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Brownian motion follows the Langevin equation, which can be solved for many different stochastic forcings with results being averaged (canonical ensemble in molecular dynamics). However, instead of this computationally intensive approach, one can use the Fokker–Planck equation and consider the probability of the part... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Data may also be created in the manufacturing of the media, as is the case with most optical disc formats for commercial data distribution. In this case, the user can not write to the disc it is a ROM format. Data may be written by a nonlinear optical method, but in this case the use of very high power lasers is accept... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the gene identification process, MG-RAST employs a machine learning approach known as FragGeneScan. This method is utilized to identify gene sequences within the metagenomic or metatranscriptomic data.
For the identification of ribosomal RNA sequences, MG-RAST initiates a BLAT search against a reduced version of the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A racemic mixture is denoted by the prefix (±)- or dl- (for sugars the prefix - may be used), indicating an equal (1:1) mixture of dextro and levo isomers. Also the prefix rac- (or racem-) or the symbols RS and SR (all in italic letters) are used.
If the ratio is not 1:1 (or is not known), the prefix (+)/(−), - or d/l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tissue clearing methods have varying compatibility with different methods of fluorescent labeling. Some are better suited to pre-clearing tagging approaches, such as genetic labeling. while others require post-clearing tagging, such as immunolabeling and chemical dye labeling. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In October 2011, the first clinical trial was announced for the treatment of choroideremia. Dr. Robert MacLaren of the University of Oxford, who lead the trial, co-developed the treatment with Dr. Miguel Seabra of the Imperial College, London. This Phase 1/2 trial used subretinal AAV to restore the REP gene in affected... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a potential application in nanotechnology, the diazonium salts 4-chlorobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate very efficiently functionalizes single wall nanotubes. In order to exfoliate the nanotubes, they are mixed with an ionic liquid in a mortar and pestle. The diazonium salt is added together with potassium carbona... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fig. 5 shows a so-called DC SQUID. It consists of two superconductors connected by two weak links. The fluxoid quantization of a loop through the two bulk superconductors and the two weak links demands
If the self-inductance of the loop can be neglected the magnetic flux in the loop Φ is equal to the applied flux
with ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Water treatment systems often require the degradation of hazardous compounds. These treatment processes are dubbed Advanced oxidation processes, and are key in destroying byproducts from disinfection, pesticides, and other hazardous compound. There is an emerging effort to enable these processes to destroy more tenacio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When tested by commercial laboratories, alguronic acid showed significant results in several skin benefit and anti-aging parameters, both independently and compared to other well-known anti-aging ingredients. The funding for these third party laboratories is not disclosed. The acid, an heterogeneous mix of polysacchari... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
#DNA-PET: Because PET represent connectivity between the tags, the use of PET in genome re-sequencing has advantages over the use of single reads. This application is called pairwise end sequencing, known colloquially as double-barrel shotgun sequencing. Anchoring one half of the pair uniquely to a single location in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermogravimetric kinetics may be explored for insight into the reaction mechanisms of thermal (catalytic or non-catalytic) decomposition involved in the pyrolysis and combustion processes of different materials.
Activation energies of the decomposition process can be calculated using Kissinger method.
Though a constan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While the exact mechanism of action is still unknown many important protein physical properties play a part in the Vroman Effect. Proteins have many properties that are important to take into consideration when discussing protein adsorption. These properties include the protein size, charge, mobility, stability, and th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Creosote is a category of carbonaceous chemicals formed by the distillation of various tars and pyrolysis of plant-derived material, such as wood, or fossil fuel. They are typically used as preservatives or antiseptics.
Some creosote types were used historically as a treatment for components of seagoing and outdoor woo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most widely used anodizing specification in the US is a U.S. military spec, MIL-A-8625, which defines three types of aluminium anodizing. Type I is chromic acid anodizing, Type II is sulphuric acid anodizing, and Type III is sulphuric acid hard anodizing. Other anodizing specifications include more MIL-SPECs (e.g.,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Due to natural occurrence of radioactive elements such as thorium and radium in rare-earth ore, mining operations also result in production of waste and mineral deposits that are slightly radioactive. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The vapour-phase-mediated antimicrobial activity (VMAA) is the inhibitory or cidal antimicrobial activity of a molecule in a liquid culture, following its initial evaporation and migration via the vapour-phase Two new in vitro assays i.e. the vapour-phase-mediated patch assay and the vapour-phase-mediated susceptibilit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The particle size, or fineness, of powder materials is very often critical to their performance.
