and name the ligands,
*specify coordination mode of ligands i.e. using kappa and/or eta conventions
*sequence the ligands
*specify coordination geometry i.e polyhedral symbol, configuration index (using ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluctuation electron microscopy is another transmission electron microscopy based technique that is sensitive to the medium range order of amorphous materials. Structural fluctuations arising from different forms of medium range order can be detected with this method. Fluctuation electron microscopy experiments can be ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bauxite tailings is a waste product generated in the industrial production of aluminium. Making provision for the approximately 77 million tons that is produced annually is one of the most significant problems for the aluminium mining industry. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sulfuric acid acts as the electrolyte in lead–acid batteries (lead-acid accumulator):
At anode:
At cathode:
Overall: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon dioxide occupies a different binding site on the hemoglobin. At tissues, where carbon dioxide concentration is higher, carbon dioxide binds to allosteric site of hemoglobin, facilitating unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin and ultimately its removal from the body after the oxygen has been released to tissues und... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* In 1963 he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Science from the University of British Columbia.
* In 1965 he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Science from Carleton University.
* In 1967 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.
* In 1968 he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Saskatchew... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Haptophytes are similar and closely related to cryptophytes or heterokontophytes. Their chloroplasts lack a nucleomorph, their thylakoids are in stacks of three, and they synthesize chrysolaminarin sugar, which they store completely outside of the chloroplast, in the cytoplasm of the haptophyte. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another possibility is chain transfer to a second polymer molecule, result in the formation of a product macromolecule with a branched structure. In this case the growing chain takes an atom X from a second polymer chain whose growth had been completed. The growth of the first polymer chain is completed by the transfer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since mesoionic carbene ligands are very strong σ-donors and make it easier for a metal center to undergo oxidative addition, MIC ligands have the potential to be useful in catalysis. MIC transition metal complexes have been tested as catalysts in olefin metathesis, ring closure metathesis, and ring opening polymeriza... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The PCR method is extremely sensitive, requiring only a few DNA molecules in a single reaction for amplification across several orders of magnitude. Therefore, adequate measures to avoid contamination from any DNA present in the lab environment (bacteria, viruses, or human sources) are required. Because products from p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Recent research has focused on the in-place remediation of trichloroethylene in soil and groundwater using potassium permanganate instead of removal for off-site treatment and disposal. Naturally occurring bacteria have been identified with the ability to degrade TCE. Dehalococcoides sp. degrade trichloroethylene by re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flortaucipir (aka F-T807) was discovered by the Siemens biomarker research group, headed by Hartmuth Kolb and Katrin Szardenings, who also conducted first in human trials. Flortaucipir (F) was approved for medical use in the United States in May 2020.
The safety and effectiveness of flortaucipir (F) imaging was evaluat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For shallow water waves, such as tsunamis and hydraulic jumps, the characteristic velocity is the average flow velocity, averaged over the cross-section perpendicular to the flow direction. The wave velocity, termed celerity , is equal to the square root of gravitational acceleration , times cross-sectional area , div... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
C6; C7; 8A; 8B; C9; CD320; CFI;
CORIN; DGCR2; HSPG2; LDLR; LDLRAD2; LDLRAD3; LRP1; LRP10;
LRP11; LRP12; LRP1B; LRP2; LRP3; LRP4; LRP5; LRP6;
LRP8; MAMDC4; MFRP; PRSS7; RXFP1; RXFP2; SORL1; SPINT1;... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Levobupivacaine is an amino-amide anaesthetic that is similar in structure to bupivacaine, namely the S-enantiomer of bupivacaine. A lipophilic aromatic ring is linked to a hydrocarbon chain by an amide bond. The lipophilic components of levobupivacaine allow it to cross cell membraness and exert its local anaesthetic ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Synthetic repellents tend to be more effective and/or longer lasting than "natural" repellents.
