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Normally, the Wnt signaling pathway leads to stabilization of β-catenin through inactivation of a protein complex containing the tumor suppressors APC and Axin. This destruction complex normally triggers β-catenin phosphorylation, inducing its degradation. De-regulation of the autocrine Wnt signaling pathway via mutati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Robert Stirlings innovative contribution to the design of hot air engines of 1816 was what he called the Economiser'. Now known as the regenerator, it stored heat from the hot portion of the engine as the air passed to the cold side, and released heat to the cooled air as it returned to the hot side. This innovation im... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A theoretical plate in many separation processes is a hypothetical zone or stage in which two phases, such as the liquid and vapor phases of a substance, establish an equilibrium with each other. Such equilibrium stages may also be referred to as an equilibrium stage, ideal stage, or a theoretical tray. The performance... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On an industrial scale, barium chloride is prepared via a two step process from barite (barium sulfate). The first step requires high temperatures.
The second step requires reaction between barium sulfide and hydrogen chloride:
or between barium sulfide and calcium chloride:
In place of HCl, chlorine can be used. Bariu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many of the advantages of cell-free protein array technology address the limitations of cell-based expression system used in traditional methods of protein microarray production. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxidation and reduction reactions are not common in organic chemistry as few organic molecules can act as oxidizing or reducing agents. Iron(II), on the other hand, can easily be oxidized to iron(III). This functionality is used in cytochromes, which function as electron-transfer vectors. The presence of the metal ion ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photoproteins do not display typical enzyme kinetics as seen in luciferases. Instead, when mixed with luciferin, they display luminescence proportional to the amount of the photoprotein. For example, the photoprotein aequorin produces a flash of light when luciferin and calcium are added, rather than the prolonged glow... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Following is a summary table for the list of 989 nuclides with half-lives greater than one hour. A total of 251 nuclides have never been observed to decay, and are classically considered stable. Of these, 90 are believed to be absolutely stable except to proton decay (which has never been observed), while the rest are ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The College Board recommends successful completion of high school chemistry and algebra 2; however, requirement of this may differ from school to school. AP Chemistry usually requires knowledge of algebra 2; however, some schools allow students to take the course concurrently with this class. The requirement of regular... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Different form of the stationary principle for T-matrix reads
The wave functions and must satisfy the same Lippmann-Schwinger equations to get the stationary value. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Everyday examples of heat engines include the thermal power station, internal combustion engine, firearms, refrigerators and heat pumps. Power stations are examples of heat engines run in a forward direction in which heat flows from a hot reservoir and flows into a cool reservoir to produce work as the desired product.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This piece is the smaller part of the fragment broken during Bahadur Shah's reign. Henry Cousens (1902–03) measured its length as . The part with the square cross-section measured , while the part with the octagonal section measured . Klaus Roessler (1995) found this piece to be long. Roessler estimated its weight at ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Klein-Seetharaman moved to the University of Pittsburgh as an assistant professor in 2002 and was promoted to associate professor in 2009. She joined the Warwick Medical School as a professor in medicine in 2013. She returned to the[United States in 2017, first as a professor at the Colorado School of Mines and then as... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In biochemistry, a glycolytic oscillation is the repetitive fluctuation of in the concentrations of metabolites, classically observed experimentally in yeast and muscle. The first observations of oscillatory behaviour in glycolysis were made by Duysens and Amesz in 1957.
The problem of modelling glycolytic oscillation ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phase transitions (phase changes) that help describe polymorphism include polymorphic transitions as well as melting and vaporization transitions. According to IUPAC, a polymorphic transition is "A reversible transition of a solid crystalline phase at a certain temperature and pressure (the inversion point) to another ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Molecular beacons, or molecular beacon probes, are oligonucleotide hybridization probes that can report the presence of specific nucleic acids in homogenous solutions. Molecular beacons are hairpin-shaped molecules with an internally quenched fluorophore whose fluorescence is restored when they bind to a target nucleic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spectroscopy is a sufficiently broad field that many sub-disciplines exist, each with numerous implementations of specific spectroscopic techniques. The various implementations and techniques can be classified in several ways. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis or SRS-A is a mixture of the leukotrienes LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4. Mast cells secrete it during the anaphylactic reaction, inducing inflammation. It can be found in basophils.
