text stringlengths 105 4.57k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|
A reverberatory furnace is a metallurgical or process furnace that isolates the material being processed from contact with the fuel, but not from contact with combustion gases. The term reverberation is used here in a generic sense of rebounding or reflecting, not in the acoustic sense of echoing. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The capillary pressure developed within a liquid droplet/film can be calculated using the Young–Laplace equation (e.g.):
where:
* is the difference between the pressure across the liquid interface (Pa),
* is the surface tension of the liquid (N/m),
* is the unit normal pointing out of surface,
* are the principle r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Embryo transfer can be performed after various durations of embryo culture, conferring different stages in embryogenesis. The main stages at which embryo transfer is performed are cleavage stage (day 2 to 4 after co-incubation) or the blastocyst stage (day 5 or 6 after co-incubation).
Because in vivo, a cleavage stage ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Psycho-Active is developing a multi-fuel/air-hybrid chassis which is intended to serve as the foundation for a line of automobiles. Claimed performance is 50 hp/litre. The compressed air motor they use is called the DBRE or Ducted Blade Rotary Engine. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A post–September 11 development, explosive detection systems have become a part of all US airports. These systems run on a host of technologies, many of them based on GC–MS. There are only three manufacturers certified by the FAA to provide these systems, one of which is Thermo Detection (formerly Thermedics), which pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Magnet-assisted transfection is a transfection method which uses magnetic interactions to deliver DNA into target cells. Nucleic acids are associated with magnetic nanoparticles, and magnetic fields drive the nucleic acid-particle complexes into target cells, where the nucleic acids are released. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The HIV-1 RT is an asymmetric 1000-amino acid heterodimer composed of p66 (560 amino acids) and p51 subunits (440 amino acids). The p66 subunit has two domains, a polymerase and ribonuclease H. The polymerase domain contains four subdomains, which have been termed “fingers”, “palm”, “thumb” and “connection” and it is o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because H is the lightest element, atmospheric H can readily be lost to space via Jeans escape, an irreversible process that drives Earth's net mass loss. Photolysis of heavier compounds not prone to escape, such as CH or HO, can also liberate H from the upper atmosphere and contribute to this process. Another major si... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At the end of the 19th century, the construction of the wealthy neighborhood of Circonvallazione a Monte significantly altered the area, when Corso Magenta and the Sant'Anna funicular were built immediately to the South of the convent. The religious buildings and the quaint village in which they are located have noneth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The height h of a liquid column is given by Jurin's law
where is the liquid-air surface tension (force/unit length), θ is the contact angle, ρ is the density of liquid (mass/volume), g is the local acceleration due to gravity (length/square of time), and r is the radius of tube.
As r is in the denominator, the thinner... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In one study the usual regioselectivity of an alkyne hydrozirconation is reversed with the addition of zinc chloride:
One example of a one-pot hydrozirconation - carbonylation - coupling is depicted below:
With certain allyl alcohols, the alcohol group is replaced by nucleophilic carbon forming a cyclopropane ring: The... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first example of ring-closing metathesis was reported by Dider Villemin in 1980 when he synthesized an Exaltolide precursor using a WCl/MeSn catalyzed metathesis cyclization in 60-65% yield depending on ring size (A). In the following months, Jiro Tsuji reported a similar metathesis reaction describing the prepara... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One approach to prevent PDs consists of physical-chemical optimization of the PCR system, i.e. changing the concentrations of primers, magnesium chloride, nucleotides, ionic strength and temperature of the reaction. This method is somewhat limited by the physical-chemical characteristics that also determine the effici... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When used as an indicator in an EDTA titration, the characteristic blue end-point is reached when sufficient EDTA is added and the metal ions bound to the indicator are chelated by EDTA, leaving the free indicator molecule.
