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The primary application of proton-exchange membranes is in PEM fuel cells. These fuel cells have a wide variety of commercial and military applications including in the aerospace, automotive, and energy industries.
Early PEM fuel cell applications were focused within the aerospace industry. The then-higher capacity of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
# J.P. Thomas, A. Oladipo and M. Fallavier; 1988;B32: 354–359.
# J.P. Thomas, A. Oladipo and M. Fallavier; 1988; "Secondary Ion Emission Induced in Insulators: Analytical Applications"605-611.
# J.P. Thomas, A. Oladipo and M. Fallavier; 1989; "Collective Effects in the Desorption Process Induced by Hn+ Clusters near ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Conformational proofreading or conformational selection is a general mechanism of molecular recognition systems, suggested by Yonatan Savir and Tsvi Tlusty, in which introducing an energetic barrier - such as a structural mismatch between a molecular recognizer and its target - enhances the recognition specificity and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several natural ingredients are certified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as insect repellents, namely catnip oil, oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) (and its active ingredient p-Menthane-3,8-diol), oil of citronella, and 2-Undecanone, which is usually produced synthetically but has also been isolated f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In his 2016 Handbook of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Michael Pirrung wrote that yield is one of the primary factors synthetic chemists must consider in evaluating a synthetic method or a particular transformation in "multistep syntheses." He wrote that a yield based on recovered starting material (BRSM) or (BORSM) does... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An enhancer near the gene GADD45g has been described that may regulate brain growth in chimpanzees and other mammals, but not in humans. The GADD45G regulator in mice and chimps is active in regions of the brain where cells that form the cortex, ventral forebrain, and thalamus are located and may suppress further neuro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another approach of preparing carbenes has relied on the desulfurisation of thioureas with potassium in THF. A contributing factor to the success of this reaction is that the byproduct, potassium sulfide, is insoluble in the solvent. The elevated temperatures suggest that this method is not suitable for the preparation... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
E-AB biosensors as basis for controlled drug delivery. Feedback-controlled drug delivery for continuous drug administration with dosage levels based on integrating E-AB signal calculations into a drug administering medical device. E-AB biosensors do not require reagents, are inexpensive compared to antibody detection m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The condition to get a partially ideal solution on mixing is that the volume of the resulting mixture V to equal double the volume V of each solution mixed in equal volumes due to the additivity of volumes. The resulting volume can be found from the mass balance equation involving densities of the mixed and resulting s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Optical tweezers (originally called single-beam gradient force trap) are scientific instruments that use a highly focused laser beam to hold and move microscopic and sub-microscopic objects like atoms, nanoparticles and droplets, in a manner similar to tweezers. If the object is held in air or vacuum without additional... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glucuronidation consists of transfer of the glucuronic acid component of uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid to a substrate by any of several types of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase.
UDP-glucuronic acid (glucuronic acid linked via a glycosidic bond to uridine diphosphate) is an intermediate in the process and is formed in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
BMT is the first company registered in European Feed Materials Register for the production and sale of laboratory-grown meat for pet food; specifically cat and dog food. BMT claims to be the only entity in the world that can produce and sell this product for the pet food market. By 2024, BMT plans to make several metr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Progesterone binds extensively to plasma proteins, including albumin (50–54%) and transcortin (43–48%). It has similar affinity for albumin relative to the PR. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*2002 Jean Jeener. Contribution: Multi-dimensional Fourier NMR spectroscopy.
*2004 Erwin L. Hahn. Contribution: Spin echo phenomena and experiments.
*2005 Nicolaas Bloembergen. Contribution: Nuclear magnetic relaxation.
*2006 John S. Waugh. Contribution: Average Hamiltonian theory.
*2007 Alfred G. Redfield. Contributi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pliny reports the use of sarcocolla in creating paints and as a medicine.
Dioscorides and Galenus mention its power of healing wounds.
The 8th century philosopher Al-Kindi used sarcocolla as a component of many recipes in his medical formulary Akrabadhin, among others for leprosy.
The most detailed description is given... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The PI3K/AKT pathway has a natural inhibitor called Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) whose function is to limit proliferation in cells, helping to prevent cancer. Knocking out PTEN has been shown to increase the mass of the brain because of the unregulated proliferation that occurs.