It induces prolonged, slow contraction of smooth muscle and has a major bronchoconstrictor role in asth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bioanalysis is a sub-discipline of analytical chemistry covering the quantitative measurement of xenobiotics (drugs and their metabolites, and biological molecules in unnatural locations or concentrations) and biotics (macromolecules, proteins, DNA, large molecule drugs, metabolites) in biological systems. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For self-diffusion in gases at two different pressures (but the same temperature), the following empirical equation has been suggested:
where
* D is the diffusion coefficient,
* ρ is the gas mass density,
* P and P are the corresponding pressures. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Though the principle equation is essentially identical to that of Owens and Wendt, the Fowkes theory in a larger sense has slightly different applications. Because it is derived from different principles than Owens/Wendt, the rest of the information that Fowkes theory is concerned with is related to adhesion. As such, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coal contains a small amount of radioactive uranium, barium, thorium, and potassium, but, in the case of pure coal, this is significantly less than the average concentration of those elements in the Earths crust. The surrounding strata, if shale or mudstone, often contain slightly more than average and this may also be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Fas receptor, also known as Fas, FasR, apoptosis antigen 1 (APO-1 or APT), cluster of differentiation 95 (CD95) or tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (TNFRSF6), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAS gene. Fas was first identified using a monoclonal antibody generated by immunizing mice... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermophysical properties of matter and the kinetics of interaction and energy exchange among the principal carriers are based on the atomic-level configuration and interaction. Transport properties such as thermal conductivity are calculated from these atomic-level properties using classical and quantum physics. Quan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Symmetries in nature lead directly to conservation laws, something which is precisely formulated by Noether's theorem.
The basic idea of time-translation symmetry is that a translation in time has no effect on physical laws, i.e. that the laws of nature that apply today were the same in the past and will be the same in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The atomic mass (m) of an isotope (nuclide) is determined mainly by its mass number (i.e. number of nucleons in its nucleus). Small corrections are due to the binding energy of the nucleus (see mass defect), the slight difference in mass between proton and neutron, and the mass of the electrons associated with the atom... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bacterial and mammalian SCSs are made up of α and β subunits. In E. coli two αβ heterodimers link together to form an αβ heterotetrameric structure. However, mammalian mitochondrial SCSs are active as αβ dimers and do not form a heterotetramer.
The E. coli SCS heterotetramer has been crystallized and characterized ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A particularly interesting property of many catenanes is the ability of the rings to rotate with respect to one another. This motion can often be detected and measured by NMR spectroscopy, among other methods. When molecular recognition motifs exist in the finished catenane (usually those that were used to synthesize t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While environmental controversy surrounding use of this fuel is wide and varied, the greatest supported evidence of toxicity comes from the presence of dioxins and furans in the flue gases. Zinc has also been found to dissolve into storm water, from shredded rubber, at acutely toxic levels for aquatic life and plants.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Levofenfluramine (INN), or (−)-3-trifluoromethyl-N-ethylamphetamine, also known as (−)-fenfluramine or (R)-fenfluramine, is a drug of the amphetamine family that, itself (i.e., in enantiopure form), was never marketed. It is the levorotatory enantiomer of fenfluramine, the racemic form of the compound, whereas the dex... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The GC-O analysis is carried out by a panel of 6–12 assessors to count the number of participants who perceive an odour at each retention time. This frequency is then used to represent the relative importance of an odorant in the extract. It is also presumed to relate to the intensity of the odorant at the particular c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the design of fluid bearings, the Sommerfeld number (S) is a dimensionless quantity used extensively in hydrodynamic lubrication analysis. The Sommerfeld number is very important in lubrication analysis because it contains all the variables normally specified by the designer.
