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Myo-inositol trispyrophosphate (ITPP), also known as OXY111A, is an inositol phosphate that causes a rightward shift in the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve through allosteric modulation of hemoglobin within red blood cells. It is an experimental drug intended to reduce tissue hypoxia. The effects appear to last ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ethnochemistry is the study of chemical ideas found in any culture; where an appreciation of cultural heritage is preserved. In the West African country of Ghana, an example of this are the bead makers who do not explain what they're doing in modern chemical terms, though they do explain the process in their own artis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Disphenoidal or seesaw (also known as sawhorse) is a type of molecular geometry where there are four bonds to a central atom with overall C molecular symmetry. The name "seesaw" comes from the observation that it looks like a playground seesaw. Most commonly, four bonds to a central atom result in tetrahedral or, less ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (4-HPPA) is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine. The aromatic side chain of phenylalanine is hydroxylated by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase to form tyrosine. The conversion from tyrosine to 4-HPPA is in turn catalyzed by tyrosine aminotransferase. Addit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Venus Express orbiter collected Venus science data from April 2006 until December 2014. In 2008, Piccioni, et al. reported measurements of night-side airglow emission in the atmosphere of Venus made with the Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS) on Venus Express. They attributed emission bands ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TRPS was developed by Izon Science Limited, producer of commercially available nanopore-based particle characterization systems. Izon Science Limited currently sell one TRPS device, known as the "Exoid". Previous devices include the "qNano", the "qNano Gold" and the "qViron". These systems have been applied to measure ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While LCP was the first and sole method used to produce poly(phthalaldehyde), its usage nowadays has dramatically decreased in favor of other polymerization techniques which allow a better control over the polymer properties including molar mass and thermal stability. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Deprotonation of sulfonium and oxosulfonium salts affords ylides, of structure RS−C−R′ and RS(O)−C−R′. While sulfonium ylides, for instance in the Johnson–Corey–Chaykovsky reaction used to synthesize epoxides, are sometimes drawn with a C=S double bond, e.g., RS=CR′, the ylidic carbon–sulfur bond is highly polarized an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For logic gates with a single input, there are four possible output patterns. When the input is 0, the output can be either a 0 or 1. When the input is 1, the output can again be 0 or 1. The four output bit patterns that can arise corresponds to a specific logic type: PASS 0, YES, NOT, and PASS 1. PASS 0 always outputs... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Capsinoids are alkaloid substances naturally present in chili peppers. Although they are structurally similar to capsaicin, the substance that causes pungency in hot peppers, they largely lack that characteristic. Capsinoids have an estimated "hot taste threshold" which is about 1/1000 that of capsaicin. Capsinoids wer... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A purpose for introducing spiciness is to decrease the amount of state variables needed; the density at constant depth is a function of potential temperature and salinity and of using both, spiciness can be used. If the goal is to only quantify the variation of water parcels along isopycnals, the variation in absolute ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Home pill testing equipment is illegal in the US state of Illinois where the (720 ILCS 600/) Drug Paraphernalia Control Act specifically outlaws "testing equipment intended to be used unlawfully in a private home for identifying or in analyzing the strength, effectiveness or purity of cannabis or controlled substances;... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Various factors enhance the likelihood of MPTP opening. In some mitochondria, such as those in the central nervous system, high levels of Ca within mitochondria can cause the MPT pore to open. This is possibly because Ca binds to and activates Ca binding sites on the matrix side of the MPTP.
MPT induction is also due t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A program package MatchMiner was used to scan HUGO names for cloned genes of interest are scanned, then are input into GoMiner, which leveraged the GO to identify the biological processes, functions and components represented in the gene profile. Also, Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (D... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When ortho substitution occurs in benzoic acid, steric hindrance causes the carboxyl group to twist out of the plane of the benzene ring. The twisting inhibits the resonance of the carboxyl group with the phenyl ring, leading to increased acidity of the carboxyl group. This increased acidity contrasts with the reduced ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sinking oceanic particles encompass a wide range of shape, porosity, ballast and other characteristics. The model shown in the diagram at the right attempts to capture some of the predominant features that influence the shape of the sinking flux profile (red line).