PTEN works by dephosphorylating... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2009, Larhlimi and Bockmayr presented a new approach called "minimal metabolic behaviors" for the analysis of metabolic networks. Like elementary modes or extreme pathways, these are uniquely determined by the network, and yield a complete description of the flux cone. However, the new description is much more compa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Air cylinders are available in a variety of sizes and can typically range from a small air cylinder, which might be used for picking up a small transistor or other electronic component, to diameter air cylinders which would impart enough force to lift a car. Some pneumatic cylinders reach in diameter, and are used i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ion-exchange membranes are traditionally used in electrodialysis or diffusion dialysis by means of an electrical potential or concentration gradient, respectively, to selectively transport cationic and anionic species. When applied in an electrodialysis desalination process, anion- and cation-exchange membranes are ty... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Antibubbles are a common but widely unrecognized phenomenon, in part because of their resemblance to air bubbles, and in part because of their typically transient, or short-lived, nature. With certain (soapy) solutions, they can be made to last much longer.
Antibubbles can be created by allowing a tap to drip into a co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Butyrate has been shown to be a critical mediator of the colonic inflammatory response. It is responsible for about 70% of energy from the colonocytes, being a critical SCFA in colon homeostasis. Butyrate possesses both preventive and therapeutic potential to counteract inflammation-mediated ulcerative colitis (UC) and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In June 2010, it was revealed that a phase II study of armodafinil as an adjunctive therapy in adults with schizophrenia had failed to meet the primary endpoints, and the clinical program was subsequently terminated. However, a study published later that year showed that patients with schizophrenia treated with armodaf... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unlike stationary normal shockwaves, moving normal shockwaves are more commonly available in physical situations. For example, a blunt object entering into the atmosphere faces a shock that comes through the medium of a non-moving gas. The fundamental problem that comes through moving normal shockwaves is the moment of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Birch, Alan. Economic History of the British Iron and Steel Industry (Routledge, 2013).
* Burn, D. L. “Recent Trends in the History of the Steel Industry.” Economic History Review, 17#2 1947, pp. 95–102. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2590552 online].
* Burn, Duncan. The Steel Industry, 1939–1959: A Study in Competiti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The fluorescence quantum yield is defined as the ratio of the number of photons emitted to the number of photons absorbed.
Fluorescence quantum yield is measured on a scale from 0 to 1.0, but is often represented as a percentage. A quantum yield of 1.0 (100%) describes a process where each photon absorbed results in a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ali Musa oglu Guliyev (31 May 1912, Yelizavetpol – 29 January 1989, Baku) was a Soviet and Azerbaijani scientist. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Odours may be a kind of male "ornament" selected for by female choice. They meet the criteria for such ornaments that Charles Darwin set out in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. After many years of study the importance of such chemical communication is becoming clear.
Males usually compete for scarc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Conjugated polymers, such as polyfluorene, can be designed and synthesized with different properties for a wide variety of applications. The color of the molecules can be designed through synthetic control over the electron donating or withdrawing character of the substituents on fluorene or the comonomers in polyfluor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Secreted abundant heat soluble (SAHS) proteins are similar to fatty acid-binding proteins, notably in their structure with an antiparallel beta-barrel and internal fatty acid binding pocket. SAHS proteins are often secreted into media and associated with special extracellular structures. Dried tardigrades have an abund... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nanocomposite hydrogels are tough, and can withstand stretching, bending, knotting, crushing, and other modifications. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Invention of the multiple-effect evaporator for processing sugar by Norbert Rillieux in 1846
*Discovery of Vitamin C by Albert Szent-Györgyi between 1930 and 1936
*Noyes Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, named for chemist William A. Noyes and opened in 1902