For protection against mosquito bites, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends DEET, icaridin (picaridin, KBR 3023), oil of lemon eucalyptus (para-menthane-diol or PMD), IR3535 and 2-undecanone with the caveat ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to food chemist Udo Pollmer of the European Institute of Food and Nutrition Sciences in Munich, alcohol can be molecularly encapsulated in cyclodextrines, a sugar derivate. In this way, encapsuled in small capsules, the fluid can be handled as a powder. The cyclodextrines can absorb an estimated 60 percent of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amatoxins and phallotoxins are 8- and 7-membered natural products, respectively, characterized by N-to-C cyclization in addition to a tryptathionine motif derived from the crosslinking of Cys and Trp. The amatoxins and phallotoxins also differ from other RiPPs based on the presence of a C-terminal recognition sequence ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Homonuclear triatomic molecules contain three of the same kind of atom. That molecule will be an allotrope of that element.
Ozone, O is an example of a triatomic molecule with all atoms the same. Triatomic hydrogen, H, is unstable and breaks up spontaneously. H, the trihydrogen cation is stable by itself and is symmetr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In July 1914—shortly before the outbreak of World War I in August—Hahn was called to active duty with the army in a Landwehr regiment. Meitner undertook X-ray technician training, and a course on anatomy at the city hospital in Lichterfelde. Meanwhile, she completed both the work on the beta ray spectrum that she had b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine in Kharkiv is one of the institutes of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, and is the largest institute devoted to cryobiology research in the world. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For several compounds containing both a nitrene group and a free radical group an ESR high-spin quartet has been recorded (matrix, cryogenic temperatures). One of these has an amine oxide radical group incorporated, another system has a carbon radical group.
In this system one of the nitrogen unpaired electrons is delo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Interferome offers many ways of searching and retrieving data from the database:
*Identify interferon regulated gene signatures in microarray data;
*Gene Ontology analysis and annotation;
*Normal tissue expression of interferon regulated genes;
*Regulatory analysis of interferon regulated genes;
*BLAST (Basic Local Ali... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stationary-wave integrated Fourier-transform spectrometry (SWIFTS), or standing-wave integrated Fourier-transform spectrometry, is an analytical technique used for measuring the distribution of light across an optical spectrum. SWIFTS technology is based on a near-field Lippmann architecture. An optical signal is injec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dixon rings have a similar design to Lessing rings. They are made of stainless steel mesh, giving Dixon rings a low pressure drop and after pre-wetting. Dixon rings have a very large surface area, which increases the rate of mass transfer. Dixon rings have a large liquid hold up, a low pressure drop and a large surface... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biometals are metals normally present, in small but important and measurable amounts, in biology, biochemistry, and medicine. The metals copper, zinc, iron, and manganese are examples of metals that are essential for the normal functioning of most plants and the bodies of most animals, such as the human body. A few (ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In November 1804 Davy became a Fellow of the Royal Society, over which he would later preside. He was one of the founding members of the Geological Society in 1807 and was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1810 and a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gear flow meters rely on internal gears rotating as fluid passes through them. There are various types of gear meters named mostly for the shape of the internal components
; Oval gear: Two rotating oval gears with synchronized teeth “squeeze” a finite amount of fluid through the meter for each revolution.
With oval gea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Melainabacteria can be found in a range of environments, including soil, water, and animal habitats. They can be often be found in the gut of humans and in the respiratory tract, oral environments, and skin surface, though rarely. Melainabacteria is often found in natural environments such as groundwater aquifers and l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is believed that an alternative visual cycle exists, which uses Müller glial cells instead of Retinal Pigment Epithelium. In this pathway, cones reduce all-trans retinal to all-trans retinol via all-trans Retinol Dehydrogenase, then transport all-trans retinol to Müller cells. There, it is transformed into 11-cis re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Incomplete denitrification is often observed in the B-stage if the influent C/N ratio is low. Direct by-pass of a part of A-stage influent with high organic matter content to the B-stage is used to increase the C/N ratio.
* High sludge production in the A-stage is a drawback for WWTPs that are not equipped with anaer... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process of microalgae cultivation is highly water-intensive. Life cycle studies estimated that the production of 1 liter of microalgae based biodiesel requires between 607 and 1944 liters of water. That said, abundant wastewater and/or seawater, which also contain various nutrients, can theoretically be used for th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The two most prevalent shape-memory alloys are copper-aluminium-nickel and nickel-titanium (NiTi), but SMAs can also be created by alloying zinc, copper, gold and iron.
