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A medium that experiences no transmission () is opaque, in which case absorptivity and reflectivity sum to unity: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RNA Polymerase II exists in two forms unphosphorylated and phosphorylated, IIA and IIO respectively. The transition between the two forms facilitates different functions for transcription. The phosphorylation of CTD is catalyzed by one of the six general transcription factors, TFIIH. TFIIH serves two purposes: one is t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electrodiffusiophoresis is a motion of particles dispersed in liquid induced by external homogeneous electric field, which makes it similar to electrophoresis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glycogen is a multi-branched polysaccharide. It is primary means of glucose storage in animal cells. In the human body, the two main tissues which store glycogen are liver and skeletal muscle. Glycogen is typically more concentrated in the liver, but because humans have much more muscle mass, our muscles store about th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While multiple classification standards for tissue clearing exist, the most common classifications use the chemical principle and mechanism of clearing to group tissue clearing methods. These include hydrophobic clearing methods, which may also be known as organic, solvent-based, organic solvent-based, or dehydration c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The vast majority of plants are C3, meaning they photorespire when necessary.Certain species of plants or algae have mechanisms to lower uptake of molecular oxygen by RuBisCO. These are commonly referred to as Carbon Concentrating Mechanisms (CCMs), as they increase the concentration of so that RuBisCO is less likely ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A single material may have several distinct solid states capable of forming separate phases. Water is a well-known example of such a material. For example, water ice is ordinarily found in the hexagonal form ice I, but can also exist as the cubic ice I, the rhombohedral ice II, and many other forms. Polymorphism is the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The thylakoids are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. These include light-driven water oxidation and oxygen evolution, the pumping of protons across the thylakoid membranes coupled with the electron transport chain of the photosystems and cytochrome complex, and ATP synthesis by the ATP syntha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Non-synonymous is the variant in exons that change the amino acid sequence encoded by the gene, including single base changes and non frameshift indels. It has been extremely investigated the function of non-synonymous variants on protein and many algorithms have been developed to predict the deleteriousness and pathog... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In August 2012, Ferrier celebrated his 80th birthday and retired a second time. Later that year, the Ferrier Trust was set up in his honour, to bring a scientist to New Zealand each year, to engage with chemistry students and lecture. Peppi Prasit, a Ferrier PhD graduate and founder of Amira Pharmaceuticals and Incepti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pool boiling is boiling at a stagnant fluid. Its behavior is well characterized by Nukiyama boiling curve, which shows the relation between the amount of surface superheat and applied heat flux on the surface. With the varying degrees of the superheat, the curve is composed of natural convection, onset of nucleate boil... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Elevated blood ketone levels are most often caused by accelerated ketone production but may also be caused by consumption of exogenous ketones or precursors.
When glycogen and blood glucose reserves are low, a metabolic shift occurs in order to save glucose for the brain which is unable to use fatty acids for energy. T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although a number of algaecides have been effective in killing algae, they have been used mostly in small bodies of water. For large algal blooms, however, adding algaecides such as silver nitrate or copper sulfate can have worse effects, such as killing fish outright and harming other wildlife. Cyanobacteria can also ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since 2009, two editions of the ABC (Active, Beautiful, Clean) Waters Design Guidelines have been published by the Public Utilities Board, Singapore. The latest version (2011) contains planning and design considerations for the holistic integration of drains, canals and reservoirs with the surrounding environment. The ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
I decays with a half-life of 8.02 days with beta minus and gamma emissions. This isotope of iodine has 78 neutrons in its nucleus, while the only stable nuclide, I, has 74. On decaying, I most often (89% of the time) expends its 971 keV of decay energy by transforming into stable xenon-131 in two steps, with gamma deca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hemoglycin (previously termed hemolithin) is a space polymer that is the first polymer of amino acids found in meteorites. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transition engineering is the professional-engineering discipline that deals with the application of the principles of science to the design, innovation and adaptation of engineered systems that meet the needs of today without compromising the ecological, societal and economic systems on which future generations will d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is an old joke in chemistry to draw a polycyclic hexagonal chemical structure and call this fictional compound chickenwire. By adding one or two simple chemical groups to this skeleton, the compound can then be named following the official chemical naming convention. An example is:
* 1,2-Dimethyl-chickenwire in a [h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nickel allergy results in a skin response after the skin comes in contact with an item that releases a large amount of nickel from its surface. It is commonly associated with nickel-containing belt buckles coming into prolonged contact with the skin. The skin reaction can occur at the site of contact, or sometimes spre... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Moving-boundary electrophoresis (MBE also free-boundary electrophoresis) is a technique for separation of chemical compounds by electrophoresis in a free solution. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bertram Oliver "Bert" Fraser-Reid (23 February 1934 – 25 May 2020) was a Jamaican synthetic organic chemist who has been widely recognised for his work using carbohydrates as starting materials for chiral materials and on the role of oligosaccharides in immune response. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The burning velocity of the stretched flame can be derived by subtracting suitable terms from the unstretched flame speed, for small curvature and small strain, as given by
where
* is the burning velocity of unstretched flame
* is the term corresponding to the imposed strain rate on the flame due to the flow field
* is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Given the ability to knock down, in essence, any gene of interest, RNAi via siRNAs has generated a great deal of interest in both basic and applied biology.