*Development of occupational medi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diethylzinc (CH)Zn, or DEZ, is a highly pyrophoric and reactive organozinc compound consisting of a zinc center bound to two ethyl groups. This colourless liquid is an important reagent in organic chemistry. It is available commercially as a solution in hexanes, heptane, or toluene, or as a pure liquid. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Version 1.0 of Rfam was launched in 2003 and contained 25 ncRNA families and annotated about 50 000 ncRNA genes. In 2005, version 6.1 was released and contained 379 families annotating over 280 000 genes. In August 2012, version 11.0 contained 2208 RNA families, while the current version (14.9, released in November 20... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Copy number variation was initially thought to occupy an extremely small and negligible portion of the genome through cytogenetic observations. Copy number variations were generally associated only with small tandem repeats or specific genetic disorders, therefore, copy number variations were initially only examined in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In environmental terms, the residence time definition is adapted to fit with ground water, the atmosphere, glaciers, lakes, streams, and oceans. More specifically it is the time during which water remains within an aquifer, lake, river, or other water body before continuing around the hydrological cycle. The time invol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Contrary to the abundance of theoretical and experimental work on the MPI of rare gas atoms, the amount of research on the prediction of the rate of MPI of neutral molecules was scarce until recently. Walsh et al. have measured the MPI rate of some diatomic molecules interacting with a CO laser. They found that these ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biopanning is an affinity selection technique which selects for peptides that bind to a given target. All peptide sequences obtained from biopanning using combinatorial peptide libraries have been stored in a special freely available database named [http://i.uestc.edu.cn/bdb BDB]. This technique is often used for the s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At the start of the 20th century, scientists had become interested in the stability of colloids, both the dispersions of solid particles and the solutions of polymeric molecules. It was known that salts and temperature could often be used to cause flocculation of a colloid. The German chemist F.W. Tiebackx reported in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Boyle's law states that:
The concept can be represented with these formulae:
*, meaning "Volume is inversely proportional to Pressure", or
*, meaning "Pressure is inversely proportional to Volume", or
*, or
where is the pressure, is the volume of a gas, and is the constant in this equation (and is not the same as t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a cascade mediated by a GPCR known as β adrenoceptor, activated by catecholamines (notably norepinephrine), PKA gets activated and phosphorylates numerous targets, namely: L-type calcium channels, phospholamban, troponin I, myosin binding protein C, and potassium channels. This increases inotropy as well as lusitrop... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* TGFα is upregulated in some human cancers. It is produced in macrophages, brain cells, and keratinocytes, and induces epithelial development. It belongs to the EGF family.
* TGFβ exists in three known subtypes in humans, TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and TGFβ3. These are upregulated in Marfan's syndrome and some human cancers, and p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Zirconia exists in the monoclinic, tetragonal or cubic crystal system depending on the temperature. The surface acidity and basicity of the oxide depends on the crystal structure and surface orientation. The surfaces of zirconia have hydroxyl groups, which can act as Brønsted acids or bases, and coordination-unsaturate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pittacal was the first synthetic dyestuff to be produced commercially. It was accidentally discovered in 1832 by German chemist Carl Ludwig Reichenbach, who is also recognized as being the discoverer of kerosene, phenol, eupion, paraffin wax and creosote.
According to history, Reichenbach applied creosote to the wooden... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The molecular mechanisms of CB-mediated changes to the membrane voltage have also been studied in detail. Cannabinoids reduce calcium influx by blocking the activity of voltage-dependent N-, P/Q- and L-type calcium channels. In addition to acting on calcium channels, activation of Gi/o and Gs, the two most commonly cou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ATP synthase isolated from bovine (Bos taurus) heart mitochondria is, in terms of biochemistry and structure, the best-characterized ATP synthase. Beef heart is used as a source for the enzyme because of the high concentration of mitochondria in cardiac muscle. Their genes have close homology to human ATP synthases... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2021, SLR14 was reported to prevent infection in the lower respiratory tract and severe disease in an interferon type I (IFN-I)–dependent manner in mice. Immunodeficient mice with chronic SARS-CoV-2 infection experienced near-sterilizing innate immunity with no help from the adaptive immune system. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Agarose gels are made from the natural polysaccharide polymers extracted from seaweed.
Agarose gels are easily cast and handled compared to other matrices because the gel setting is a physical rather than chemical change. Samples are also easily recovered. After the experiment is finished, the resulting gel can be stor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glass-ceramic from the LAS-System is a mechanically strong material and can sustain repeated and quick temperature changes, and its smooth glass-like surface is easy to clean, therefore it is often used as a cooktop surface.
