text stringlengths 105 4.57k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|
Vinyl- and acetylenic ethers are far less common than alkyl or aryl ethers. Vinylethers, often called enol ethers, are important intermediates in organic synthesis. Acetylenic ethers are especially rare. Di-tert-butoxyacetylene is the most common example of this rare class of compounds. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The biological monitoring working party (BMWP) is a procedure for measuring water quality using families of macroinvertebrates as biological indicators.
The method is based on the principle that different aquatic invertebrates have different tolerances to pollutants. In the case of BMWP, this is based on the sensitivit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although the ternary fission process is less common than the binary process, it still produces significant helium-4 and tritium gas buildup in the fuel rods of modern nuclear reactors. This phenomenon was initially detected in 1957, within the environs of the Savannah River National Laboratory. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A warm body emitting photons has a monochromatic emission coefficient relating to its temperature and total power radiation. This is sometimes called the second Einstein coefficient, and can be deduced from quantum mechanical theory. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of daily value (%DV). For magnesium labeling purposes 100% of the daily value was 400 mg, but as of May 27, 2016, it was revised to 420 mg to bring it into agreement with the RDA. A table of the old and new adult Da... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When used as a fully supported roof covering, copper is half the weight (including substrate) of lead and only a quarter of tiled roofs. This generally provides savings in supporting structure and materials costs. Copper cladding offers additional opportunities to reduce the weight of copper structures (For more detail... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
UFPs are both manufactured and naturally occurring. Hot volcanic lava, ocean spray, and smoke are common natural UFPs sources. UFPs can be intentionally fabricated as fine particles to serve a vast range of applications in both medicine and technology. Other UFPs are byproducts, like emissions, from specific processes,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In population dynamics, kinesis is the change of the diffusion coefficient in response to the change of conditions. In models of purposeful kinesis, diffusion coefficient depends on fitness (or reproduction coefficient) r:
where is constant and r depends on population densities and abiotic characteristics of the livin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) is defined as follows:
# A diagram which shows the interconnection of process equipment and the instrumentation used to control the process. In the process industry, a standard set of symbols is used to prepare drawings of processes. The instrument symbols used in these drawi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The NCEC was formed in 1973 as a government agency. On 1 March 1979 the Centre launched, in cooperation with the Home Office, its Hazfile computer database, made available to fifteen British fire services, listing over 10,000 chemical compounds; this was later replaced by the Chemdata system. A similar system in the US... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biodegradation of any plastic is a process that happens at solid/liquid interface whereby the enzymes in the liquid phase depolymerize the solid phase. Certain types of bioplastics as well as conventional plastics containing additives are able to biodegrade. Bioplastics are able to biodegrade in different environments ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lactoferricin is an amphipathic, cationic peptide with anti-microbial and anti-cancer properties. It can be generated by the pepsin-mediated digestion of lactoferrin.
Lactoferricin is the most studied AMP derived from milk protein. The complete sequence of lactoferricin corresponds to lactoferrin fragment 17-41 (FKCRRW... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many compounds with luster and electrical conductivity maintain a simple stoichiometric formula, such as the golden TiO, blue-black RuO or coppery ReO, all of obvious oxidation state. Ultimately, assigning the free metallic electrons to one of the bonded atoms is not comprehensive and can yield unusual oxidation states... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The DeMayo reaction is a photochemical reaction in which the enol of a 1,3-diketone reacts with an alkene (or another species with a C=C bond) and the resulting cyclobutane ring undergoes a retro-aldol reaction to yield a 1,5-diketone:
The net effect is to add the two carbon atoms in the C=C double bond between the two... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The theory behind experimental archaeology comes from the new archaeology technique of the 1950s to use modern day examples in the form of experiments and ethnologies as analogues to past processes. Experimental archaeometallurgy is considered a part of general experimental archaeology and is rarely separated in the li... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The FBP is defined by the ASTM F-316-03 standard as the pressure at which the first continuous gas bubbles are detected. In practice FBP is associated as the largest or maximum pore size.