The Sommerfeld number is named after Arn... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Exopolysaccharides can facilitate the attachment of nitrogen-fixing bacteria to plant roots and soil particles, which mediates a symbiotic relationship. This is important for colonization of roots and the rhizosphere, which is a key component of soil food webs and nutrient cycling in ecosystems. It also allows for succ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If different phases of the same pure substance are present in a multiphase system, interphase heat transfer will result in a change of phase, which is always accompanied by interphase mass transfer. The combination of heat transfer with mass transfer during phase change makes multiphase systems distinctly more challeng... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The height of the liquid column in the tube is constrained by the hydrostatic pressure and by the surface tension. The following derivation is for a liquid that rises in the tube; for the opposite case when the liquid is below the reference level, the derivation is analogous but pressure differences may change sign. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 calls for the production of of renewable fuels by 2022, including of corn-based ethanol, a tripling of current production that would require a similar increase in corn production. Unfortunately, the plan poses a new problem; the increase in demand for corn production r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are typically two different ways of mathematically describing how an electromagnetic wave interacts with the elements within an ellipsometer (including the sample): the Jones matrix and the Mueller matrix formalisms. In the Jones matrix formalism, the electromagnetic wave is described by a Jones vector with two o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The rate of change of temperature with respect to pressure in a Joule–Thomson process (that is, at constant enthalpy ) is the Joule–Thomson (Kelvin) coefficient . This coefficient can be expressed in terms of the gas's specific volume , its heat capacity at constant pressure , and its coefficient of thermal expansion... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Turbo-Grignards are Grignard reagents modified with lithium chloride. Compared to conventional Grignard reagents, Turbo-Grignards are more chemoselective; esters, amides, and nitriles do not react with the Turbo-Grignard reagent. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coffee Joulies are small, stainless-steel capsules containing a phase-change material; the capsules were designed to be placed in a cup of coffee in order to cool coffee that is too hot then slowly release the heat to keep the coffee warm. The company was founded by Dave Petrillo and Dave Jackson, mechanical engineers ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many cancers can raise LDH levels, so LDH may be used as a tumor marker, but at the same time, it is not useful in identifying a specific kind of cancer. Measuring LDH levels can be helpful in monitoring treatment for cancer. Noncancerous conditions that can raise LDH levels include heart failure, hypothyroidism, anemi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glycogen synthesis is, unlike its breakdown, endergonic—it requires the input of energy. Energy for glycogen synthesis comes from uridine triphosphate (UTP), which reacts with glucose-1-phosphate, forming UDP-glucose, in a reaction catalysed by UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. Glycogen is synthesized from m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to the structure and function study on the antifreeze protein from Pseudopleuronectes americanus, the antifreeze mechanism of the type-I AFP molecule was shown to be due to the binding to an ice nucleation structure in a zipper-like fashion through hydrogen bonding of the hydroxyl groups of its four Thr resid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because gas molecules diffract electrons and affect the quality of the electron gun, RHEED experiments are performed under vacuum. The RHEED system must operate at a pressure low enough to prevent significant scattering of the electron beams by gas molecules in the chamber. At electron energies of 10keV, a chamber pres... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
OFM is routinely applied in pharmaceutical research in preclinical (e.g. mice, rats, pigs, primates) and in clinical studies in humans (Figure 3). OFM-related procedures such as probe insertions or prolonged sampling with numerous probes are well tolerated by the subjects. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex (PAP) is a 1:1 irreversibly formed inactive complex of the enzyme plasmin and its inhibitor α-antiplasmin. It is a marker of the activity of the fibrinolytic system and a marker of net activation of fibrinolysis.
PAP levels are increased with pregnancy and by ethinylestradiol-containing c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Debierne studied at the elite École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI ParisTech).
He was a student of Charles Friedel, was a close friend of Pierre and Marie Curie and was associated with their work. In 1899, he discovered the radioactive element actinium, as a result of con... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A viral titer is the lowest concentration of a virus that still infects cells. To determine the titer, several dilutions are prepared, such as 10, 10, 10, ... 10.
The titer of a fat is the temperature, in degrees Celsius, at which it solidifies. The higher the titer, the harder the fat. This titer is used in determinin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A kairomone (a coinage using the Greek καιρός opportune moment, paralleling pheromone) is a semiochemical, emitted by an organism, which mediates interspecific interactions in a way that benefits an individual of another species which receives it and harms the emitter. This "eavesdropping" is often disadvantageous to t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemical physics and physical chemistry, chemical affinity is the electronic property by which dissimilar chemical species are capable of forming chemical compounds. Chemical affinity can also refer to the tendency of an atom or compound to combine by chemical reaction with atoms or compounds of unlike composition. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After a WGD, one of the duplicated gene pair is often lost through fractionation; less than 10% of WGD gene pairs have remained in S. cerevisiae genome. A little over half of WGD gene pairs in the glycolysis reaction pathway were retained in post-WGD species, significantly higher than the overall retention rate. This... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Microsoft and Running Tide signed Two-Year agreement in 2023 to remove up to 12,000 tons of carbon through an ocean-based carbon removal system.