The sinking of organic particles produced in the uppe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A comparative NAIL-MS experiment is quite similar to a SILAC experiment but for RNA instead of proteins. First, two populations of the respective cells are cultivated. One of the cell populations is fed with growth medium containing unlabeled nutrients, whereas the second population is fed with growth medium containing... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Brønsted catalysis equation or law of correlation, after Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted, gives the relationship between acid strength and catalytic activity in general acid catalysis.
A plot of the common logarithm of the reaction rate constant k versus the logarithm of the ionization constant K for a series of acids (... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Muon-catalyzed fusion is a fusion process that occurs at ordinary temperatures. It was studied in detail by Steven Jones in the early 1980s. Net energy production from this reaction has been unsuccessful because of the high energy required to create muons, their short 2.2 µs half-life, and the high chance that a muon w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There is an extension to DLTS known as a high resolution Laplace transform DLTS (LDLTS). Laplace DLTS is an isothermal technique in which the capacitance transients are digitized and averaged at a fixed temperature. Then the defect emission rates are obtained with a use of numerical methods being equivalent to the inve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Gran plot is based on the Nernst equation which can be written as
where E is a measured electrode potential, E is a standard electrode potential, s is the slope, ideally equal to RT/nF, and {H} is the activity of the hydrogen ion. The expression rearranges to
depending on whether the electrode is calibrated in mill... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first time scientists were able to grow artificial hair follicles from stem cells was in 2010. Scientists at the Berlin Technical University in Germany took animal cells and created follicles by using them. As a result, they produced follicles "thinner than normal", but they were confident they could develop the ri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The early Iron Age in China began before 1000 BCE, with the introduction of ironware, such as knives, swords, and arrowheads, from the west into Xinjiang, before it further diffused to Qinghai and Gansu. In 2008, two iron fragments were excavated at the Mogou site, in Gansu. They have been dated to the 14th century BCE... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The synthesis of molograms on the sensor chip is realized with properly designed surface chemistry and reactive immersion lithography (RIL). Through the RIL process the biomolecular recognition structure of the mologram on a light-sensitive non-fouling graft copolymer layer can be created by standard lithography techn... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Climate change contributes to warmer waters which makes conditions more favorable for algae growth in more regions and farther north. In general, still, warm, shallow water, combined with high-nutrient conditions in lakes or rivers, increases the risk of harmful algal blooms. Warming of summer surface temperatures of l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The addition of a benzene spacer in x-nucleobases affects the bases' optical absorption spectra. Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) applied to xDNA revealed that the benzene component of the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) in the x-bases pins the absorption onset at an earlier point than natura... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Trimethylsilyl azide , and tributyltin azide , have all been used, including enantioselective modifications of the reaction are also known. Aminoazides are accessible by the epoxide and aziridine ring cleavage, respectively. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, trigonal planar is a molecular geometry model with one atom at the center and three atoms at the corners of an equilateral triangle, called peripheral atoms, all in one plane. In an ideal trigonal planar species, all three ligands are identical and all bond angles are 120°. Such species belong to the poin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With hexagonal and rhombohedral lattice systems, it is possible to use the Bravais–Miller system, which uses four indices (h k i ℓ) that obey the constraint
: h + k + i = 0.
Here h, k and ℓ are identical to the corresponding Miller indices, and i is a redundant index.
This four-index scheme for labeling planes in a hex... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because applying mathematical equations to turbulent flow and diffusion is so difficult, research in this area has been lacking until recently. In the past, laboratory efforts have used data from steady flow in streams or from fluids, that have a high Reynolds number, flowing through pipes, but it is difficult to obtai... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
R-410A, sold under the trademarked names AZ-20, EcoFluor R410, Forane 410A, Genetron R410A, Puron, and Suva 410A, is a zeotropic but near-azeotropic mixture of difluoromethane (CHF, called R-32) and pentafluoroethane (CHFCF, called R-125) that is used as a refrigerant in air conditioning and heat pump applications. R-4... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For low shear rates, dilute suspensions or suspensions involving small particles, the viscosity of the fluid is a much stronger effect than the inertia of the particles. The particles do not interact strongly with each other. By considering the forces on a particle in a fluid in the Stokes regime, it can be shown that ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Agricultural chemistry is the chemistry, especially organic chemistry and biochemistry, as they relate to agriculture. Agricultural chemistry embraces the structures and chemical reactions relevant in the production, protection, and use of crops and livestock. Its applied science and technology aspects are directed t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Light-harvesting complex I is permanently bound to photosystem I via the plant-specific subunit PsaG. It is made up of four proteins: Lhca1, Lhca2, Lhca3, and Lhca4, all of which belong to the LHC or chlorophyll a/b-binding family. The LHC wraps around the PS1 reaction core. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dimension of physical quantities of interest in mechanics can be expressed in terms of base dimensions T, L, and M – these form a 3-dimensional vector space. This is not the only valid choice of base dimensions, but it is the one most commonly used. For example, one might choose force, length and mass as the base d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metals can be heat treated to alter the properties of strength, ductility, toughness, hardness or resistance to corrosion. Common heat treatment processes include annealing, precipitation hardening, quenching, and tempering:
* annealing softens the metal by allowing recovery of cold work and grain growth.