Eriochrome Black T has also been used to detect the presence of rare earth metals. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A lead compound (, i.e. a "leading" compound, not to be confused with various compounds of the metallic element lead) in drug discovery is a chemical compound that has pharmacological or biological activity likely to be therapeutically useful, but may nevertheless have suboptimal structure that requires modification to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Non-sequential double ionization is a process whose mechanism differs (in any detail) from the sequential one. For example, both the electrons leave the system simultaneously (as in alkaline earth atoms, see below), the second electron's liberation is assisted by the first electron (as in noble gas atoms, see below), e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In December 2004 plans were submitted, in partnership with Countryside Properties, to build an urban village over two-thirds of the site, comprising residential and business developments, a retail site and doctors surgery. MMC director Mark Russell stated that the plans were in everyones interests and would be carried ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Praseodymium(III) oxalate forms crystalline hydrates (light green crystals): Pr(CO)•10HO. The crystalline hydrate decomposes stepwise when heated: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The complex consists of three main proteins, the RNA helicase Ski2 and the proteins Ski3 and Ski8. This tetramer contains a 370 kDa core complex, containing N-terminal arms and C-terminal arms from Ski3. The helicase core of Ski2 is positioned by both the C-terminal of Ski3 and two subunits of Ski8. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polyurethanes contain multiple carbamate groups as part of their structure. The "urethane" in the name "polyurethane" refers to these carbamate groups; the term "urethane links" describe how carbamates polymerize. In contrast, the substance commonly called "urethane", ethyl carbamate, is neither a component of polyuret... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrogen sulfide - a component of crude oil and natural gas and a by-product in anaerobic digestion of biomass - is also suitable for plasma-catalytic decomposition to produce hydrogen and elemental sulfur due to its weak binding energy.
The energy requirement for the production of hydrogen from HS is approx. 5 kWh/kg. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vaisheshika (IAST: Vaiśeṣika; ; ) is one of the six schools of Hindu philosophy from ancient India. In its early stages, the Vaiśeṣika was an independent philosophy with its own metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, and soteriology. Over time, the Vaiśeṣika system became similar in its philosophical procedures, eth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term "ecosan" was first used in 1995 and the first project started in 1996 in Ethiopia, by an NGO called Sudea. A trio, Dr Torsten Modig, Umeå University, Almaz Terrefe, teamleader, and Gunder Edström, hygiene expert, chose an area in a dense urban area as a starting point. They used urine diverting dry toilets (UD... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
N6-methyladenine (m6A) is the product of the addition of a methyl group (CH) at position 6 of the adenine. This modified nucleotide is absent from the vast majority of eukaryotes, with the exception of C. elegans, but is widespread in bacterial genomes, as part of the restriction modification or DNA repair systems. In ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plotting the Nyquist diagram with a potentiostat and an impedance analyzer, most often included in modern potentiostats, allows the user to determine charge transfer resistance, double-layer capacitance and ohmic resistance. The exchange current density can be easily determined measuring the impedance of a redox react... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Honeybees have very controlled patterns of movement, such as the waggle or tremble dance which serve to deliver specific coordinates of fruitful sources to potential foragers. Bumblebee movement is comparatively random and does not supply coordinates to other bees. Other experiments by Dornhaus and Chittka (2001) showe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The maskant to be used is determined primarily by the chemical used to etch the material, and the material itself. The maskant must adhere to the surface of the material, and it must also be chemically inert enough with regard to the etchant to protect the workpiece. Most modern chemical milling processes use maskants ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A signal peptide (sometimes referred to as signal sequence, targeting signal, localization signal, localization sequence, transit peptide, leader sequence or leader peptide) is a short peptide (usually 16-30 amino acids long) present at the N-terminus (or occasionally nonclassically at the C-terminus or internally) of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A. Cellular T cell response
The first evidence of survivin-specific CTL recognition and killing was shown in an assay wherein cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) induced lysis of B cells transfected to present survivin peptides on its surface. The naive CD8+ T cells were primed with dendritic cells and could therefore recognize t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Addition reaction
**Aldol addition
**Electrophilic addition
**Michael addition
**Mukaiyama aldol addition
**Nucleophilic addition
*Cyclization
**Bergman cyclization
**Nazarov cyclization reaction
*Elimination reaction
**Beta elimination
**Cope elimination
**E1cB elimination reaction
**Hofmann elimination
*Organic redo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glycolipids are important for cell recognition, and are important for modulating the function of membrane proteins that act as receptors. Glycolipids are lipid molecules bound to oligosaccharides, generally present in the lipid bilayer. Additionally, they can serve as receptors for cellular recognition and cell signali... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermal radiation is the emission of electromagnetic waves from all matter that has a temperature greater than absolute zero. Thermal radiation reflects the conversion of thermal energy into electromagnetic energy. Thermal energy is the kinetic energy of random movements of atoms and molecules in matter. It is present ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to the kinetic theory of gases, the kinetic energy for a gas at a temperature is