Measurement of air permeability can be performed very rapidly, and does not require the powder to be exposed to vacuum or to gases or vapours, as is necessary for the BET method for determination of specific surface area. T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It has been shown that as reservoir simulators use the primary drainage capillary pressure data for saturation-height modeling calculations, primary drainage capillary pressure data should be averaged in the same manner that water saturations are averaged. Also, as reservoir simulators use the imbibition and secondary ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When the generator is left unused, Mo decays to Tc, which in turn decays to Tc. The half-life of Tc is far longer than its metastable isomer, so the ratio of Tc to Tc increases over time. Both isomers are carried out by the elution process and react equally well with the ligand, but the Tc is an impurity useless to ima... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The use of biofilters is common in closed aquaculture systems, such as recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The biofiltration techniques used in aquaculture can be separated into three categories: biological, physical, and chemical. The main biological method is nitrification, physical methods include mechanical te... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Juvenile retinoschisis is a disease that affects the nerve tissue in the eye. This disease is an X-linked recessive degenerative disease of the central macula region, and it is caused by mutation in the RSI gene encoding the protein retinoschisin. Retinoschisin is produced in the photoreceptor and bipolar cells and it... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Christopher J. Chetsanga (born 1935 in Murehwa, Rhodesia) is a prominent Zimbabwean scientist who is a member of the African Academy of Sciences and The World Academy of Sciences. He discovered two enzymes involved in DNA repair. He has also held various academic administrative posts like Vice-Chancellor, Director and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Complexes of polymers with DNA are called polyplexes. Most polyplexes consist of cationic polymers and their fabrication is based on self-assembly by ionic interactions. One important difference between the methods of action of polyplexes and lipoplexes is that polyplexes cannot directly release their DNA load into the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Historians debate whether bloomery-based ironworking ever spread to China from the Middle East. One theory suggests that metallurgy was introduced through Central Asia. In 2008, two iron fragments were excavated at the Mogou site, in Gansu. They have been dated to the 14th century BC, belonging to the period of Siwa cu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The earliest land plants evolved from aquatic plants around (Ma) in the Ordovician period. Many plants have adapted to an iodine-deficient terrestrial environment by removing iodine from their metabolism; in fact, iodine is essential only for animal cells. An important antiparasitic action is caused by the blockage in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The phosphatome of an organism is the set of phosphatase genes in its genome. Phosphatases are enzymes that catalyze the removal of phosphate from biomolecules. Over half of all cellular proteins are modified by phosphorylation which typically controls their functions. Protein phosphorylation is controlled by the oppo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The physicochemical profiling of poorly soluble drug candidates performed using a HTS surface tension device. Allowed prediction of penetration through the blood–brain barrier. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dexketoprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is manufactured by Menarini, under the tradename Keral. It is available in the UK, as dexketoprofen trometamol, as a prescription-only drug and in Latin America as Enantyum, produced by Menarini. Also, in Italy and Spain it is available as an over-the-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The main advantage over other filtration systems is the reduction in energy consumption, up to 90% because no air flows through the discs due to the use of capillary force acting on the pores. Air breakthrough is prevented by the fine pores of the filter, thus allowing retention of higher vacuum levels. Therefore, the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Till the 1950s, only one manuscript of Vaiseshika sutra was known and this manuscript was part of a bhasya by the 15th century Sankaramisra. Scholars had doubted its authenticity, given the inconsistencies in this manuscript and the quotes in other Hindu, Jaina and Buddhist literature claiming to be from the Vaisheshik... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Baeyer–Drewsen indigo synthesis (1882) is an organic reaction in which indigo is prepared from 2-nitrobenzaldehyde and acetone The reaction was developed by von Baeyer in 1880 to produce the first synthetic indigo at laboratory scale. This procedure is not used at industrial scale.
The reaction is clas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Irving–Williams series refers to high-spin, octahedral, divalent metal ion of the first transition series. It places the stabilities of complexes in the order
:Mn < Fe < Co < Ni < Cu > Zn
This order was found to hold for a wide variety of ligands. There are three strands to the explanation of the series.