The calculation of the FBP requires to select a certain minimum flow (e.g. 30, 50, 100 ml/min) and when it is achieved record the p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mitochondria contain their own genome. The human mitochondrial genome is a circular double-stranded DNA molecule of about 16 kilobases. It encodes 37 genes: 13 for subunits of respiratory complexes I, III, IV and V, 22 for mitochondrial tRNA (for the 20 standard amino acids, plus an extra gene for leucine and serine), ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In practical sense, the most important reaction of metal acyls is their detachment by reductive elimination of aldehydes from acyl metal hydrides:
:LMC(O)R(H) → LM + RCHO
This reaction is the final step of hydroformylation.
Another important reaction is decarbonylation. This reaction requires that the acyl complex be c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The porous network of clay particles enable nanocomposite hydrogels to swell in the presence of water. Swelling (and de-swelling) distinguishes NC gels from conventionally-made hydrogels (OR gels) as it is a property that OR gels lack. The swelling property of NC gels allows them to collect the surrounding aqueous solu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Among St Amands many treatises was one on the magnet. His pharmacopoeia was the Commentary on the Antedotary of Nicholas'.
Like Roger Bacon (c. 1219–c. 1292)) after him, St Amand wrote on experimental method. The historian of science Lynn Thorndike explains that St Amand "asserts that experimentum alone is timorous and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lead-Bismuth Eutectic or LBE is a eutectic alloy of lead (44.5 at%) and bismuth (55.5 at%) used as a coolant in some nuclear reactors, and is a proposed coolant for the lead-cooled fast reactor, part of the Generation IV reactor initiative.
It has a melting point of 123.5 °C/254.3 °F (pure lead melts at 327 °C/621 °F, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an orga... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The phase-down mandated by the AIM Act will lead to R-410A's replacement by other refrigerants beginning in 2022. Alternative refrigerants are available, including hydrofluoroolefins, hydrocarbons (such as propane R-290 and isobutane R-600A), and even carbon dioxide (R-744, GWP = 1). The alternative refrigerants have m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some tetrabutylammonium salts of simple anions include:
*tetrabutylammonium fluoride, a desilylation reagent.
*tetrabutylammonium bromide, a precursor to other tetrabutylammonium salts via salt metathesis reactions.
*tetrabutylammonium iodide, a low cost catalyst.
*tetrabutylammonium triiodide, a common carrier of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The TET enzymes do not specifically bind to 5-methylcytosine except when recruited. Without recruitment or targeting, TET1 predominantly binds to high CG promoters and CpG islands (CGIs) genome-wide by its CXXC domain that can recognize un-methylated CGIs. TET2 does not have an affinity for 5-methylcytosine in DNA. The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Dortmund Data Bank (short DDB) is a factual data bank for thermodynamic and thermophysical data. Its main usage is the data supply for process simulation where experimental data are the basis for the design, analysis, synthesis, and optimization of chemical processes. The DDB is used for fitting parameters for ther... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Concrete degradation may have many different causes. Concrete is mostly damaged by the corrosion of reinforcement bars due to the carbonatation of hardened cement paste or chloride attack under wet conditions. Chemical damages are caused by the formation of expansive products produced by various chemical reactions, by ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transcription activator-like effector nuclease, TALENs, are a set of restriction enzymes that be created to cut out desired DNA sequences. These enzymes are mostly used in combination with CRISPR-CAS9, Zinc finger nuclease, or HDR. The main reason for this is the ability for these enzymes to have the precision to cut a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A large number of examples of vicinal difunctionalization of unsaturated carbonyl compounds exist in the literature. In one example, the difunctionalization of unsaturated lactone 1 was employed en route to isostegane. This transformation was accomplished in one pot.