* In Canada, a North Atlantic Carbon Observatory (NACO) project is underway to establish an accurate measurement of the ocean's ability to continue to absorb carbon with par... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are many examples of ancestral proteins that have been computationally reconstructed, expressed in living cell lines, and – in many cases – purified and biochemically studied.
* The Thornton lab notably resurrected several ancestral hormone receptors (from about 500Ma) and collaborated with the Stevens lab to res... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Facilitate the acceptance and implementation of modular, miniature and automated (smart) sample system technology using the mechanical design based on the ANSI/ISA SP76.00.02-2002 standard.
* Provide the mechanical, electrical and software infrastructure needed to accelerate the use of microanalytical sensors within ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A variant basin design called an extended detention dry basin can limit downstream erosion and control of some pollutants such as suspended solids. This basin type differs from a retention basin, also known as a "wet pond," which includes a permanent pool of water, and which is typically designed to protect water quali... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Wnt signaling pathway can be divided in canonical and non-canonical. The canonical signaling involves binding of Wnt to Frizzled and LRP5 co-receptor, leading to GSK3 phosphorylation and inhibition of β-catenin degradation, resulting in its accumulation and translocation to the nucleus, where it acts as a transcrip... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Studies have shown that Zn, Pb, Cd, Sn and In can embrittle steel at temperature below each embrittler’s melting point.
*Cadmium can embrittle titanium at temperatures below its melting point.
*Hg can embrittle zinc at temperatures below its melting point.
*Hg can embrittle copper at temperatures below its melting poi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The chemical structure of the materials involved in a given adhesive system plays a large role in the adhesion of the system as a whole because the structure determines the type and strength of the intermolecular interactions present. All things equal, larger molecules, which experience higher dispersion forces, will h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Chemistry Quality Eurolabels or European Quality Labels in Chemistry (Labels européens de Qualité en Chimie) is a marketing scheme for chemistry degrees at institutions located within the 45 countries involved in the Bologna process. Labels are awarded to qualifying institutions under the names are Eurobachelor and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several formats for citing radiocarbon results have been used since the first samples were dated. As of 2019, the standard format required by the journal Radiocarbon is as follows.
Uncalibrated dates should be reported as ": ± BP", where:
* identifies the laboratory that tested the sample, and the sample ID
* is th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
# Steam-jet agglomeration: A continuous process wherein fine powders are exposed to steam to provide the necessary adhesion properties. Agglomeration is controlled by particle size distribution in the raw materials, gas and steam flow conditions and the adhesion forces between the particles. After the steam section th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The resonance condition of any -type Raman process requires that the difference in the two photon energies match the difference in energy between the states at the "legs" of the , here the ground states identified above. In experimental settings, this condition is realized when the detunings of the cycling and repumpe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In order to isolate noble-metalliferous materials, pyrolysis and/or hydrolysis procedures are used. In pyrolysis, the noble-metalliferous products are released from the other materials by solidifying in a melt to become cinder and then poured off or oxidized. In hydrolysis, the noble-metalliferous products are dissolve... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A promiscuous activity is a non-native activity the enzyme did not evolve to do, but arises due to an accommodating conformation of the active site. However, the main activity of the enzyme is a result not only of selection towards a high catalytic rate towards a particular substrate to produce a particular product, bu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnetically assisted slip casting is a manufacturing technique that uses anisotropic stiff nanoparticle platelets in a ceramic, metal or polymer functional matrix to produce layered objects that can mimic natural objects such as nacre. Each layer of platelets is oriented in a different direction, giving the resulting ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Allègre C.J., 2008. Isotope Geology (Cambridge University Press).
* Faure G., Mensing T.M. (2004), Isotopes: Principles and Applications (John Wiley & Sons).
* Hoefs J., 2004. Stable Isotope Geochemistry (Springer Verlag).