#The ionic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The use of supercritical carbon dioxide, instead of water, has been examined as a geothermal working fluid. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to the ability of Ang to protect motoneurons (MNs), causal links between Ang mutations and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are likely. The angiogenic factors associated with Ang may protect the central nervous system and MNs directly. Experiments with wild type Ang found that it slows MN degeneration in mice th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1919, Ernest Rutherford was able to accomplish transmutation of nitrogen into oxygen at the University of Manchester, using alpha particles directed at nitrogen N + α → O + p. This was the first observation of an induced nuclear reaction, that is, a reaction in which particles from one decay are used to transform a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calcineurin (CaN) is a calcium and calmodulin dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase (also known as protein phosphatase 3, and calcium-dependent serine-threonine phosphatase). It activates the T cells of the immune system and can be blocked by drugs. Calcineurin activates nuclear factor of activated T cell cyto... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
China has long been considered the exception to the general use of bloomeries. The Chinese are thought to have skipped the bloomery process completely, starting with the blast furnace and the finery forge to produce wrought iron; by the fifth century BC, metalworkers in the southern state of Wu had invented the blast f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemical weapons are said to "make deliberate use of the toxic properties of chemical substances to inflict death". At the start of World War II it was widely reported in newspapers that "entire regions of Europe" would be turned into "lifeless wastelands". However, chemical weapons were not used to the extent predicte... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dimethyl methylphosphonate can be prepared from trimethyl phosphite and a halomethane (e.g. iodomethane) via the Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction.
Dimethyl methylphosphonate is a schedule 2 chemical as it may be used in the production of chemical weapons. It will react with thionyl chloride to produce methylphosphonic acid d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Degradation begins inside macrophages of the spleen, which remove old and damaged erythrocytes from the circulation.
In the first step, heme is converted to biliverdin by the enzyme heme oxygenase (HO). NADPH is used as the reducing agent, molecular oxygen enters the reaction, carbon monoxide (CO) is produced and the i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This timeline of chemistry lists important works, discoveries, ideas, inventions, and experiments that significantly changed humanity's understanding of the modern science known as chemistry, defined as the scientific study of the composition of matter and of its interactions.
Known as "the central science", the study ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mechanistic details of this reaction have been extensively explored by Crich’s laboratories. Low-temperature H, C, and F NMR spectroscopic investigations revealed that anomeric triflate 3 derived from 1 is the intermediate glycosyl donor. Moreover, the mechanism of glycosidic bond forming reaction (3→2) was examine... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorescent properties in nanodiamonds arise from the presence of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers, nitrogen atoms next to a vacancy. Fluorescent nanodiamond (FND) was invented in 2005 and has since been used in various fields of study. The invention received a US patent in 2008 , and a subsequent patent in 2012 . NV cen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HMG proteins are thought to play a significant role in various human disorders. Disruptions and rearrangements in the genes coding for some of the HMG proteins are associated with some common benign tumors. Antibodies to HMG proteins are found in patients with autoimmune diseases. The SRY gene on the Y Chromosome, resp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thienamycin (also known as thienpenem) is one of the most potent naturally produced antibiotics known thus far, discovered in Streptomyces cattleya in 1976. Thienamycin has excellent activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and is resistant to bacterial β-lactamase enzymes. Thienamycin is a zwit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The primary tool for small-scale cupellation was the cupel. Cupels were manufactured in a careful manner. They used to be small vessels shaped in the form of an inverted truncated cone, made of bone ashes. According to Georg Agricola, the best material was obtained from burned antlers of deer, although fish spines coul... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Promoters can be very closely located in the DNA. Such "closely spaced promoters" have been observed in the DNAs of all life forms, from humans to prokaryotes and are highly conserved. Therefore, they may provide some (presently unknown) advantages.
These pairs of promoters can be positioned in divergent, tandem, and c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most common method of teaching chemistry is lecture with a laboratory component. Laboratory courses became a central part of the chemistry curriculum towards the end of the 19th century. The German scientist Justus von Liebig plays a major role in shifting the model of lecture with demonstrations to one that includ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
EngineAir, an Australian company, is making a rotary engine powered by compressed air, called The Di Pietro motor.