One of the biggest challenges to siRNA and RNAi based therapeutics is intracellular delivery. siRNA also has weak stability and pharmacokinetic behavior. Delivery ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Advantages include minimal overlap in metal signals meaning the instrument is theoretically capable of detecting 100 parameters per cell, entire cell signaling networks can be inferred organically without reliance on prior knowledge, and one well-constructed experiment produces large amounts of data.
Disadvantages, in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Such as trace minerals, micronutrients, human-induced cycles for synthetic compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There is evidence for high concentrations of over 6,000 ppm between 600 and 400 million years ago, and of over 3,000 ppm between 200 and 150 million years ago.
Indeed, higher CO concentrations are thought to have prevailed throughout most of the Phanerozoic Eon, with concentrations four to six times current concentrat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Founded in 1929, by eight Lake Charles area businessmen, with land purchased from Jim Gardiner. The company was formed with 2250 common shares of stock with share-holders including, W. P. Weber, H. G. Chalkley, C. O. Noble, Henry Pomeroy, George M. King and Frank Roberts, M. J. Muller, and purchased 21,000 acres that i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In nucleophilic trifluoromethylation the active species is the CF anion. It was, however, widely believed that the trifluoromethyl anion is a transient species and thus cannot be isolated or observed in the condensed phase. Contrary to the popular belief, the CF anion, with [K(18-crown-6)] as a countercation, was prod... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reversible Michaelis–Menten law, as with many enzymatic rate laws, can be decomposed into a capacity term, a thermodynamic term, and an enzyme saturation level. This is more easily seen when we write the reversible rate law as:
where is the capacity term, the thermodynamic term and
the saturation term. The separ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A 50% (v/v) alcohol solution is composed of 50% alcohol and 50% water in which water acts as a solvent. By igniting a paper banknote completely soaked with 50% alcohol solution, the alcohol (which is the fuel in the fire triangle) is combusted into carbon dioxide and water vapour. On the other hand, water is heated up ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
He began his professional career in 1954 as a professor of Applied Physics at Waseda University in Tokyo. He held this position until 1960 when he came to the United States on an exchange program with Duke University. At Duke, he taught polymer rheology. In the early 1960s Tokita joined the U. S. Rubber Company in Ne... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Monoalkyl boranes are relatively rare. When the alkyl group is small, such as methyl, the monoalkylboranes tend to redistribute to give mixtures of diborane and di- and trialkylboranes. Monoalkylboranes typically exist as dimers of the form [RBH]. One example is thexylborane (ThxBH), produced by the hydroboration of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Genetic variants in the CYP21A2 gene cause a disturbance in the development of the enzyme, leading to congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Gene conversion events involving the functional gene and the pseudogene account for many cases of steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency. CAH is an auto... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, ethers are a class of compounds that contain an ether group—an oxygen atom connected to two organyl groups (e.g., alkyl or aryl). They have the general formula , where R and R′ represent organyl groups (e.g., alkyl or aryl). Ethers can again be classified into two varieties: if the organyl groups ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Doppler cooling limit for electric dipole transitions is typically in the hundreds of microkelvins. In the 1980s this limit was seen as the lowest achievable temperature. It was a surprise then when sodium atoms were cooled to 43 microkelvin when their Doppler cooling limit is 240 microkelvin, the new low was expla... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After Planck identified that Wien's law can be extended to all frequencies, even very low ones, by interpolating with the classical equipartition law for radiation, physicists wanted to understand the quantum behavior of other systems.