* quenching ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nitric acid is a source of nitric oxide complexes, although the details are obscure. Probably relevant is the conventional self-dehydration of nitric acid:
: 2 HNO → NONO + HO
Nitric acid is used in some preparations of nitroprusside from ferrocyanide:
: HNO + [Fe(CN)] → [Fe(CN)(NO)] + OH + OCN | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In May 2015, the New England Journal of Medicine emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to overemphasize the problems created by financial conflicts of interes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The closure of tidal inlets serves various primary purposes:
* Land reclamation
* Shortening sea defence length
* Creation of fresh water reservoirs
* Establishment of tidal energy basins
* Development of fixed-level harbour docks
* Construction of docks for marine activities
* Provision of road or rail connections
* R... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Three forms of the sixth-order Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equations are encountered in applications involving tricritical points, which are given by | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Protein adsorption and protein fouling can cause major problems in the food industry (particularly the dairy industry) when proteins from food adsorb to processing surfaces, such as stainless steel or plastic (e.g. polypropylene). Protein fouling is the gathering of protein aggregates on a surface. This is most common... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The THz fields can be applied to accelerate electrons out of their equilibrium. If this is done fast enough, one can measure the elementary processes, such as how fast the screening of the Coulomb interaction is built up. This was experimentally explored in Ref. where it was shown that screening is complete within tens... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The majority of quorum sensing systems that fall under the "two-gene" (an autoinducer synthase coupled with a receptor molecule) paradigm as defined by the Vibrio fischeri system occur in the gram-negative Pseudomonadota. A comparison between the Pseudomonadota phylogeny as generated by 16S ribosomal RNA sequences and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
4-Hydroxyestrone (4-OHE1), also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,4-diol-17-one, is an endogenous, naturally occurring catechol estrogen and a minor metabolite of estrone and estradiol. It is estrogenic, similarly to many other hydroxylated estrogen metabolites such as 2-hydroxyestradiol, 16α-hydroxyestrone, estriol (1... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diffusivity, mass diffusivity or diffusion coefficient is usually written as the proportionality constant between the molar flux due to molecular diffusion and the negative value of the gradient in the concentration of the species. More accurately, the diffusion coefficient times the local concentration is the proporti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*1.[https://web.archive.org/web/20060118094514/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=5039 Nanotechnology: Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance]
*2.[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/354067215X Functional MRI] | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cyclopentadienyl derivatives of Ce are particularly well characterized. Hundreds have been examined by X-ray crystallography. The depicted is one of many.
Some of the best characterized organocerium(IV) compounds feature cyclopentadienyl ligands, e.g. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The compound's band structure exhibits a double Dirac cone, enabling Dirac fermions. A 30 meV gap separates the cones, which indicates the quantum Hall effect and massive Dirac fermions. Close measurement of the Fermi surface via the de Haas-van Alphen effect suggests that the massive fermions also exhibit Kane-Mele-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In rat models, the specific effect of MAM on neural development depends on the gestational age of the subject. At the seventeenth gestational day (GD17), administration of MAM produces behavioral and histopathological patterns found in schizophrenia. The molecular mechanism behind this model is not fully known. Methyla... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The recent identification of several antimicrobial compounds from the secretions of animal dermal scent glands may be the beginning of a promising new area of drug development. Assuming functional analogs of these lead compounds can be synthesized and found to be effective in vivo, the potential exists for producing ne... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Half-sandwich compounds employing Ru(II), such as (cymene)ruthenium dichloride dimer, have been mainly investigated as catalysts for transfer hydrogenation. These complexes feature three coordination sites that are susceptible to substitution, while the arene ligand is tightly bonded and protects the metal against oxi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The effect of the sigma electron displacement towards the more electronegative atom by which one end becomes positively charged and the other end negatively charged is known as the inductive effect. The -I effect is a permanent effect & generally represented by an arrow on the bond.