The material has a very low heat conduction coefficient, which means that it stays cool outside... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Open-celled metal foam, also called metal sponge, can be used in heat exchangers (compact electronics cooling, cryogen tanks, PCM heat exchangers), energy absorption, flow diffusion, scrubbers, flame arrestors, and lightweight optics. The high cost of the material generally limits its use to advanced technology, aeros... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photoelectrochemical oxidation (PECO) is the process by which light enables a semiconductor to promote a catalytic oxidation reaction. While a photoelectrochemical cell typically involves both a semiconductor (electrode) and a metal (counter-electrode), at sufficiently small scales, pure semiconductor particles can beh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The stereotypic inflammatory response provoked by toll-like receptor activation has prompted speculation that endogenous activators of toll-like receptors might participate in autoimmune diseases. TLRs have been suspected of binding to host molecules including fibrinogen (involved in blood clotting), heat shock protei... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In autoimmunity the immune system wrongly recognizes certain native molecules in the body as foreign (self-antigen), and mounts an immune response against them. Since these native molecules, as normal parts of the body, will naturally always exist in the body, the attacks against them can get stronger over time (akin t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Japan, pesticide residues are regulated by the Food Safety Act.
Pesticide tolerances are set by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare through the Drug and Food Safety Committee. Unlisted residue amounts are restricted to 0.01ppm. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ligands of the sigma-2 receptor are exogenous and internalized by endocytosis, and can act as either agonists or antagonists. They can typically be classified into four groups, which are structurally related. It is not entirely understood how binding to the sigma-2 receptor occurs. Proposed models commonly include one ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydroxybenzotriazole (abbreviated HOBt) is an organic compound that is a derivative of benzotriazole. It is a white crystalline powder, which as a commercial product contains some water (~11.7% wt as the HOBt monohydrate crystal). Anhydrous HOBt is explosive.
It is mainly used to suppress the racemization of single-en... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All influenza A virus strains need sialic acid to connect with cells. There are different forms of sialic acids which have different affinity with influenza A virus variety. This diversity is an important fact that determines which species can be infected. When a certain influenza A virus is recognized by a sialic acid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pseudoephedrine was on the International Olympic Committees (IOC) banned substances list until 2004, when the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) list replaced the IOC list. Although WADA initially only monitored' pseudoephedrine, it went back onto the "banned" list on 1 January 2010.
Pseudoephedrine is excreted through ur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In molecular biology, a guanine tetrad (also known as a G-tetrad or G-quartet) is a structure composed of four guanine bases in a square planar array. They most prominently contribute to the structure of G-quadruplexes, where their hydrogen bonding stabilizes the structure. Usually, there are at least two guanine tetr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Australia, Chartered Membership (MRACI CChem) is for:
* Individuals who have been awarded with an Australian degree in chemistry or a chemistry-related discipline consisting of a minimum of three years academic study and have completed three years relevant experience working in a chemistry field.
* Individuals who d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is sometime useful to look at the percent resonance (%r), because r is dependent on the reaction and is the same for all substituents.
One can predict the difference in data comparing two substituents using %r:
The most dominant effect is clear when looking at the ratio of R to F. For example, a tungsten complex wa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Historically, some of the first chemistry offices were located in the main building of Saint Petersburg State University called Twelve Collegia. The remainder of these is the Mendeleev museum located on the first floor of the central part of this enormous building. In the 20th century, the Department of Chemistry was h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anandamide (ANA), also known as N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA), an N-acylethanolamine (NAE), is a fatty acid neurotransmitter. Anandamide was the first endocannabinoid to be discovered: it participates in the bodys endocannabinoid system by binding to cannabinoid receptors, the same receptors that the psychoactive co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Bamfield Peter and Hutchings Michael, Chromic Phenomena; technological applications of colour chemistry, 3rd Edition, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2018. {EPUB }.
*Vik Michal and Periyasamy Aravin Prince, Chromic Materials; Fundamentals, Measurements and Applications, Apple Academic Press, 2018. .
*Ferrara ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reaction involves the addition of and cyanide () to the substrate. Usually the substrate is an alkene and the product is a nitrile.