The Planck radiation law quantized the motion of the field oscillators in units of e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Jean Baptiste Carnoy
* Peter Agre
* Günter Blobel
* Robert Brown
* Geoffrey M. Cooper
* Christian de Duve
* Henri Dutrochet
* Robert Hooke
* H. Robert Horvitz
* Marc Kirschner
* Anton van Leeuwenhoek
* Ira Mellman
* Marta Miączyńska
* Peter D. Mitchell
* Rudolf Virchow
* Paul Nurse
* George Emil Palade
* Keith R. Por... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chlorosulfuric acid (IUPAC name: sulfurochloridic acid) is the inorganic compound with the formula HSOCl. It is also known as chlorosulfonic acid, being the sulfonic acid of chlorine. It is a distillable, colorless liquid which is hygroscopic and a powerful lachrymator. Commercial samples usually are pale brown or stra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some key factors that determine overall rate include protein half-life, pH, and temperature.
Protein half-life helps determine the overall rate as this designates the first step in protein catabolism. Depending on whether this step is short or long will influence the rest of the metabolic process. One key component in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The total volumetric flux through the test surface is
where is an arc-length parameter defined on the curve , with at the point and at the point .
Here is the unit vector perpendicular to the test surface, i.e.,
where is the rotation matrix corresponding to a anticlockwise rotation about the positive axis:
The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TCF7L2 gene have shown an increase in susceptibility to schizophrenia in Arab, European and Chinese Han populations. In the Chinese Han population, SNP rs12573128 in TCF7L2 is the variant that was associated with an increase in schizophrenia risk. This marker is used as a pre-d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oil-in-water emulsions are common in food products:
* Mayonnaise and Hollandaise sauces – these are oil-in-water emulsions stabilized with egg yolk lecithin, or with other types of food additives, such as sodium stearoyl lactylate
* Homogenized milk – an emulsion of milk fat in water, with milk proteins as the emulsifi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A protein skimmer or foam fractionator is a device used to remove organic compounds such as food and waste particles from water. It is most commonly used in commercial applications like municipal water treatment facilities, public aquariums, and aquaculture facilities. Smaller protein skimmers are also used for filtrat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mice treated with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) show suppression of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus, a process that is essential for the formation and storage of long-term memory. These results may concur with anecdotal evidence suggesting that smoking cannabis impairs short-term memory. Consistent with this f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anammox, an abbreviation for "anaerobic ammonium oxidation", is a globally important microbial process of the nitrogen cycle that takes place in many natural environments. The bacteria mediating this process were identified in 1999, and were a great surprise for the scientific community. In the anammox reaction, nitrit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The iron-tin intermetallic forms at around and naturally assumes a kagome structure. Quenching in an ice bath then cools the material to room temperature without disrupting the atomic structure. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Uricotelism is the excretion of excess nitrogen in the form of uric acid. Uricotelic animals include insects, birds and most reptiles. Though requiring more metabolic energy to make than urea, uric acid's low toxicity and low solubility in water allow it to be concentrated into a small volume of pasty white suspension... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biomonitoring involves the use of organisms to assess environmental contamination, such as of surrounding air or water. It can be done qualitatively by observing and noting changes in organisms, or quantitatively by measuring accumulation of chemicals in organism tissues. By observing or measuring the effects the envir... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several techniques are currently employed to assess average telomere length in eukaryotic cells. One method is the Terminal Restriction Fragment (TRF) southern blot. There is a Web-based Analyser of the Length of Telomeres ([https://www.ceitec.eu/chromatin-molecular-complexes/rg51/tab?tabId=125 WALTER]), software proce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a 33 amino acid peptide with the sequence HADGSFSDEMNTILDNLAARDFINWLIQTKITD (see Proteinogenic amino acid) in humans. GLP-2 is created by specific post-translational proteolytic cleavage of proglucagon in a process that also liberates the related glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GLP-2... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amination is the process by which an amine group is introduced into an organic molecule. This type of reaction is important because organonitrogen compounds are pervasive. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aliphatic metal alkoxides decompose in water as summarized in this idealized equation:
In the transesterification process, metal alkoxides react with esters to bring about an exchange of alkyl groups between metal alkoxide and ester. With the metal alkoxide complex in focus, the result is the same as for alcoholysis, n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
First, a DNA fragment can be converted into a new sequence in which each original nucleotide is encoded by a specific 8-nt sequence (A8, T8, G8 and C8) and then ligated to a hairpin. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During the more than 80 years of technical development of sensor-based ore sorting equipment, various types of machines have been developed. This includes the channel-type, bucket-wheel type and cone type sorters. The main machine types being installed in the mining industry today are belt-type and chute-type machines.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Darken's second equation relates the chemical diffusion coefficient, , of a binary system to the atomic fractions of the two components. Similar to the first equation, this equation is applicable when the system does not undergo a volume change. This equation also only applies to multicomponent systems, including binar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term calcareous can be applied to a sediment, sedimentary rock, or soil type which is formed from, or contains a high proportion of, calcium carbonate in the form of calcite or aragonite. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The speed of sound is defined in classical mechanics as:
It follows, by replacing partial derivatives, that the isentropic compressibility can be expressed as: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Devolatilization can be carried out when a polymer is in the solid or liquid phase, with the volatile components going into a liquid or gas phase. Examples are:
* Solid polymer, liquid phase: Extraction of caprolactam from Polyamides with water.
* Solid polymer, gas phase: Removal of ethylene from Polyethylene via air... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Fellow, King's College, Cambridge University (1969–1973, 2007– for Life)
* Professor at H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry at Karachi University
* Professor Emeritus at H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry at Karachi University (2012)
* Coordinator General of COMSTECH(1996–2012)
* Federal Minister of Science & ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The main role of NAD in metabolism is the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another. Reactions of this type are catalyzed by a large group of enzymes called oxidoreductases. The correct names for these enzymes contain the names of both their substrates: for example NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase catalyzes the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mating disruption (MD) is a pest management technique designed to control certain insect pests by introducing artificial stimuli that confuse the individuals and disrupt mate localization and/or courtship, thus preventing mating and blocking the reproductive cycle. It usually involves the use of synthetic sex pheromone... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The gene gun was originally a Crosman air pistol modified to fire dense tungsten particles. It was invented by John C Sanford, Ed Wolf, and Nelson Allen at Cornell University along with Ted Klein of DuPont between 1983 and 1986. The original target was onions (chosen for their large cell size), and the device was used... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Joliot-Curies had become increasingly aware of the growth of the fascist movement. They opposed its ideals and joined the Socialist Party in 1934, the Comité de vigilance des intellectuels antifascistes a year later, and in 1936 they actively supported the Republican faction in the Spanish Civil War. In the same ye... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The valence isomers are not restricted to isomers of benzene. Valence isomers are also seen in the series (CH). Due to the larger number of units, the number of possible valence isomers is also greater and at least 21: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For fusion to take place, it has to overcome huge repulsive forces due to the strong hydration repulsion between hydrophilic lipid head groups. However, it has been hard to exactly determine the connection between adhesion, fusion and interbilayer forces. The forces that promote cell adhesion are not the same as the on... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Prostaglandin E is a family of naturally occurring prostaglandins that are used as medications.
Types include:
* Prostaglandin E also known as alprostadil
* Prostaglandin E also known as dinoprostone
Both types are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Prostaglandin E play an important role in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The relation between partial molar properties and the apparent ones can be derived from the definition of the apparent quantities and of the molality.