Because the reaction creates two new bonds with a mo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Between 2007 and 2008, the waste commissioner Guido Bertolaso, (the head of the civil protection department), planned to open a landfill but this was opposed by residents of Chiaiano. There was similar resistance in Pianosa to reopening a closed landfill proposed by government commissioner Giovanni De Gennaro. Some of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ribosomal RNA, or rRNA, forms the nucleic acid component of ribosomes. rRNA modifications take place in and around the peptidyl transferasecenter, the active site of the ribosome. Some modifications include pseudouridines, 2′-O-methylations on backbone sugars, and methylated bases. It is not well known what the biologi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although the Montreal Protocol regulates the phasing out of HCFCs, there was no international agreement on the regulation of HFCs until late 2016 when the Kigali Amendment under the Montreal Protocol was signed, which has put compulsory phase wise phasing out of CFC gases. Efforts are ongoing to develop a global approa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Figure 1 is the phase diagram of He. It is a pressure-temperature (p-T) diagram indicating the solid and liquid regions separated by the melting curve (between the liquid and solid state) and the liquid and gas region, separated by the vapor-pressure line. This latter ends in the critical point where the difference bet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There exist many different conformations for cyclohexane, such as chair, boat, and twist-boat, but the chair conformation is the most commonly observed state for cyclohexanes because it requires the least amount of energy. The chair conformation minimizes both angle strain and torsional strain by having all carbon-carb... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some plants mimic the presence of insect eggs on their leaves, dissuading insect species from laying their eggs there. Because female butterflies are less likely to lay their eggs on plants that already have butterfly eggs, some species of neotropical vines of the genus Passiflora (Passion flowers) contain physical str... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gmelins test is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of bile pigments in urine. It is named after Leopold Gmelin, who introduced the test. Five millilitres of urine is slowly added to five millilitres of concentrated nitric acid in a test-tube. Different coloured rings between the two layers are visible if b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The rise in core (RIC) method is an alternate reservoir wettability characterization method described by S. Ghedan and C. H. Canbaz in 2014. The method enables estimation of all wetting regions such as strongly water wet, intermediate water, oil wet and strongly oil wet regions in relatively quick and accurate measurem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mechanism of antiporter transport involves several key steps and a series of conformational changes that are dictated by the structural element described above:
# The substrate binds to its specific binding site on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane, forming a temporary substrate-bound open form of the a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As of November 2023, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified PFOA as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) based on “sufficient” evidence for cancer in animals and “strong” mechanistic evidence in exposed humans. IARC also classified PFOS as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2b) based on “... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The harmonic trap potential:
is a model system with many applications in modern physics. The density of states (or more accurately, the degree of degeneracy) for a given spin species is:
where is the harmonic oscillation frequency.
The Fermi energy for a given spin species is: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The detergent effect draws on surfactin's ability to insert its fatty acid chain into the phospholipid layer, disorganizing the cell membrane to increase its permeability. Insertion of several surfactin molecules into the membrane can lead to the formation of mixed micelles by self-association and bilayer influenced by... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some methods are based on solutions to the Poisson–Boltzmann equation (PBE), often referred to as FDPB-based methods (FDPB stands for "finite difference Poisson–Boltzmann"). The PBE is a modification of Poisson's equation that incorporates a description of the effect of solvent ions on the electrostatic field around a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Excess heme is converted in macrophages to Biliverdin and ferrous ions by the enzyme HO-1. Biliverdin formed further gets converted to Bilirubin and carbon monoxide. Biliverdin and Bilirubin are potent anti oxidants and regulate important biological processes like inflammation, apoptosis, cell proliferation, fibrosis a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Power MOSFETs typically increase their on-resistance with temperature. Under some circumstances, power dissipated in this resistance causes more heating of the junction, which further increases the junction temperature, in a positive feedback loop. As a consequence, power MOSFETs have stable and unstable regions of ope... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Modern research topics in solid-state physics include:
*High-temperature superconductivity
*Quasicrystals
*Spin glass
*Strongly correlated materials
*Two-dimensional materials