* Sharp Z., 2006. Principles of Stable Isotope Geochemistry (Prentice Hall). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
EU legislation has been approved banning the use of highly toxic pesticides including those that are carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to reproduction, those that are endocrine-disrupting, and those that are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) or very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB) and measures have ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While some isocyanides (e.g., cyclohexyl isocyanide) are toxic, others "exhibit no appreciable toxicity for mammals". Referring to ethyl isocyanide, toxicological studies in the 1960s at Bayer showed that "oral and subcutaneous doses of 500-5000 mg/kg can be tolerated by mice". | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Manganese deficiency in humans results in a number of medical problems. Manganese is a vital element of nutrition in very small quantities (adult male daily intake 2.3 milligrams). However poisoning may occur when greater amounts are ingested. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Indirect enantiomer separation involves the interaction between the chiral analyte (CA) of interest and the suitable reactive CS (in this case it is an enantiopure chiral derivatizing agent, CDA) leading to the formation of a covalent diastereomeric complex that can be separated with an achiral chromatographic techniqu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Proponents of aerobic granular sludge technology claim "it will play an important role as an innovative technology alternative to the present activated sludge process in industrial and municipal wastewater treatment in the near future" and that it "can be readily established and profitably used in activated sludge plan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The oxidase catalyzes the transfer of four electrons from reduced plastoquinone to molecular oxygen to form water . The net reaction is written below:
2 QH + O → 2 Q + 2 HO
Analysis of substrate specificity revealed that the enzyme almost exclusively catalyzes the reduction of plastoquinone over other quinones such as ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
4D scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D STEM) is a subset of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) methods which uses a pixelated electron detector to capture a convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) pattern at each scan location; see the main page for further information. This technique captur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Complementarity is achieved by distinct interactions between nucleobases: adenine, thymine (uracil in RNA), guanine and cytosine. Adenine and guanine are purines, while thymine, cytosine and uracil are pyrimidines. Purines are larger than pyrimidines. Both types of molecules complement each other and can only base pair... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The McKendrick–von Foerster equation is a linear first-order partial differential equation encountered in several areas of mathematical biology – for example, demography and cell proliferation modeling; it is applied when age structure is an important feature in the mathematical model. It was first presented by Anderso... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lichens cover about 7% of the planet's surface and grow on and in a wide range of substrates and habitats, including some of the most extreme conditions on earth. They are abundant growing on bark, leaves, and hanging from epiphyte branches in rain forests and in temperate woodland. They grow on bare rock, walls, grave... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A common form for the rate equation is a power law:
The constant is called the rate constant. The exponents, which can be fractional, are called partial orders of reaction and their sum is the overall order of reaction.
In a dilute solution, an elementary reaction (one having a single step with a single transition sta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Tiraspol, in the house in which Zelinsky spent his childhood, there is a memorial house-museum of the academician, and on the building of school No. 6 (now the humanitarian and mathematical gymnasium), where he studied, a memorial plaque was erected, a monument was erected in front of the building; in the Kirovsky d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Hydraulic Engineering Circular Manual No. 23 (HEC-23) contains general design guidelines as scour countermeasures that are applicable to piers and abutments. The numbering in the following table indicates the HEC-23 design guideline section:
Bend way weirs, spurs and guide banks can help to align the upstream flow ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Researchers began questioning the nature of "tail states" in disordered semiconductors in the 1950s. It was found that such tails arise from the strains sufficient to push local states past the band edges.
In 1953, the Austrian-American physicist Franz Urbach (1902–1969) found that such tails decay exponentially into t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For most fluids and some homogenous solid materials, like gels, diffusion is the same in all directions and characterized by the same diffusion coefficient number. This property is called isotropicity which gives cubosomes the ability to be used in biological tissues which are highly structured and typically have diffe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adina Paytan is a research professor at the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. known for research into biogeochemical cycling in the present and the past. She has over 270 scientific publications in journals such as Science, Nature, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The bonnet provides a leakproof closure for the valve body. The threaded section of the stem goes through a hole with matching threads in the bonnet. Globe valves may have a screw-in, union, or bolted bonnet. Screw-in bonnet is the simplest bonnet, offering a durable, pressure-tight seal. Union bonnet is suitable for... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnetometers have a very diverse range of applications, including locating objects such as submarines, sunken ships, hazards for tunnel boring machines, hazards in coal mines, unexploded ordnance, toxic waste drums, as well as a wide range of mineral deposits and geological structures. They also have applications in h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The FT-IR spectra were recorded using a Nicolet 170SX or a JASCO FT/IR-410 spectrometer. For spectra recorded in the Nicolet spectrometer, the data were stored at intervals of 0.5 cm in the 4,000 – 2,000 cm region and of 0.25 cm in the 2,000 – 400 cm region and the spectral resolution was 0.25 cm. For spectra recorded ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
George William Scott Blair (23 July 1902 – 30 September 1987) was British chemist noted for his contributions to rheology. In fact he has been called "the first rheologist" | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Renal cells and nephrons have already been simulated by microfluidic devices. "Such cell cultures can lead to new insights into cell and organ function and be used for drug screening". A kidney-on-a-chip device has the potential to accelerate research encompassing artificial replacement for lost kidney function. Nowada... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gold extraction is the extraction of gold from dilute ores using a combination of chemical processes. Gold mining produces about 3600 tons annually, and another 300 tons is produced from recycling.