However, some groups, such as the al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1899, Charles Ernest Overton and Hans Horst Meyer independently proposed that the tadpole toxicity of non-ionizable organic compounds depends on their ability to partition into lipophilic compartments of cells. They further proposed the use of the partition coefficient in an olive oil/water mixture as an estimate of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sucrose esters or sucrose fatty acid esters are a group of non-naturally occurring surfactants chemically synthesized from the esterification of sucrose and fatty acids (or glycerides). This group of substances is remarkable for the wide range of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) that it covers. The polar sucrose mo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Corpuscularianism is similar to atomism, except that where atoms were supposed to be indivisible, corpuscles could in principle be divided. In this manner, for example, it was theorized that mercury could penetrate into metals and modify their inner structure, a step on the way towards transmutative production of gold.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In some areas, where more land is available, sewage is treated in large round or oval ditches with one or more horizontal aerators typically called brush or disc aerators which drive the mixed liquor around the ditch and provide aeration. These are oxidation ditches, often referred to by manufacturer's trade names such... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Authorities in Italy are investigating a Ndrangheta mafia clan accused of trafficking and illegally dumping nuclear waste. According to a whistleblower, a manager of the Italys state energy research agency Enea paid the clan to get rid of 600 drums of toxic and radioactive waste from Italy, Switzerland, France, Germany... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Early transition metal amides may be prepared by treating anhydrous metal chloride with alkali amide reagents. In some cases, two equivalents of a secondary amine can be used, one equivalent serving as a base:
:MCl + n LiNR → M(NR) + n LiCl
:MCl + 2n HNR → M(NR) + n HNR·HCl
Transition metal amide complexes have been p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In situations where permanent magnetisation is not possible, e.g. above the Curie temperature, to maintain a magnetic field must be large enough such that induction outweighs diffusion.
It is not the absolute magnitude of velocity that is important for induction, but rather the relative differences and shearing in the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lead azide is highly sensitive and usually handled and stored under water in insulated rubber containers. It will explode after a fall of around 150 mm (6 in) or in the presence of a static discharge of 7 millijoules. Its detonation velocity is around .
Ammonium acetate and sodium dichromate are used to destroy small q... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A grant from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council of £25,249 was awarded on 19 January 2010 to extend the video library to include topical videos on molecules of general interest. The first of these new videos were on carbon dioxide and methane. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2016 the first GaN CMOS logic using PMOS and NMOS transistors was reported with gate lengths of 0.5 μm (gate widths of the PMOS and NMOS transistors were 500 μm and 50 μm, respectively). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because of limited computing power, specialized simulation models have been developed for various purposes depending on the time scale:
a) Electronic scale simulations (density function theory, ab-initio molecular dynamics): sub-atomic length scale in femto-second time scale
b) Atomic scale simulations (MD): nano to mi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The activity of the daughter is given by the Bateman equation:
where and are the activity of the parent and daughter, respectively. and are the half-lives (inverses of reaction rates in the above equation modulo ln(2)) of the parent and daughter, respectively, and BR is the branching ratio.
In transient equilibriu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ABS is an excellent method to employ for the extraction of proteins/enzymes and other labile biomolecules from crude cell extracts or other mixtures. Most often, this technique is employed in enzyme technology during industrial or laboratory production of enzymes.
* They provide mild conditions that do not harm or dena... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mechanical properties of titanium foams are sensitive to the presence of interstitial solutes, which present limitations to processing routes and utilization. Titanium has a high affinity for atmospheric gases. In foams, this is evidenced by the metal's tendency to trap oxides within cell edges.