Although iron-based and copper-based SMAs, such as Fe-Mn-Si, Cu-Zn-Al and Cu-Al-Ni, are commercially available and cheaper than NiTi, NiTi-based SMAs a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermal spraying involves heating a feedstock of precursor material and spraying it on a surface. Specific techniques depend on desired particle size, coat thickness, spray speed, desired area, etc. Thermal spraying relies on adhesion to the surface. As a result, the surface of the superalloy must be cleaned and prepar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After his PhD, Green undertook a postdoctoral research year with Wilkinson before moving to the University of Cambridge in 1960 as Assistant Lecturer and being appointed a Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge in 1961. In 1963 he was appointed a Septcentenary Fellow of Inorganic Chemistry at Balliol College, Oxfo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These substances have some common attributes or gunas such as:
*Astitva (existence): indestructibility; permanence; the capacity by which a substance cannot be destroyed.
*Vastutva (functionality): capacity by which a substance has function.
*Dravyatva (changeability): capacity by which it is always changing in modific... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The fact that carbon and silicone have similar, but also dissimilar, characteristics triggered the interest in substituting carbon with silanediol as a central, zinc chelating group. Silicone forms a dialkylsilanediol compound that is sufficiently hindered so the formation of a siloxane polymer does not occur. Silanedi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
4-Maleylacetoacetate (4-maleylacetoacetatic acid) is an intermediate in the metabolism of tyrosine. It is converted to fumarylacetoacetate by the enzyme 4-maleylacetoacetate cis-trans-isomerase. Gluthathione coenzymatically helps in conversion to fumarylacetoacetic acid. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reptiles need UVB for biosynthesis of vitamin D, and other metabolic processes. Specifically cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), which is needed for basic cellular / neural functioning as well as the utilization of calcium for bone and egg production. The UVA wavelength is also visible to many reptiles and might play a signi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Radiolysis is the dissociation of molecules by ionizing radiation. It is the cleavage of one or several chemical bonds resulting from exposure to high-energy flux. The radiation in this context is associated with ionizing radiation; radiolysis is therefore distinguished from, for example, photolysis of the Cl molecule ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin and an essential nutrient for animals. The term "vitamin A" encompasses a group of chemically related organic compounds that includes retinol, retinal (also known as retinaldehyde), retinoic acid, and several provitamin (precursor) carotenoids, most notably beta-carotene. Vitamin A ha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Jones married Vera Haines, a dispensing chemist in Gympie in 1923. They had two children. He died on 11 August 1970 in Brisbane. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The basis of ferroics is to understand the large changes in physical characteristics that occur over a very narrow temperature range. The changes in physical characteristics occur when phase transitions take place around some critical temperature value, normally denoted by . Above this critical temperature, the cryst... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Johnson et al. describe two isoforms of succinyl-CoA synthetase in amniotes, one that specifies synthesis of ATP, and one that synthesises GTP.