The reaction proceeds via the oxidative addition of HCN to a low-valent metal complex to give a hydrido cyanide complex. Subsequent binding of the alkene gives the intermediate , wh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemical shielding is a local property of each nuclear site in a molecule or compound, and is proportional to the applied external magnetic field. The external magnetic field induces currents of the electrons in molecular orbitals. These induced currents create local magnetic fields that lead to characteristic changes ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electrons leave the cathode with an energy of about 1 eV, which is not enough to ionize or excite atoms, leaving a thin dark layer next to the cathode. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In his work at the University of Giessen, Kröhnke observed condensation of α-pyridinium methyl ketone salts 1 with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds 2 via a Michael reaction when treated with ammonium acetate to give 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyridines in high yields under mild reaction conditions. The proposed intermediat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*3.A.1 ABC transporters including BtuCD, molybdate uptake transporter, Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and others
*3.A.2 The H- or Na-translocating F-type ATPase, V-type ATPase and A-type ATPase superfamily
*3.A.3 The P-type ATPase Superfamily
*3.A.4 The Arsenite-Antimonite efflux family
*3.A.5 Gene... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The enzyme responsible for apoptotic DNA fragmentation is the Caspase-Activated DNase (CAD). CAD is normally inhibited by another protein, the Inhibitor of Caspase Activated DNase (ICAD). During apoptosis, the apoptotic effector caspase, caspase-3, cleaves ICAD and thus causes CAD to become activated.
CAD cleaves DNA a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Superconductor material classes include chemical elements (e.g. mercury or lead), alloys (such as niobium–titanium, germanium–niobium, and niobium nitride), ceramics (YBCO and magnesium diboride), superconducting pnictides (like fluorine-doped LaOFeAs) or organic superconductors (fullerenes and carbon nanotubes; though... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A runoff footprint is the total surface runoff that a site produces over the course of a year. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) stormwater is "rainwater and melted snow that runs off streets, lawns, and other sites". Urbanized areas with high concentrations of impervious surfaces lik... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the Gattermann reaction, benzenediazonium chloride is warmed with copper powder and HCl or HBr to produce chlorobenzene and bromobenzene respectively. It is named after the German chemist Ludwig Gattermann. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In flame tests, ions are excited thermally. These excited states then relax to the ground state with emission of a photon. The energy of the excited state(s) and associated emitted photon is characteristic of the element. The nature of the excited and ground states depends only on the element. Ordinarily, there are ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The dalton or unified atomic mass unit (symbols: Da or u) is a non-SI unit of mass defined as of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state and at rest. The atomic mass constant, denoted m, is defined identically, giving .
This unit is commonly used in physics and chemi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1802, William Hyde Wollaston built a spectrometer, improving on Newtons model, that included a lens to focus the Suns spectrum on a screen. Upon use, Wollaston realized that the colors were not spread uniformly, but instead had missing patches of colors, which appeared as dark bands in the suns spectrum. At the tim... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering publishes papers, reporting basic and applied research and innovation in the field of chemical engineering and related areas. It was first published by the Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Química, São Paulo, in 1983 as the Revista Brasileira de Engenharia, Caderno de E... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Exome sequencing is only able to identify those variants found in the coding region of genes which affect protein function. It is not able to identify the structural and non-coding variants associated with the disease, which can be found using other methods such as whole genome sequencing. There remains 99% of the hum... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term pharmacogenomics is often used interchangeably with pharmacogenetics. Although both terms relate to drug response based on genetic influences, there are differences between the two. Pharmacogenetics is limited to monogenic phenotypes (i.e., single gene-drug interactions). Pharmacogenomics refers to polygenic d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnetometers are also used to detect archaeological sites, shipwrecks, and other buried or submerged objects. Fluxgate gradiometers are popular due to their compact configuration and relatively low cost. Gradiometers enhance shallow features and negate the need for a base station. Caesium and Overhauser magnetometers ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pressure oxidation is a process for extracting gold from refractory ore.