The Di Pietro motor concept is based on a rotary piston. Different from existing rotary engines, the Di Pietro motor uses a simple cylindrical rotary piston (shaft driver) which rolls, with little friction... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dippel's oil (sometimes referred to as bone oil) is a nitrogenous by-product of the destructive distillation of bones. A dark, viscous, tar-like liquid with an unpleasant smell, it is named after its inventor, Johann Konrad Dippel. The oil consists of aliphatic chains, with nitrogen functional groups including pyrrole... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chronic solvent exposures are often caused by the inhalation of solvent vapors, or the ingestion of diluted solvents, repeated over the course of an extended period.
Some solvents can damage internal organs like the liver, the kidneys, the nervous system, or the brain. The cumulative brain effects of long-term or repea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The model of ionic atmosphere is less adequate for concentrated ionic solutions near saturation. These solutions as well as molten salts or ionic liquids have a structure similar to the crystalline lattice where water molecules are located between ions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Physical exercise rapidly triggers substantial changes at the organismal level, including the secretion of myokines and metabolites by muscle cells. For instance, aerobic exercise in humans leads to significant structural alterations in the brain, while wheel-running in rodents promotes neurogenesis and improves synapt... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Laser diffraction analysis has been questioned in validity in the following areas:
* assumptions including particles having random configurations and volume values. In some dispersion units, particles have been shown to align themselves together rather than have a turbulent flow, causing them to lead themselves in an ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For virus-associated tumors, such as cervical cancer and a subset of head and neck cancers, epitopes derived from viral open reading frames contribute to the pool of neoantigens. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two GGPP molecules condense via phytoene synthase (PSY), forming the 15-cis isomer of phytoene. PSY belongs to the squalene/phytoene synthase family and is homologous to squalene synthase that takes part in steroid biosynthesis. The subsequent conversion of phytoene into all-trans-lycopene depends on the organism. Bact... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During the 2000s, inflatables have replaced the plastic blow-molded yard decorations used as Christmas decorations at many U.S. homes, and are also now used as Halloween decorations and for other occasions as well.
These are made of a synthetic fabric, of which different colors have been sewn together in various patter... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The IsoRes hypothesis has been tested experimentally by means of growth of E. coli and found to be supported by extremely strong statistics (p ). Particular strong evidence of faster growth was found for the “super-resonance”.
Fig. 1. 2D plot of molecular masses of 3000 E. coli tryptic peptides. A – terrestrial isotopi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The pan amalgamation process is a method to extract silver from ore, using salt and copper(II) sulfate in addition to mercury. The process was widely used from 1609 through the 19th century; it is no longer used.
The patio process had been used to extract silver from ore since its invention in 1557. One drawback of th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transition-metal-catalyzed
cascade sequences combine the novelty and power of organometallic chemistry
with the synthetic utility and economy of cascade reactions, providing an even
more ecologically and economically desirable approach to organic synthesis.
For instance, rhodium catalysis was used to convert acyclic mo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Archaea have a preinitiation complex resembling that of a minimized Pol II PIC, with a TBP and an Archaeal transcription factor B (TFB, a TFIIB homolog). The assembly follows a similar sequence, starting with TBP binding to the promoter. An interesting aspect is that the entire complex is bound in an inverse orientatio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases within the nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule. This succession is denoted by a series of a set of five different letters that indicate the order of the nucleotides. By convention, sequences are usually presented from the 5 end to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a magnetized, perfectly conducting fluid, the magnetic forces behave in some very important respects as though the elements of fluid were connected with elastic bands: trying to displace such an element perpendicular to a magnetic line of force causes an attractive force proportional to the displacement, like a spri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cross-vanes are U-shaped structures made of boulders or logs, built across the channel to concentrate stream flow in the center of the channel and thereby reduce bank erosion. They do not impact channel capacity and provides other benefits such as improved habitat for aquatic species. Similar structures used to dissipa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alain Berton was awarded the Medal of the International Bureau of Analytical Chemistry (BICA)- International fight against chemical weapons. led by :fr:Paul Nicolardot. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*[https://bitbucket.org/philip_cardiff/solids4foam-release/src/master/solids4foam solids4Foam], a toolbox for OpenFOAM with capabilities for solid mechanics and fluid solid interactions
*[http://www.oomph-lib.org/ oomph-lib]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081203094902/http://www.csc.fi/english/pages/elmer/examples/Cou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gene Map Annotator and Pathway Profiler (GenMAPP) a free, open-source, stand-alone computer program is designed for organizing, analyzing, and sharing genome scale data in the context of biological pathways. GenMAPP database support multiple gene annotations and species as well as custom species database creation for a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To date there are more than 300 known coregulators. Some examples of these coactivators include:
* ARA54 targets androgen receptors
* ATXN7L3 targets several members of the nuclear receptor superfamily
* BCL3 targets 9-cis retinoic acid receptor (RXR)
* CBP targets many transcription factors
* CDC25B targets steroid r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Segrè was appointed assistant professor of physics at the University of Rome in 1932 and worked there until 1936, becoming one of the Via Panisperna boys. In 1934, he met Elfriede Spiro, a Jewish woman whose family had come from Ostrowo in West Prussia, but had fled to Breslau when that part of Prussia became part of P... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A number of factors can affect the migration of nucleic acids: the dimension of the gel pores, the voltage used, the ionic strength of the buffer, and the concentration intercalating dye such as ethidium bromide if used during electrophoresis. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A similar process (environmental stress cracking) occurs in polymers, when products are exposed to specific solvents or aggressive chemicals such as acids and alkalis. As with metals, attack is confined to specific polymers and particular chemicals. Thus polycarbonate is sensitive to attack by alkalis, but not by acids... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A type Ia supernova results from runaway carbon fusion in the core of a carbon-oxygen white dwarf star. If a white dwarf, which is composed almost entirely of degenerate matter, can gain mass from a companion, the increasing temperature and density of material in its core will ignite carbon fusion if the star's mass ap... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methanol is a fuel for heat engines and fuel cells. Due to its high octane rating it can be used directly as a fuel in flex-fuel cars (including hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles) using existing internal combustion engines (ICE). Methanol can also be burned in some other kinds of engine or to provide heat as other liq... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Identification of the blockage positions of the hairpin produced by the hybridization of the discriminating nucleotides can be observed as the pauses in the time course of the hairpin distance measurement. The complete sequence can be reconstructed by the overlapping fragments. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1964 he joined the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority. In 1966 he obtained a research assistant post at the Nottingham and District Technical College where he began his research on particle technology. In 1969 he moved to the chemical engineering department of Loughborough University of Technology.
He stayed t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although Jaffes name is synonymous with clinical creatinine testing, his paper only described the principle behind what would later become the enduring method. It was Otto Folin (1867–1934), a Harvard biochemist, who adapted Jaffes research—abandoning the standard Neubauer reaction of the time—and published several pap... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The form the equation is written in is not entirely clear due to different definitions for . This term can be found defined as or its transpose (for example see Strain-rate_tensor containing both). Changing this definition only necessitates changes in transpose operations and is thus largely inconsequential and can be... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While many of the proteins involved in NMD are not conserved between species, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), there are three main factors in NMD: UPF1, UPF2 and UPF3 (UPF3A and UPF3B in humans), that make up the conserved core of the NMD pathway. All three of these factors are trans-acting elements called up-fram... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some fission products decay with the release of delayed neutrons, important to nuclear reactor control.
Other fission products, such as xenon-135 and samarium-149, have a high neutron absorption cross section. Since a nuclear reactor must balance neutron production and absorption rates, fission products that absorb neu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A proposal regarding the interlinking of rivers in India has a long history. During the British colonial rule, for example, the 19th century engineer Arthur Cotton proposed the plan to interlink major Indian rivers in order to hasten import and export of goods from its colony in South Asia, as well as to address water ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Research on paracrine signaling through the JAK-STAT pathway revealed its potential in activating invasive behavior of ovarian epithelial cells. This epithelial to mesenchymal transition is highly evident in metastasis. Paracrine signaling through the JAK-STAT pathway is necessary in the transition from stationary epit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A fire requires heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent. The energy required to overcome the activation energy barrier for combustion is transferred as heat into the system, resulting in changes to the systems internal energy. In a process, the energy input to start a fire may comprise both work and heat, such as when one r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermoclines are often associated with chlorophyll maximum layers. Internal waves represent oscillations of these thermoclines and therefore have the potential to transfer these phytoplankton rich waters downward, coupling benthic and pelagic systems. Areas affected by these events show higher growth rates of suspensio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Radiosynthesis is the theorized capture and metabolism, by living organisms, of energy from ionizing radiation, analogously to photosynthesis. Metabolism of ionizing radiation was theorized as early as 1956 by the Russian microbiologist S. I. Kuznetsov.