* - ATP-forming - SUCLA2
* - GTP-forming - SUCLG2
In amniotes, the enzyme is a heterodimer of an α- and a β-subunit. The specificity for either adenosine or guanosine phospha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Early evolution is defined as beginning with the origin of life and ending with the last universal common ancestor (LUCA). According to the iron–sulfur world theory it covers a coevolution of cellular organization (cellularization), the genetic machinery and enzymatization of the metabolism. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During exercise when the ATP reservoir is low (ADP>ATP), the purine nucleotide cycle produces ammonia (NH) when it converts AMP into IMP. (With the exception of AMP deaminase deficiency, where ammonia is produced during exercise when adenosine, from AMP, is converted into inosine). During rest (ADP<ATP), ammonia is pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*1985: Pittsburgh Analytical Chemistry Award
*1988: Malcolm E. Pruitt Award from the Council for Chemical Research
*1989: Theophilus Redwood Endowed Lectureship from the Royal Society of Chemistry
*1991: Endowed Professor of Analytical Chemistry, University of Washington
*1993: Torbern Bergman Medal from the Swedish Ch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 1932 Robert Hutton (retired 1942)
* 1945 George Wesley Austin
* 1958 Sir Alan Cottrell (resigned 1965)
* 1966 Robert Honeycombe
* 1984 Derek Hull (retired 1991)
* 1990 Sir Colin John Humphreys
* 2008 Anthony Cheetham | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Salen refers to a tetradentate C-symmetric ligand synthesized from salicylaldehyde (sal) and ethylenediamine (en). It may also refer to a class of compounds, which are structurally related to the classical salen ligand, primarily bis-Schiff bases. Salen ligands are notable for coordinating a wide range of different met... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider a cuboid immersed in a fluid, its top and bottom faces orthogonal to the direction of gravity (assumed constant across the cube's stretch). The fluid will exert a normal force on each face, but only the normal forces on top and bottom will contribute to buoyancy. The pressure difference between the bottom and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In X-ray crystallography, crystallographic disorder describes the cocrystallization of more than one rotamer, conformer, or isomer where the center of mass of each form is identical or unresolvable. As a consequence of disorder, the crystallographic solution is the sum of the various forms. In many cases, the compone... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atomicity is the total number of atoms present in a molecule of an element. For example, each molecule of oxygen (O) is composed of two oxygen atoms. Therefore, the atomicity of oxygen is 2.
In older contexts, atomicity is sometimes equivalent to valency. Some authors also use the term to refer to the maximum number of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While Diaconescu is best known for her work on the reactivity of early transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides, she has also contributed to the field of redox active ligand systems for small molecule activation. Her group has exploited ferrocenes electronic and redox properties to enable catalytic transformations... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Essential in synergetics is the order-parameter concept which was originally introduced in the Ginzburg–Landau theory in order to describe phase transitions in thermodynamics. The order parameter concept is generalized by Haken to the "enslaving-principle" saying that the dynamics of fast-relaxing (stable) modes is com... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Banhart describes two dominating perspectives in which cellular metals are characterized, referring to them as atomistic and macroscopic. The atomistic (or molecular) perspective holds that a cellular material is a construction of struts, membranes, and other elements which possess mechanical properties of their bulk m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The doubly labeled water method is particularly useful for measuring average metabolic rate (field metabolic rate) over relatively long periods of time (a few days or weeks), in subjects for which other types of direct or indirect calorimetric measurements of metabolic rate would be difficult or impossible. For example... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1903 Auer von Welsbach won another patent for a fire striker ("flint") composition named ferrocerium. It takes its name from its two primary components: iron (from ), and the rare-earth element cerium. It is also known in Europe as "Auermetall" after its inventor. Three different Auermetalls were developed: the firs... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As a result of extensive cultivation of legumes (particularly soy, alfalfa, and clover), growing use of the Haber–Bosch process in the production of chemical fertilizers, and pollution emitted by vehicles and industrial plants, human beings have more than doubled the annual transfer of nitrogen into biologically availa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The RNAP occasionally stops and starts moving backwards when it encounters a roadblock or some difficult sequences. When this happens, the EC gets stuck because the reactive 3 edge of the RNA is out of the active site. The transcript cleavage factor TFS (a TFIIS homolog) helps resolve this issue by generating a cut so ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For the pinhole configuration the width of the beam (which we aim to minimise) is largely given by geometrical optics. The size of the beam at the sample plane is given by the lines connecting the skimmer edges with the pinhole edges. When the Fresnel number is very small (), the beam width is also affected by Fraunho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In heterocyclic chemistry, organic reactions are classified by the type of heterocycle formed with respect to ring-size and type of heteroatom. See for instance the chemistry of indoles. Reactions are also categorized by the change in the carbon framework. Examples are ring expansion and ring contraction, homologation ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After the discovery of the lux operon, the use of bioluminescent bacteria as a laboratory tool is claimed to have revolutionized the area of environmental microbiology. The applications of bioluminescent bacteria include biosensors for detection of contaminants, measurement of pollutant toxicity and monitoring of gene... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flanges are flat rings around the end of pipes which mate with an equivalent flange from another pipe, the two being held together by bolts usually passed through holes drilled through the flanges. A deformable gasket, usually elastomeric, placed between raised faces on the mating flanges provides the seal. Flanges are... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In flow chemistry, also called reactor engineering, a chemical reaction is run in a continuously flowing stream rather than in batch production. In other words, pumps move fluid into a reactor, and where tubes join one another, the fluids contact one another. If these fluids are reactive, a reaction takes place. Flo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The conversion equations depend on the temperature at which the conversion is wanted (usually about 20 to 25 degrees Celsius). At an ambient air pressure of 1 atmosphere (101.325 kPa), the general equation is:
and for the reverse conversion:
Notes:
* Pollution regulations in the United States typically reference their... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
HMB is eliminated via the kidneys, with roughly of an ingested dose being excreted unchanged in urine. The remaining of the dose is retained in tissues or excreted as HMB metabolites. The fraction of a given dose of HMB that is excreted unchanged in urine increases with the dose. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Clinistrips quantitatively test for sugar in urine
* The Kastle-Meyer test tests for the presence of hemoglobin
* Salicylate testing is a category of drug testing that is focused on detecting salicylates such as acetylsalicylic acid for either biochemical or medical purposes.
* The Phadebas test tests for the presenc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Butler–Volmer equation is:
or in a more compact form:
where:
* : electrode current density, A/m (defined as j = I/S)
*: exchange current density, A/m
* : electrode potential, V
* : equilibrium potential, V
* : absolute temperature, K
* : number of electrons involved in the electrode reaction
* : Faraday constant
* ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MFGM is a structurally complex bioactive milk component, found in human milk as well as the milk of other mammalian species. The MFGM in human milk contains many bioactive components with diverse functions and has been linked to cognitive and health benefits to infants. Some compositional differences are reported to ex... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Indoline 9 was acetylated to N-acetyl compound 10 (acetic anhydride, pyridine) and then the veratryl group was then ring-opened with ozone in aqueous acetic acid to muconic ester 11 (made possible by the two electron-donating methoxide groups). This is an example of bioinspired synthesis already proposed by Woodward in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isodesmosine is a lysine derivative found in elastin. Isodesmosine is an isomeric pyridinium-based amino acid resulting from the condensation of four lysine residues between elastin proteins by lysyl-oxidase. These represent ideal biomarkers for monitoring elastin turnover because these special cross-links are only fou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Internal coordinates are of the following types, illustrated with reference to the planar molecule ethylene,
* Stretching: a change in the length of a bond, such as C–H or C–C
* Bending: a change in the angle between two bonds, such as the HCH angle in a methylene group
* Rocking: a change in angle between a group of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A recent study shows that conformational proofreading is used by human DNA repair mechanisms. The research focused on the question of how DNA-repair proteins scan the human genome for UV-induced damage during the initial step of nucleotide excision repair (NER). Detailed single-molecule measurements revealed how the hu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A natural ECM scaffold provides the necessary physical and biochemical environment to facilitate the growth and specialization of potent progenitor and stem cells. Acellular matrices have been isolated in vitro and in vivo in a number of different tissues and organs. Decellularized ECM can be used to prepare bio-ink f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In early "straight-through" urea plants, reactant recovery (the first step in "recycling") was done by letting down the system pressure to atmospheric to let the carbamate decompose back to ammonia and carbon dioxide. Originally, because it was not economic to recompress the ammonia and carbon dioxide for recycle, the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A type of electrophoretic mobility shift assay (AMSA), agarose gel electrophoresis is used to separate protein-bound amino acid complexes from free amino acids. Using a low voltage (~10 V/cm) to minimize the risk for heat damage, electricity is run across an agarose gel. When dissolved in a hot buffered solution (50 to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Microbial food cultures are considered as traditional food ingredients and are permitted in the production of foodstuffs all over the world under general food laws.
Commercially available microbial food cultures are sold as preparations, which are formulations, consisting of concentrates of one or more microbial specie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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