Since the 20th century, gold has been principally extracted in a cyanide process by leaching the ore with cyanide solution... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rwanda and Burundi, former Belgian colonies in Central Africa, are RHT but are considering switching to LHT like neighbouring members of the East African Community (EAC). A survey in 2009 found that 54% of Rwandans favoured the switch. Reasons cited were the perceived lower costs of RHD vehicles, easier maintenance and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The lysocline is the depth in the ocean dependent upon the carbonate compensation depth (CCD), usually around 5 km, below which the rate of dissolution of calcite increases dramatically because of a pressure effect. While the lysocline is the upper bound of this transition zone of calcite saturation, the CCD is the low... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Water can be converted to its component elemental gases, H and O, through the application of an external voltage. Water does not decompose into hydrogen and oxygen spontaneously as the Gibbs free energy change for the process at standard conditions is very positive, about 474.4 kJ. The decomposition of water into hydro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The result of the nuclear medicine imaging process is a dataset comprising one or more images. In multi-image datasets the array of images may represent a time sequence (i.e. cine or movie) often called a "dynamic" dataset, a cardiac gated time sequence, or a spatial sequence where the gamma-camera is moved relative to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A multichannel analyzer (MCA) is an instrument used in laboratory and field applications to analyze an input signal consisting of voltage pulses. MCAs are used extensively in digitizing various spectroscopy measurements, especially those related to nuclear physics, including various types of spectroscopy (alpha-, beta-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In general, patches consist of three separate layers that contribute and control the release of medicine. The outer impermeable backing layer controls the direction of release and reduces drug loss away from the site of contact. It also protects the other layers and acts as a mechanical support. The middle reservoir la... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The shape of the zero-phonon line is Lorentzian with a width determined by the excited state lifetime T according to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Without the influence of the lattice, the natural line width (full width at half maximum) of the chromophore is γ = 1/T . The lattice reduces the lifetime of the exc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The process of organohalide respiration, uses reductive dehalogenation to produce energy that can be used by the respiring microorganism to carry out its growth and metabolism. Halogenated organic compounds are used as the terminal electron acceptor, which results in their dehalogenation. Reductive dehalogenation is th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
LaNi has a calcium pentacopper (CaCu) type crystal structure, with a hexagonal lattice, space group is P6/mmm (No. 191), with lanthanum atom is located at coordinate origin 1a (0,0,0), two nickel atoms are located at 2c (1/ 3,2/3,0) and (2/3,1/3,0), the other three at 3g (1/2,0,1/2), (0,1/2,1/2), (1/2,1/2,1/2), with a=... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The proposed mechanism of how this mRNA secondary structure and the trp leader peptide could regulate transcription of the trp biosynthetic enzymes includes the following.
*RNAP initiates transcription of the trp promoter.
*RNAP pauses at about nucleotide 90 at a secondary structure (?the first one shown above?).
*Ribo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Advances to the discovery of LB and LM films began with Benjamin Franklin in 1773 when he dropped about a teaspoon of oil onto a pond. Franklin noticed that the waves were calmed almost instantly and that the calming of the waves spread for about half an acre. What Franklin did not realize was that the oil had formed a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Interstitial hydrides most commonly exist within metals or alloys. They are traditionally termed "compounds" even though they do not strictly conform to the definition of a compound, more closely resembling common alloys such as steel. In such hydrides, hydrogen can exist as either atomic or diatomic entities. Mechanic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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