*Nanomaterials | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The classical and most reliable method of log P determination is the shake-flask method, which consists of dissolving some of the solute in question in a volume of octanol and water, then measuring the concentration of the solute in each solvent. The most common method of measuring the distribution of the solute is by ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A subset X of a metric space is relatively dense if there exists a number r such that all points of X are within distance r of X, and it is uniformly discrete if there exists a number ε such that no two points of X are within distance ε of each other. A set that is both relatively dense and uniformly di... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) became interested in LSD when they read reports alleging that American prisoners during the Korean War were being brainwashed with the use of some sort of drug or "lie serum". LSD was the original centerpiece of the top secret MKULTRA project, an ambitious undertaking conducte... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A nutrient cycle is the movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of matter. The process is regulated by the pathways available in marine food webs, which ultimately decompose organic matter back into inorganic nutrients. Nutrient cycles occur within ecosystems. Energy flow always f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Degenerate matter exhibits quantum mechanical properties when a fermion system temperature approaches absolute zero. These properties result from a combination of the Pauli exclusion principle and quantum confinement. The Pauli principle allows only one fermion in each quantum state and the confinement ensures that en... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plastoglobuli (singular plastoglobulus, sometimes spelled plastoglobule(s)), are spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45–60 nanometers across. They are surrounded by a lipid monolayer. Plastoglobuli are found in all chloroplasts, but become more common when the chloroplast is under oxidative stress, or when i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The length of the vectors (or the strength of the field) is usually coded in color; alternatively, animation can be used. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family (CMTM), previously termed the chemokine-like factor superfamily (CKLFSF), consists of 9 proteins, some of which have various isoforms due to alternative splicing of their respective genes. These proteins along with their isoforms are:
*Chemokine-like factor (C... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Translation starts with a chain-initiation codon or start codon. The start codon alone is not sufficient to begin the process. Nearby sequences such as the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in E. coli and initiation factors are also required to start translation. The most common start codon is AUG, which is read as methionine o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Upon initiation of a pulse-chase experiment the medium is switched from medium(1) to medium(2). The two media must only differ in their isotope content. Thereby it is possible to distinguish between RNA molecules already existent before experiment initiation (= RNA molecules grown in medium(1)) and RNA molecules that a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The operating (or Larmor) frequency of a magnet (usually quoted as absolute value in MHz) is calculated from the Larmor equation
where is the induction of the magnet (SI units of Tesla), and is the magnetogyric ratio of the nucleus an empirically measured fundamental constant determined by the details of the struct... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glycopeptide antibiotics are a class of drugs of microbial origin that are composed of glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic nonribosomal peptides. Significant glycopeptide antibiotics include the anti-infective antibiotics vancomycin, teicoplanin, telavancin, ramoplanin and decaplanin, corbomycin, complestatin and the an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ocean naturally sequesters carbon through different processes. The solubility pump moves carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into the surface ocean where it reacts with water molecules to form carbonic acid. The solubility of carbon dioxide increases with decreasing water temperatures. Thermohaline circulation moves... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many columns of limestone rise above the surface of Mono Lake. These limestone towers consist primarily of calcium carbonate minerals such as calcite (CaCO). This type of limestone rock is referred to as tufa, which is a term used for limestone that forms in low to moderate temperatures. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In an ecological context, phototrophs are often the food source for neighboring heterotrophic life. In terrestrial environments, plants are the predominant variety, while aquatic environments include a range of phototrophic organisms such as algae (e.g., kelp), other protists (such as euglena), phytoplankton, and bacte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Capping of the pre-mRNA involves the addition of 7-methylguanosine (mG) to the 5 end. To achieve this, the terminal 5 phosphate requires removal, which is done with the aid of enzyme RNA triphosphatase. The enzyme guanosyl transferase then catalyses the reaction, which produces the diphosphate 5 end. The diphosphate 5 ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Grantham's distance depends on three properties: composition, polarity and molecular volume.
Distance difference D for each pair of amino acid i and j is calculated as:
where c = composition, p = polarity, and v = molecular volume; and are constants of squares of the inverses of the mean distance for each property, r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If a differentiable function is one-to-one (injective) for each independent variable, e.g., is one-to-one for at a fixed while it is not necessarily one-to-one for , then the following total differentials exist because each independent variable is a differentiable function for the other variables, e.g., .
Substitut... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As a gasoline (petrol) additive, benzene increases the octane rating and reduces knocking. As a consequence, gasoline often contained several percent benzene before the 1950s, when tetraethyl lead replaced it as the most widely used antiknock additive. With the global phaseout of leaded gasoline, benzene has made a com... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The monument has numerous symbols and inscriptions used in alchemy. The inscriptions are hard to read from the monument itself.
Around the circle at top: “The center is in the triangle of the center.” Also: “There are three marvels: God and man, mother and virgin, triune and one.”