where is the mass of one molecule, is the root-mean-square speed of the molecules, and is the Boltzmann constant. The average molecular speed can be calculated from the Maxwell speed distribution
as (or, equivalently, ). The... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The comparison of electrostatic surface potentials (ESPs) of aromatic rings in tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and histidine suggests that electronic effects also play a role in the binding to glycans (see Figure 2). After normalizing the electron densities for surface area, the tryptophan still remains the most e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Material properties such as strength, chemical reactivity, stress corrosion cracking resistance, weldability, deformation behavior, resistance to radiation damage, and magnetic susceptibility can be highly dependent on the material’s texture and related changes in microstructure. In many materials, properties are tex... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Minimizing distortion of information is important in all spectrum analyzers. The FFT process applies windowing techniques to improve the output spectrum due to producing less side lobes. The effect of windowing may also reduce the level of a signal where it is captured on the boundary between one FFT and the next. For ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Diels–Reese Reaction is a reaction between hydrazobenzene and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (or related esters) first reported in 1934 by Otto Diels and Johannes Reese. Later work by others extended the reaction scope to include substituted hydrazobenzenes. The exact mechanism is not known. By changing the acidic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since the ions are charged, they cannot pass through cellular membranes via simple diffusion. Two different mechanisms can transport the ions across the membrane: active or passive transport.
An example of active transport of ions is the Na-K-ATPase (NKA). NKA is powered by the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and an inorgan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Minimizing harmful exposure to pesticides can be achieved by proper use of personal protective equipment, adequate reentry times into recently sprayed areas, and effective product labeling for hazardous substances as per FIFRA regulations. Training high-risk populations, including agricultural workers, on the proper us... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The decay scheme of a radioactive substance is a graphical presentation of all the transitions occurring in a decay, and of their relationships. Examples are shown below.
It is useful to think of the decay scheme as placed in a coordinate system, where the vertical axis is energy, increasing from bottom to top, and the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In case of a porous materials many issues have been raised both about the physical meaning of the calculated pore diameter and the real possibility to use this equation for the calculation of the contact angle of the solid, even if this method is often offered by much software as consolidated. Change of weight as a fun... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Sherritt process is a hydrometallurgical process named for Sherritt Gordon Mines Ltd. (now Sherritt International) of Sherridon and Lynn Lake Manitoba Canada, based on the older Forward process developed by Dr. Frank Forward for the recovery of copper and nickel from those same mines. Nickel sulfide concentrates ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The force F(h) between two bodies is related to the interaction free energy U(h) as
where h is the surface-to-surface separation. Conversely, when the force profile is known, one can evaluate the interaction energy as
When one considers two planar walls, the corresponding quantities are expressed per unit area. The dis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gustavs Vanags (10 March 1891 — 8 May 1965) was a Soviet and Latvian organic chemist, full member of Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences. He was also one of the signers of the Memorandum of Latvian Central Council in 1944. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
From Isaiah: "And the people shall be as the burnings of lime: as thorns cut up shall they be burned in the fire"
Its use is mentioned in the Book of Amos (2:1): "I will not turn away the punishment thereof, because he burned the bones of the King of Edom into lime."
It was used in ancient formulas for white paint and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Yliaster or Iliaster, a term coined by Paracelsus, refers to "prime matter, consisting of body and soul".
Paracelsus described the Iliaster as the "completely healed human being who has burned away all the dross of his lower being and is free to fly as the Phoenix." It is most likely a portmanteau of the Greek hyle (ma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Riboses 2 hydroxy group reacts with the phosphate linked 3 hydroxy group, making RNA too unstable to be used or synthesized reliably. To overcome this, a ribose analogue can be used. The most common RNA analogues are 2-O-methyl-substituted RNA, locked nucleic acid (LNA) or bridged nucleic acid (BNA), morpholino, and pe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An antibody titer is a measurement of how much antibody an organism has produced that recognizes a particular epitope. It is conventionally expressed as the inverse of the greatest dilution level that still gives a positive result on some test. ELISA is a common means of determining antibody titers. For example, the in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phenethylamine is a primary amine, the amino-group being attached to a benzene ring through a two-carbon, or ethyl group. It is a colourless liquid at room temperature that has a fishy odor, and is soluble in water, ethanol and ether. Its density is 0.964 g/ml and its boiling point is 195 °C. Upon exposure to air, it c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The precedence for creating a pharmacopoeia went back to 1618 when the College of Physicians of London created their own London Pharmacopoeia to regulate the manufacture of medicine. The first edition of the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia was created in a period of tension between physicians and surgeons and the College of Ph... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* The World Health Organization (WHO) published updated guidelines for drinking-water quality (GDWQ) in 2017.