The relation holds also for multicomponent mixtures, just that in this case subscript i is required. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oncosis and apoptosis are distinct processes of cellular death. Oncosis is characterized by cellular swelling caused by a failure in ion transporter function. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death involves a series of cell shrinking processes, beginning with cell size reduction and pyknosis, followed by cell budding and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nuclei which have neutron numbers and proton (atomic) numbers both equal to one of the magic numbers are called "doubly magic", and are generally very stable against decay. The known doubly magic isotopes are helium-4, helium-10, oxygen-16, calcium-40, calcium-48, nickel-48, nickel-56, nickel-78, tin-100, tin-132, and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coagulation itself results in the formation of floc but flocculation is required to help the floc further aggregate and settle. The coagulation-flocculation process itself removes only about 60%-70% of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) and thus, other processes like oxidation, filtration and sedimentation are necessary for ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The pre-mRNA processing at the 3 end of the RNA molecule involves cleavage of its 3 end and then the addition of about 250 adenine residues to form a poly(A) tail. The cleavage and adenylation reactions occur primarily if a polyadenylation signal sequence (5- AAUAAA-3) is located near the 3 end of the pre-mRNA molecule... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
GFP has a beta barrel structure consisting of eleven β-strands with a pleated sheet arrangement, with an alpha helix containing the covalently bonded chromophore 4-(p-hydroxybenzylidene)imidazolidin-5-one (HBI) running through the center. Five shorter alpha helices form caps on the ends of the structure. The beta barre... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bax works in the field of biomolecular NMR spectroscopy, and has been involved in the development of many of the standard methods in the field. He collaborated extensively with fellow NIH scientists Marius Clore, Angela Gronenborn and Dennis Torchia in the development of multidimensional protein NMR. Bax is a pioneer i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In humans, ERVs have been proposed to be involved in multiple sclerosis (MS). A specific association between MS and the ERVWE1, or "syncytin", gene, which is derived from an ERV insertion, has been reported, along with the presence of an "MS-associated retrovirus" (MSRV), in patients with the disease. Human ERVs (HERVs... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Selenols are easily oxidized to diselenides, compounds containing an bond. For example, treatment of benzeneselenol with bromine gives diphenyl diselenide.
In the presence of base, selenols are readily alkylated to give selenides. This relationship is illustrated by the methylation of methaneselenol to give dimethylse... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sigma hole interactions have applications in a variety of fields. The ability to induce stabilizing and strongly directional intermolecular interactions which can be easily tuned via minor structural substitutions makes leveraging these interactions particularly value in fields in which control over supramolecular orga... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
pH is defined operationally as follows. For a solution X, first measure the electromotive force E of the galvanic cell
:reference electrode | concentrated solution of KCl | solution X | H | Pt
and then also measure the electromotive force E of a galvanic cell that differs from the above one only by the replacement of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The operation of the Kitchen rudder is performed with the propeller engaged, even when the boat is stationary. The rudder is controlled by a small wheel on the tiller. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PSCs-derived cells from patients are used in vitro to recreate specific pathologies. The specific cell type affected in the pathology is at the base of the model. For example, motoneurons are used to study spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and cardiomyocytes are used to study arrythmia. This can allow for a better understa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There is tenuous evidence that a virus common to peppers, the Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV) may have moved on to infect humans. This is a rare and unlikely event as, to enter a cell and replicate, a virus must "bind to a receptor on its surface, and a plant virus would be highly unlikely to recognize a receptor on a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In imaging spectroscopy (also hyperspectral imaging or spectral imaging) each pixel of an image acquires many bands of light intensity data from the spectrum, instead of just the three bands of the RGB color model. More precisely, it is the simultaneous acquisition of spatially coregistered images in many spectrally co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 2.125. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pure sodium hydroxide is a colorless crystalline solid that melts at without decomposition and boils at . It is highly soluble in water, with a lower solubility in polar solvents such as ethanol and methanol. Sodium hydroxide is insoluble in ether and other non-polar solvents.
Similar to the hydration of sulfuric acid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several indices to measure bioavailability have been suggested: Respiration Index, Oxygen Supply Index, and the Metabolic Index. The Respiration Index describes oxygen availability based on the free energy available in the reactants and products of the stoichiometric equation for respiration. However, organisms have wa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gofman retired as a teaching professor in 1973 and became a professor emeritus of molecular and cell biology.