The Hebrew inscription, Ruach Elohim,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Faced with competition from cheaper British iron production, the Swedish iron industry needed to find a new cheaper method of making iron. In the 1810s, experiments were made with puddling, but this proved unsatisfactory, as it needed coal of which Sweden had none. After visited Britain, he published a report of his... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A transmissometer or transmissiometer is an instrument for measuring the extinction coefficient of the atmosphere and sea water, and for the determination of visual range. It operates by sending a narrow, collimated beam of energy (usually a laser) through the propagation medium. A narrow field of view receiver at the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The phorbol ester tigilanol tiglate reportedly has in vitro anti-cancer, antiviral, and antibacterial activities. The phorbol derivatives in croton oil are used in folk medicine, with purported purgative, counter-irritant, or anthelmintic activities. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A secondary carbon is a carbon atom bound to two other carbon atoms. For this reason, secondary carbon atoms are found in almost (neopentane, for example, does not have any secondary carbon atoms) all hydrocarbons having at least three carbon atoms. In unbranched alkanes, the inner carbon atoms are always secondary car... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kramers' law is a formula for the spectral distribution of X-rays produced by an electron hitting a solid target. The formula concerns only bremsstrahlung radiation, not the element specific characteristic radiation. It is named after its discoverer, the Dutch physicist Hendrik Anthony Kramers.
The formula for Kramers'... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chromatography facilitates separation of distinct molecules within a mixture based on their respective chemical properties, and how those properties interact with the substrate coating the chromatographic column. This separation can happen “on-line,” during the measurement itself, or prior to measurements to isolate a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydraulic fluids can contain a wide range of chemical compounds, including: oils, butanol, esters (e.g. phthalates, like DEHP, and adipates, like bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate), polyalkylene glycols (PAG), organophosphate (e.g. tributylphosphate), silicones, alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons, polyalphaolefins (PAO) (e.g. pol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Product heterogeneity is common in monoclonal antibodies and other recombinant biological products and is typically introduced either upstream during expression or downstream during manufacturing.
These variants are typically aggregates, deamidation products, glycosylation variants, oxidized amino acid side chains, as ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In metagenomics, regions of the genomes that are shared between strains are typically longer than the reads. This complicates the assembly process and makes reconstructing individual genomes for a species a daunting task. Chimeric pairs that are mapped far apart in the genome can facilitate the de novo assembly process... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The CD V-700 also came with a "check source", a bit of a radioactive isotope under a sticker on the side of the unit. The isotope varied with the maker; depleted or natural uranium was common, though the Instruction and Maintenance Manual for the Lionel Model 6B indicates that a "Radium D+E beta source" with an approxi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Due to the structure, the pressure difference is theoretically limited to atmospheric pressure (1 bar), and in practice somewhat lower.
* Besides the drum, other accessories, for example, agitators and vacuum pump, vacuum receivers, slurry pumps are required.
* The discharge cake contains residual moisture.
* The cak... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1975, Mukaiyama reported that N-methyl-2-chloropyridinium iodide (also called 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide) allowed for a dehydration condensation between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol or similar functional groups to form an ester linkage. In the initial stage of the process, the carboxyl displaces the halo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
dPCR measures the actual number of molecules (target DNA) as each molecule is in one droplet, thus making it a discrete “digital” measurement. It provides absolute quantification because dPCR measures the positive fraction of samples, which is the number of droplets that are fluorescing due to proper amplification. Thi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Triflic acid, the short name for trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, TFMS, TFSA, HOTf or TfOH, is a sulfonic acid with the chemical formula CFSOH. It is one of the strongest known acids. Triflic acid is mainly used in research as a catalyst for esterification. It is a hygroscopic, colorless, slightly viscous liquid and is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In materials science, a grain boundary is the interface between two grains, or crystallites, in a polycrystalline material. Grain boundaries are two-dimensional defects in the crystal structure, and tend to decrease the electrical and thermal conductivity of the material. Most grain boundaries are preferred sites for t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following student chapters have also been granted Charter Status by the Council:
*Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife
*Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, uli
*Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
*University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos
*University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt
*Rivers State University of Science an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When an electron moves through a gas, its interactions with the gas atoms cause scattering to occur. These interactions are classified as inelastic if they cause excitation or ionization of the atom to occur and elastic if they do not.