*The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published regulation of water quality in the section of ICS 13.060, ranging from water sampling, drinking water, industrial class water, sewage, and ex... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oncometabolite dysregulation and cancer progression are linked to epigenetic changes in cancer cells. Several mechanisms have been linked to -2-hydroxyglutarate, succinate, and fumarate with the inhibition of α-KG–dependent dioxygenases, this causes epigenetic changes that affect the expression of genes involved in cel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Benthic macroinvertebrates are found within the benthic zone of a stream or river. They consist of aquatic insects, crustaceans, worms and mollusks that live in the vegetation and stream beds of rivers. Macroinvertebrate species can be found in nearly every stream and river, except in some of the world's harshest envir... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Despite GaAs-based photovoltaics being the clear champions of efficiency for solar cells, they have relatively limited use in today's market. In both world electricity generation and world electricity generating capacity, solar electricity is growing faster than any other source of fuel (wind, hydro, biomass, and so on... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The practice of using colours to determine the temperature of a piece of (usually) ferrous metal comes from blacksmithing. Long before thermometers were widely available, it was necessary to know what state the metal was in for heat treating it and the only way to do this was to heat it up to a colour which was known t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the case of nucleic acids, the direction of migration, from negative to positive electrodes, is due to the naturally occurring negative charge carried by their sugar-phosphate backbone.
Double-stranded DNA fragments naturally behave as long rods, so their migration through the gel is relative to their size or, for c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The affinity constants, k and k, of the 1879 paper can now be recognised as rate constants. The equilibrium constant, K, was derived by setting the rates of forward and backward reactions to be equal. This also meant that the chemical affinities for the forward and backward reactions are equal. The resultant expression... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Francis Gordon Albert Stone CBE, FRS, FRSC (19 May 1925 – 6 April 2011), always known as Gordon, was a British chemist who was a prolific and decorated scholar. He specialized in the synthesis of main group and transition metal organometallic compounds. He was the author of more than 900 academic publications resulting... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's ocean. Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05. Carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are the primary cause of ocean acidification, with atmospheric carbon dioxide () levels exceeding 41... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Water vapor is common in the Solar System and by extension, other planetary systems. Its signature has been detected in the atmospheres of the Sun, occurring in sunspots. The presence of water vapor has been detected in the atmospheres of all seven extraterrestrial planets in the Solar System, the Earth's Moon, and the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With the development of bioconjugation technology, there are plenty of options to covalently ligating an artificial metal cofactor onto a protein: i) cysteine residue based chemistry like: Cys-meleimide, Cys-α-haloketone, Cys-benzylhalide chemistry and disulfide formation, ii) post-translational bioorthogonal modificat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) is a synthesis project bringing together oceanographic data, featuring two major releases as of 2018. The central goal of GLODAP is to generate a global climatology of the World Ocean's carbon cycle for use in studies of both its natural and anthropogenically forced state... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because the mechanically interlocked structures are maintained by bulky stoppers at the ends of the strings, if the bulky stoppers are removed, such as removed by a chemical stimulus, rings dethread from the axes. The drastic structural change can be used for programmed drug or gene delivery, of which drug or gene can ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The final part dealt with the construction of oxetane ring D starting with protection of the alcohol group in 38 (Scheme 4). as a TROC alcohol 39 with 2,2,2-trichloroethyl chloroformate and pyridine. The OBOM group was replaced by a bromine group in three steps: deprotection to 40 with hydrochloric acid and sodium io... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The FIDA principle is based on measuring the change in the apparent size (diffusivity) of a selective indicator interacting with the analyte molecule. The apparent indicator size is measured by Taylor dispersion analysis in a capillary under hydrodynamic flow. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Uranium tailings or uranium tails are a radioactive waste byproduct (tailings) of conventional uranium mining and uranium enrichment. They contain the radioactive decay products from the uranium decay chains, mainly the U-238 chain, and heavy metals. Long-term storage or disposal of tailings may pose a danger for publi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The involvement of Jander in the research on chemical warfare and his influence on the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Elektrochemistry after he followed Fritz Haber as director, who was forced to resign due to the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, have been a point of resea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The integral of thus yields the logarithm of the ratio of the upper and lower cut-offs. This number is known as the Coulomb logarithm and is designated by either or . It is the factor by which small-angle collisions are more effective than large-angle collisions. The Coulomb logarithm was introduced independently by ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Trinitroethylorthoformate also known as TNEOF is an explosive with excellent chemical stability. It does not have hygroscopicity, does not dissolve in water, and does not react with acids. It decomposes in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to release formaldehyde odor. The explosion point of TNEOF is 229 °C, though it ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. For example, canola oil and baking soda have pesticidal applications and are considered biopesticides. Biopesticides fall into three major classes:
* Microbial pesticides which consist o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In May, researchers announced the first gene therapy trial for inherited retinal disease. The first operation was carried out on a 23-year-old British male, Robert Johnson, in early 2007. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are 5 core requirements when it comes to designing for LID.