Beginning in the 1990s, researchers at the Chernobyl Nuclear Powe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In acid–base chemistry, homoassociation (an IUPAC term) is an association between a base and its conjugate acid through a hydrogen bond. The alternate term homoconjugation also has wide usage, but is ambiguous because it has another meaning in organic chemistry (see Conjugated system#Mechanism).
Most commonly, homoas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glyoxalase I (GLO1), glyoxalase II (GLO2), and reduced glutathione (GSH). In bacteria, there is an additional enzyme that functions if there is no GSH, it is called the third glyoxalase protein, glyoxalase 3 (GLO3). GLO3 has not been found in humans yet.
The pathway begins with methylglyoxal (MG), which is produced fro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The perturbative treatment of the Stark effect has some problems. In the presence of an electric field, states of atoms and molecules that were previously bound (square-integrable), become formally (non-square-integrable) resonances of finite width. These resonances may decay in finite time via field ionization. For lo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Center for Orphan Drug Research at the University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy helps small companies with insufficient in-house expertise and resources in drug synthesis, formulation, pharmacometrics, and bio-analysis.
The Keck Graduate Institute Center for Rare Disease Therapies (CRDT) in Claremont, California... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The absorption of energy followed by the emission of light is often described by the term luminescence. The exact term used is based on the energy source responsible for the luminescence as in color-change phenomena.
*Electrical – electroluminescence Galvanoluminescence Sonoluminescence.
*Photons (light) – Photolumine... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sucrose is a disaccharide formed from condensation of glucose and fructose to produce α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-fructofuranoside. Sucrose has 8 hydroxyl groups which can be reacted with fatty acid esters to produce sucrose esters. Among the 8 hydroxyl groups on sucrose, three (C6, C1, and C6) are primary while the o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modern botanical gardens were preceded by medieval physic gardens, often monastic gardens, that existed by 800 at least. Gardens of this time included various sections including one for medicinal plants called the or . Pope Nicholas V set aside part of the Vatican grounds in 1447 for a garden of medicinal plants that... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and CO by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). The PDC contains multiple copies of three enzymes and is located in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes. In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO is f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As far back as 1974, DNA sequence similarity was recognized as a valuable tool for determining relationships among taxa. Structural genes in general are more highly conserved due to functional constraint, and so can prove useful in examinations of more disparate taxa. Original analyses enriched samples for structural g... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ketones are produced on massive scales in industry as solvents, polymer precursors, and pharmaceuticals. In terms of scale, the most important ketones are acetone, methylethyl ketone, and cyclohexanone. They are also common in biochemistry, but less so than in organic chemistry in general. The combustion of hydrocarbon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A spring type accumulator is similar in operation to the gas-charged accumulator above, except that a heavy spring (or springs) is used to provide the compressive force. According to Hooke's law the magnitude of the force exerted by a spring is linearly proportional to its change of length. Therefore, as the spring com... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There is a half-life describing any exponential-decay process. For example:
*As noted above, in radioactive decay the half-life is the length of time after which there is a 50% chance that an atom will have undergone nuclear decay. It varies depending on the atom type and isotope, and is usually determined experimental... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain containing (FGD) is a gene family consisting of:
* FGD1
* FGD2
* FGD3
* FGD4
Type 1 is associated with Aarskog-Scott syndrome. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Earth's mantle is a significant reservoir of carbon. The mantle contains more carbon than the crust, oceans, biosphere, and atmosphere put together. The figure is estimated to be very roughly 10 kg. Carbon concentration in the mantle is very variable, varying by more than a factor of 100 between different parts.
The fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Under the assumptions of an incompressible fluid with negligible viscosity, Bernoulli's principle states that the hydraulic energy is constant
at any two points in the flowing liquid. Here is fluid speed, is the acceleration due to gravity, is the height above some reference point, is the pressure, and is the den... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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