The probability of scattering in such a system is defined as the number of electrons... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The photosynthetic efficiency is the fraction of light energy converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis in green plants and algae. Photosynthesis can be described by the simplified chemical reaction
:6 HO + 6 CO + energy → CHO + 6 O
where CHO is glucose (which is subsequently transformed into other sugars, s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The blowing of air through the molten pig iron introduces oxygen into the melt which results in oxidation, removing impurities found in the pig iron, such as silicon, manganese, and carbon in the form of oxides. These oxides either escape as gas or form a solid slag. The refractory lining of the converter also plays a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The three-year WeNMR project started in November 2010 as the natural successor of the eNMR project. Financial support was provided by the European Community grants 213010 (eNMR) and 261572 (WeNMR) in the 7th Framework Programme (e-Infrastructure RI-261571). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PCBs originating from Monsanto Chemical Company in Anniston, Alabama, were dumped into Snow Creek, which then spread to Choccolocco Creek, then Logan Martin Lake. In the early 2000s, class action lawsuits were settled by local land owners, including those on Logan Martin Lake, and Lay Reservoir (downstream on the Coosa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Heterodimeric diatomic complexes involving a noble gas and a halide, such as xenon chloride, are common in the construction of excimer lasers, which are excimers' most common application. These lasers take advantage of the fact that excimer components have attractive interactions in the excited state and repulsive inte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Froude number may be used to study trends in animal gait patterns. In analyses of the dynamics of legged locomotion, a walking limb is often modeled as an inverted pendulum, where the center of mass goes through a circular arc centered at the foot. The Froude number is the ratio of the centripetal force around the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Through the early development of the hybrid concept the question of overall economics appeared difficult to handle. A series of studies starting in the late 1970s provided a much clearer picture of the hybrid in a complete fuel cycle, and allowed the economics to be better understood. These studies appeared to indicate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heinz Falk was born April 29, 1939, in Sankt Pölten, Austria, went to elementary school in Statzendorf and completed middle school in Krems an der Donau. After moving to Vienna in 1953 he completed a three-year program at HBLVA for Chemical Industry, Rosensteingasse and completed his high-school diploma in 1959 through... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chain scission is a term used in polymer chemistry describing the degradation of a polymer main chain. It is often caused by thermal stress (heat) or ionizing radiation (e.g. light, UV radiation or gamma radiation), often involving oxygen. During chain cleavage, the polymer chain is broken at a random point in the back... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many if not most of the common resolving agents are natural products or derivatives thereof. Illustrative is l-malic acid, a dicarboxylic acid that is found in apples. It is used to resolve α-phenylethylamine, a versatile resolving agent in its own right. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Except their abilities in catalyzing organic reactions, palladacycles have also shown their potential in medicinal and biological chemistry after the success of cis-Pt(NH)Cl as an anticancer agent. Additionally, they can also be used in CO/SCN- sensing. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pyridine is a basic heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical formula . It is structurally related to benzene, with one methine group replaced by a nitrogen atom . It is a highly flammable, weakly alkaline, water-miscible liquid with a distinctive, unpleasant fish-like smell. Pyridine is colorless, but older or... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RNA-Seq refers to the combination of a high-throughput sequencing methodology with computational methods to capture and quantify transcripts present in an RNA extract. The nucleotide sequences generated are typically around 100 bp in length, but can range from 30 bp to over 10,000 bp depending on the sequencing method ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is possible to store energy and produce electrical power at a later time as in pumped-storage hydroelectricity, thermal energy storage, flywheel energy storage, battery storage power station and so on. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Steam cracking is a petrochemical process in which saturated hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller, often unsaturated, hydrocarbons. It is the principal industrial method for producing the lighter alkenes (or commonly olefins), including ethene (or ethylene) and propene (or propylene). Steam cracker units are facil... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are no known contraindication to the use of dexmedetomidine. It has a biphasic effect on blood pressure with lower readings at lower drug concentrations and higher readings at higher concentrations. Common side effects include: hypotension, hypertension, with slight decreases in heart rate, arrhythmias, and hypox... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The process is more environmentally friendly than traditional extraction methods. For the company this can translate into profit, since the necessary limiting of sulfur dioxide emissions during smelting is expensive. Less landscape damage occurs, since the bacteria involved grow naturally, and the mine and surrounding... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Blood coagulation is a complex process by which the blood forms clots. It is an essential part of hemostasis and works by stopping blood loss from damaged blood vessels. At the site of injury, where there is an exposure of blood under the endothelium, the platelets gather and immediately form a plug. That process is ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.