# Conserve natural areas wherever possible (dont pave over the whole site if you dont need to).
# Minimize the development impact on hydrology.
# Maintain runoff rate and duration from the site (don't let the water leave the site).
# Scatter integrated m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As described above, same-excess experiments are conducted with two or more experiments holding the excess, (e) constant while changing the absolute concentrations of the substrates (in this case, the catalyst is also treated as a substrate.) Note that this construction causes the number of equivalents and therefore the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The prefix E/Z- can be used to indicate uncertainty in the E or Z isomers for an ene bond. For graphical representations, wavy single bonds are the standard way to represent unknown or unspecified stereochemistry or a mixture of isomers (as with tetrahedral stereocenters). A crossed double-bond has been used sometimes;... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SELDI technology was developed by T. William Hutchens and Tai-Tung Yip at Baylor College of Medicine in 1993. Hutchens and Yip attached single-stranded DNA to agarose beads and used the beads to capture lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein, from preterm infant urine. The beads were incubated in the sample and then... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Using only Hα chemical shifts and simple clustering rules (clusters of 3 or more vertical bars for beta strands and clusters of 4 or more vertical bars for alpha helices), the CSI is typically 75-80% accurate in the identification of secondary structures. This performance depends partly on the quality of the NMR data s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photoreceptor cells are unusual cells in that they depolarize in response to absence of stimuli or scotopic conditions (darkness). In photopic conditions (light), photoreceptors hyperpolarize to a potential of −60 mV.
In the dark, cGMP levels are high and keep cGMP-gated sodium channels open allowing a steady inward cu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Orosomucoid (ORM) or alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (αAGp, AGP or AAG) is an acute phase protein found in plasma. It is an alpha-globulin glycoprotein and is modulated by two polymorphic genes. It is synthesized primarily in hepatocytes and has a normal plasma concentration between 0.6–1.2 mg/mL (1–3% plasma protein). Plas... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The thermodynamic description of gravity has a history that goes back at least to research on black hole thermodynamics by Bekenstein and Hawking in the mid-1970s. These studies suggest a deep connection between gravity and thermodynamics, which describes the behavior of heat. In 1995, Jacobson demonstrated that the Ei... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Leopold Ružička (; born Lavoslav Stjepan Ružička; 13 September 1887 – 26 September 1976) was a Croatian-Swiss scientist and joint winner of the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes" "including the first chemical synthesis of male sex hormones." He worked most of his life in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mond gas could be produced and used more efficiently than other gases in the late 19th and early 20th century. The gas was used as fuel for street lighting and basic residential uses that required gas such as ovens, kilns, furnaces, and boilers. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Production of Mo by neutron activation of natural molybdenum, or molybdenum enriched in Mo, is another, currently smaller, route of production. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The compressibility factor is defined in thermodynamics and engineering frequently as:
where p is the pressure, is the density of the gas and is the specific gas constant, being the molar mass, and the is the absolute temperature (kelvin or Rankine scale).