Gofman testified on the behalf of Samuel Lovejoy at Lovejoys 1974 trial. Lovejoy was charged with malicious destruction of property for toppling a weather tower in Montague, Massachusetts, owned by Northeast Ut... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ASF/SF2 is an integral part of numerous components of the splicing process. ASF/SF2 is required for 5’ splice site cleavage and selection, and is capable of discriminating between cryptic and authentic splice sites. Subsequent lariat formation during the first chemical step of pre-mRNA splicing also requires ASF/SF2. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The classical macroscopic photoelectrochemical system consists of a semiconductor in electric contact with a counter-electrode. For N-type semiconductor particles of sufficiently small dimension, the particles polarize into anodic and cathodic regions, effectively forming microscopic photoelectrochemical cells. The ill... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
IBX is also available as silica gel or polystyrene bound IBX. In many applications, IBX is replaced by Dess–Martin periodinane which is more soluble in common organic solvents. A sample reaction is an IBX oxidation used in the total synthesis of eicosanoid: More and Finney and Van Arman have demonstrated that common or... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The diagram above depicts a reaction between m-cresol and methanol where a c-alkylation product is produced. The c-alkylation reaction means that instead of replacing the hydrogen atom on the -OH group, the methyl group (from the methanol) replaces the hydrogen on a carbon in the benzene ring. The products of this c-al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
M is the molar mass and G are the group contributions (different for all three properties) for functional groups of a molecule. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Levich is one of the pioneers in induced-charge electrokinetic field. He calculated the perturbed slip profile around a conducting particle in contact with electrolyte. He also theoretically predicted that vortices induced around this particle once the electric filed is applied. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drug-based contraception has been available since the development of the contraceptive pill. As well as their contraceptive effects, contraceptive drugs can also have adverse sexual and reproductive side-effects. Prior to the availability of effective contraceptives, some substances were also used as abortifacients to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inhomogeneous broadening is a general term for broadening because some emitting particles are in a different local environment from others, and therefore emit at a different frequency. This term is used especially for solids, where surfaces, grain boundaries, and stoichiometry variations can create a variety of local e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
From Maxwell's equations, the electromagnetic energy of a "free" field i.e. one with no sources, is described by:
We introduce the "mode function" that satisfies the Helmholtz equation:
where and assume it is normalized such that:
We wish to "quantize" the electromagnetic energy of free space for a multimode field. T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, Hicks equation, sometimes also referred as Bragg–Hawthorne equation or Squire–Long equation, is a partial differential equation that describes the distribution of stream function for axisymmetric inviscid fluid, named after William Mitchinson Hicks, who derived it first in 1898. The equation was also... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) is a technique for investigating the structure and local dynamics of proteins using electron spin resonance. The theory of SDSL is based on the specific reaction of spin labels with amino acids. A spin label's built-in protein structure can be detected by EPR spectroscopy. SDSL is al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* RdRps can be used as drug targets for viral pathogens as their function is not necessary for eukaryotic survival. By inhibiting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase function, new RNAs cannot be replicated from an RNA template strand, however, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase will remain functional.
* There are currently antivira... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Proteorhodopsin functions throughout the Earth's oceans as a light-driven H+ pump, by a mechanism similar to that of bacteriorhodopsin. As in bacteriorhodopsin, the retinal chromophore of proteorhodopsin is covalently bound to the apoprotein via a protonated Schiff base at Lys231. The configuration of the retinal chrom... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The photoreceptor cells involved in vertebrate vision are the rods, the cones, and the photosensitive ganglion cells (ipRGCs). These cells contain a chromophore (11-cis-retinal, the aldehyde of vitamin A1 and light-absorbing portion) that is bound to a cell membrane protein, opsin. Rods are responsible for vision under... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Romans made full use of the brown- and ochre-coloured stone in the Weald, and many of their roads there are the means of transport for the ore, and were extensively metalled with slag from iron smelting. The sites of about 113 bloomeries have been identified as Roman, mainly in East Sussex. The Weald was in this p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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