The most common refractory ores are pyrite and arsenopyrite, which are sulfide ores that trap the gold within them. Refractory ores require pre-treatment before the gold can be adequately extracted. The pressure oxidation process is used to prepar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Generally, ingested insoluble actinide compounds such as high-fired uranium dioxide and mixed oxide (MOX) fuel will pass through the digestive system with little effect since they cannot dissolve and be absorbed by the body. Inhaled actinide compounds, however, will be more damaging as they remain in the lungs and irra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most domains have a very broad substrate specificity and usually only the A-domain determines which amino acid is incorporated in a module. Ten amino acids that control substrate specificity and can be considered the codons of nonribosomal peptide synthesis have been identified, and rational protein design has yielded ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A number of technologies remove greenhouse gases emissions from the atmosphere. Most widely analyzed are those that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, either to geologic formations such as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage and carbon dioxide air capture, or to the soil as in the case with biochar. Many... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The cell cycle is a four-stage process that a cell goes through as it develops and divides. It includes Gap 1 (G1), synthesis (S), Gap 2 (G2), and mitosis (M).The cell either restarts the cycle from G1 or leaves the cycle through G0 after completing the cycle. The cell can progress from G0 through terminal differentiat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Formazine (formazin) is a heterocyclic polymer produced by reaction of hexamethylenetetramine with hydrazine sulfate.
The hexamethylenetetramine tetrahedral cage-like structure, similar to adamantane, serves as molecular building block to form a tridimensional polymeric network.
Formazine is very poorly soluble in wat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In addition to different B cells reacting to different epitopes on the same antigen, B cells belonging to different clones may also be able to react to the same epitope. An epitope that can be attacked by many different B cells is said to be highly immunogenic. In these cases, the binding affinities for respective ep... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acetylides are sometimes intermediates in coupling reactions. Examples include Sonogashira coupling, Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling, Glaser coupling and Eglinton coupling. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1850, T. J. Mulvany was probably the first investigator to use mathematical modeling in a stream hydrology context, although there was no chemistry involved. By 1892 M.E. Imbeau had conceived an event model to relate runoff to peak rainfall, again still with no chemistry. Robert E. Horton’s seminal work on surface r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
River engineering is a discipline of civil engineering which studies human intervention in the course, characteristics, or flow of a river with the intention of producing some defined benefit. People have intervened in the natural course and behaviour of rivers since before recorded history—to manage the water resource... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is used for separating proteins ranging in size from 5 to 2,000 kDa due to the uniform pore size provided by the polyacrylamide gel. Pore size is controlled by modulating the concentrations of acrylamide and bis-acrylamide powder used in creating a gel. Care must be used when c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amoxicillin is used to treat odontogenic infections, infections of the tongue, lips, and other oral tissues. It may be prescribed following a tooth extraction, particularly in those with compromised immune systems. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The protons in the lumen come from three primary sources.
*Photolysis by photosystem II oxidises water to oxygen, protons and electrons in the lumen.
*The transfer of electrons from photosystem II to plastoquinone during non-cyclic electron transport consumes two protons from the stroma. These are released in the lumen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phenols are susceptible to Electrophilic aromatic substitutions. Condensation with formaldehyde gives resinous materials, famously Bakelite.
Another industrial-scale electrophilic aromatic substitution is the production of bisphenol A, which is produced by the condensation with acetone. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In response to the environmental disasters at Love Canal and Times Beach, Missouri, Congress passed the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), commonly known as the Superfund legislation. CERCLA gave EPA primary responsibility for identifying, investigating, and cleaning... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the ways cell apoptosis is activated is by release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into cytosol. A study has shown that cells are able to protect themselves from apoptosis by blocking the release of cytochrome c using Bcl-x. Another way that cells can control apoptosis is by phosphorylation of Tyr48, which... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. Examples include technetium-99 and promethium-146. Many of these are found in, and harvested from, spent nuclear fuel... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alcohol can be converted to haloalkanes. Direct reaction with a hydrohalic acid rarely gives a pure product, instead generating ethers. However, some exceptions are known: ionic liquids suppress the formation or promote the cleavage of ethers, hydrochloric acid converts tertiary alcohols to choloroalkanes, and primary... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Andrew Handyside (1805–1887) was born in Edinburgh and set up works in Derby where he made ornamental items, bridges and pillar boxes, many of which survive today. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* [http://bioinformatics.ai.sri.com/ptools/ Pathway Tools]: A bioinformatics software package that assists in the construction of pathway/genome databases such as EcoCyc. Developed by Peter Karp and associates at the SRI International Bioinformatics Research Group, Pathway Tools has several components. Its PathoLogic m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The pK of [HDABCO] (the protonated derivative) is 8.8, which is almost the same as ordinary alkylamines. The nucleophilicity of the amine is high because the amine centers are unhindered. It is sufficiently basic to promote a variety of coupling reactions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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