In statistical mechanics the description is:
where p is the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The governing equations of LES are obtained by filtering the partial differential equations governing the flow field . There are differences between the incompressible and compressible LES governing equations, which lead to the definition of a new filtering operation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Following funding from the Wellcome Trust, from 2012 to 2015 the Guide to PHARMACOLOGY was expanded to include the biological targets of all prescription drugs and other likely targets of future small molecule drugs. Overviews of the key features of a wide range of targets are provided on the summary view pages, with d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The vorticity, , of a flow can be defined in terms of its flow velocity by
If the vorticity is zero, the flow is irrotational. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although rare, flutamide has been associated with severe hepatotoxicity and death. By 1996, 46 cases of severe cholestatic hepatitis had been reported, with 20 fatalities. There have been continued case reports since, including liver transplants and death. A 2021 review of the literature found 15 cases of serious hepat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Two chemists generally expressed the composition of a mixture in terms of numerical values relating the amount of the product to describe the equilibrium state.
Cato Maximilian Guldberg and Peter Waage, building on Claude Louis Berthollet's ideas about reversible chemical reactions, proposed the law of mass action in 1... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many of the competitive single-molecule sequencing methods rely on the incorporation of fluorescently labeled nucleotides. In next-generation sequencing, the fluorescence signal of clusters can be easily detected. However, when the same concept is applied to single-molecule sequencing, the largest complication result... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the limitations of the Arrhenius definition is its reliance on water solutions. Edward Curtis Franklin studied the acid–base reactions in liquid ammonia in 1905 and pointed out the similarities to the water-based Arrhenius theory. Albert F.O. Germann, working with liquid phosgene, , formulated the solvent-based ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the dynamics of fluid, a vortex is fluid that revolves around the axis line. This fluid might be curved or straight. Vortices form from stirred fluids: they might be observed in smoke rings, whirlpools, in the wake of a boat or the winds around a tornado or dust devil.
Vortices are an important part of turbulent flo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another type of entrainer is one that has a strong chemical affinity for one of the constituents. Using again the example of the water/ethanol azeotrope, the liquid can be shaken with calcium oxide, which reacts strongly with water to form the nonvolatile compound, calcium hydroxide. Nearly all of the calcium hydroxide... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In medicinal chemistry and molecular biology, a pharmacophore is an abstract description of molecular features that are necessary for molecular recognition of a ligand by a biological macromolecule. IUPAC defines a pharmacophore to be "an ensemble of steric and electronic features that is necessary to ensure the optima... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nitrate salts are found naturally on earth in arid environments as large deposits, particularly of nitratine, a major source of sodium nitrate.
Nitrates are produced by a number of species of nitrifying bacteria in the natural environment using ammonia or urea as a source of nitrogen and source of free energy. Nitrate ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following is a list of structural features that can be elucidated by NMR:
* Chemical structure of each carbohydrate residue in a molecule, including
** carbon skeleton size and sugar type (aldose/ketose)
** cycle size (pyranose/furanose/linear)
** stereo configuration of all carbons (monosaccharide identification)
... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This problem was addressed by George Keith Batchelor(1951), Keith Stewartson(1952) and many other researchers. Here the solution is not simple, because of the additional length scale imposed in the problem i.e., the distance between the two disks. In addition, the uniqueness and existence of a steady solution are also... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a multiple-hearth roaster, the concentrate drops through a series of 9 or more hearths stacked inside a brick-lined cylindrical column. As the feed concentrate drops through the furnace, it is first dried by the hot gases passing through the hearths and then oxidized to produce calcine. The reactions are slow and ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Margaret Douie Dougal ( – 1938, née Robertson, later Chaplin) was a British chemical publication indexer for fifteen years (1885–1909) for the Chemical Society. Dougal contributed to the compilation of volumes i-iii of A Collective Index of the Transactions, Proceedings and Abstracts of the Chemical Society. The then p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
End groups are seen on all polymers and the functionality of those end groups can be important in determining the application of polymers. Each type of polymerization (free radical, condensation or etc.) has end groups that are typical for the polymerization, and knowledge of these can help to identify the type of poly... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
1st International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry
May 2000 at Universidad Iberoamericana – Ciudad de Mexico
2nd International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry
13. – 15. December 2001 at Hong Kong Baptist University – Hong Kong [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930210616/http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~chem/Photo_micro_2001.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.