Micro-hardness of c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate can be used for esterification of carboxylic acids under conditions where acid-catalyzed reactions are infeasible:
Although rarely employed for esterifications, carboxylate salts (often generated in situ) react with electrophilic alkylating agents, such as alkyl halides, to give este... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), also known as nitrate/nitrite ammonification, is the result of anaerobic respiration by chemoorganoheterotrophic microbes using nitrate (NO) as an electron acceptor for respiration. In anaerobic conditions microbes which undertake DNRA oxidise organic matter and use n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nitrosyl complexes are traditionally prepared by treating metal complexes with nitric oxide. The method is mainly used with reduced precursors. Illustrative is the nitrosylation of cobalt carbonyl to give cobalt tricarbonyl nitrosyl:
:Co(CO) + 2NO → 2CoNO(CO) + 2CO | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Norgestrel (rac-13-ethyl-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone), the racemic mixture containing levonorgestrel and dextronorgestrel, was discovered by Hughes and colleagues at Wyeth in 1963 via structural modification of norethisterone (17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone). It was the first progestogen to be manufactured via total... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As the result of substrate effects producing preferred crystallite orientations, pronounced textures tend to occur in thin films. Modern technological devices to a large extent rely on polycrystalline thin films with thicknesses in the nanometer and micrometer ranges. This holds, for instance, for all microelectronic a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Beauty products are now widely available from dedicated internet-only retailers, who have more recently been joined online by established outlets, including major department stores and traditional brick-and-mortar beauty retailers.
Like most industries, cosmetic companies resist regulation by government agencies. In th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Coacervate ( or ) is an aqueous phase rich in macromolecules such as synthetic polymers, proteins or nucleic acids. It forms through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), leading to a dense phase in thermodynamic equilibrium with a dilute phase. The dispersed droplets of dense phase are also called coacervates, micro-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heap leach mining works well for large volumes of low grade ores, as reduced metallurgical treatment (comminution) of the ore is required in order to extract an equivalent amount of minerals when compared to milling. The significantly reduced processing costs are offset by the reduced yield of usually approximately 60-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*GB772534A Improvements in or relating to titanium base alloys
*CH457874A Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung einer Titanlegierung
*GB929931A Titanium-base alloys and their heat treatment
*US3007824A Method of heat treating a ti-be alloy
*US3118828A Electrode structure with titanium alloy base
*FI35168A Sätt att framställa e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Norşuntepe is a tell, or archaeological settlement mound, in Elazığ Province (Turkey). The site was occupied between the Chalcolithic and Iron Age and is now partially submerged by Lake Keban. It was excavated between 1968 and 1974. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Danishefsky Taxol total synthesis in organic chemistry is an important third Taxol synthesis published by the group of Samuel Danishefsky in 1996 two years after the first two efforts described in the Holton Taxol total synthesis and the Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis. Combined they provide a good insight in the ap... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The equilibrium constant for the reaction is related to ΔG° by the relation:
where T is the absolute temperature and R is the gas constant. A positive value of ΔG° therefore implies
so that starting from molar stoichiometric quantities such a reaction would move backwards toward equilibrium, not forwards.
Nevertheles... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Copper tubing is most often used for supply of hot and cold water, and as refrigerant line in HVAC systems. There are two basic types of copper tubing, soft copper and rigid copper. Copper tubing is joined using flare connection, compression connection, or solder. Copper offers a high level of resistance to corrosion, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The iron–sulfur world hypothesis is a set of proposals for the origin of life and the early evolution of life advanced in a series of articles between 1988 and 1992 by Günter Wächtershäuser, a Munich patent lawyer with a degree in chemistry, who had been encouraged and supported by philosopher Karl R. Popper to publish... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An alternative, catalyst-free method for transesterification uses supercritical methanol at high temperatures and pressures in a continuous process. In the supercritical state, the oil and methanol are in a single phase, and reaction occurs spontaneously and rapidly. The process can tolerate water in the feedstock, fre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These materials are prepared by treating graphite with a strong oxidant or a strong reducing agent:
The reaction is reversible.
The host (graphite) and the guest X interact by charge transfer. An analogous process is the basis of commercial lithium-ion batteries.
In a graphite intercalation compound not every layer is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In prehistory gold could be found in several areas of Europe; the Carpathian region, Iberia, south-western France, Brittany, Britain and Ireland. The latter in particular had rich gold reserves, and as such has been labelled an "ancient El Dorado". Across the world, and in many cultures, gold has been highly valued as ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plasmids replicate to produce many plasmid molecules in each host bacterial cell. The number of copies of each plasmid in a bacterial cell is determined by the replication origin, which is the position within the plasmid molecule where DNA replication is initiated. Most binary vectors have a higher number of plasmid co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Natural cloning is the production of clones without the involvement of genetic engineering techniques. It may occur accidentally in the case of identical twins, which are formed when a fertilized egg splits, creating two or more embryos that carry almost identical DNA. It may also be part of asexual reproduction, which... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hemiacetals and hemiketals may be thought of as intermediates in the reaction between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones, with the final product being an acetal or a ketal:
:RC=O + ROH ⇌ RC(OH)(OR)
:RC(OH)(OR) + ROH ⇌ RC(OR') + HO
Usually, the second reaction is unfavorable. In the presence of a dehydrating agent, it p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Governments worldwide have created provisions for granting access to drugs prior to approval for patients who have exhausted all alternative treatment options and do not match clinical trial entry criteria. Often grouped under the labels of compassionate use, expanded access, or named patient supply, these programs are... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In metalloproteins, metal ions are usually coordinated by nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur centers belonging to amino acid residues of the protein. These donor groups are often provided by side-chains on the amino acid residues. Especially important are the imidazole substituent in histidine residues, thiolate substituents i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Bialecki ring was patented in 1974 by Polish chemical engineer from Kraków Zbigniew Białecki rings are an improved version of Raschig rings. The rings may be injection moulded of plastics or press-formed from metal sheet without welding. Specific surface area of filling ranges between 60 and 440 m/m. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Changing the conditions of the reaction solvent can allow separation of phases for product removal, or single phase for reaction. Rapid diffusion accelerates diffusion controlled reactions. Temperature and pressure can tune the reaction down preferred pathways, e.g., to improve yield of a particular chiral isomer. Ther... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several metal objects similar to those in the Kfar Monash hoard were found in this general area of the Levant. They were subject to metallurgical analysis, and generally dated to the Early Bronze Age. For example, objects from Ashkelon-Afridar, and from Tell esh-Shuna (the Jordan Valley) were seen as similar. Also the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Curtin–Hammett principle is used to explain the selectivity ratios for some stereoselective reactions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The B3 DNA binding domain (DBD) is a highly conserved domain found exclusively in transcription factors (≥40 species) () combined with other domains (). It consists of 100-120 residues, includes seven beta strands and two alpha helices that form a DNA-binding pseudobarrel protein fold (); it interacts with the major gr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electrochemical engineering --
Electrodialysis --
Electrokinetic phenomena --
Electrodeposition --
Electrolysis --
Electrolytic reduction --
Electroplating --
Electrostatic precipitation --
Electrowinning --
Emulsion --
Energy --
Engineering --
Engineering economics --
Enzymatic reaction -- | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The terms "defect" and "" refer to two specific and separate things in castings. Defects are defined as conditions in a casting that must be corrected or removed, or the casting must be rejected. Discontinuities, also known as "imperfections", are defined as "interruptions in the physical continuity of the casting". Th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Italian Paracelsianism and chemical medicine from the mid-sixteenth century to the mid-seventeenth century, developed institutionally and intellectually with the introduction of chemical remedies in Italy. Paracelsian views were accepted wherever alchemy and practical chemistry were predominant, as in the Medici court ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The epoxidation of ethylene involves its reaction with oxygen. According to a reaction mechanism suggested in 1974 at least one ethylene molecule is totally oxidized for every six that are converted to ethylene oxide:
The direct reaction of oxygen with alkenes is useful only for this epoxide. Modified heterogeneous sil... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
(AD 450(?)–1500)
Utilitarian and ceremonial objects; objects of personal adornment
#Chipal, Guatemala
#Chutixtiox, Guatemala
#Copán, Honduras
#Kaminaljuyú, Guatemala
#Motagua River valley, Guatemala
#Los Naranjos, Honduras
#Nebaj, Guatemala
#Quemistlá "Bell Caves", Honduras
#Quiriguá, Guatemala
#San Augustín Acasaguast... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ISI identified cold fusion as the scientific topic with the largest number of published papers in 1989, of all scientific disciplines. The Nobel Laureate Julian Schwinger declared himself a supporter of cold fusion in the fall of 1989, after much of the response to the initial reports had turned negative. He tried ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Claire Vallance attended Marlborough Girls College in Blenheim, New Zealand. She then studied Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, and Music at the University of Canterbury, where she completed a B.Sc.(hons) degree in 1995, graduating first in her year. She studied for a Ph.D. under the supervision of Peter Harland, worki... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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