text stringlengths 105 4.57k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|
The computation modules of Khimera allow one to calculate the kinetic parameters of elementary processes and thermodynamic and transport properties from the data on the molecular structures and properties obtained from quantum-chemical calculations or from an experiment. The molecular properties and the parameters of m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero (−273.15 °C or −459.67 °F). Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum state, at w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Enterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic, Gram-positive bacteria that forms biofilm in glass. This process is also known as forming a biofilm in vitro. The presence of (Esp), a certain cell surface protein, aids the formation of a biofilm by Enterococcus faecalis. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In pre-modern medicine, diascordium (medical Lat diascordium, for diascordiōn, from Gr , [a preparation] of scordium, , "a strong-smelling plant mentioned by Dioscorides", possibly Teucrium scordium), or diascord, is a kind of electuary, or opiate, first described by Jerome Frascata, and denominated from the dried leav... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The logging system is often simply a personal computer. In initial signal processing, the signal often needs to be amplified and converted for use with the control system. The lines of communication between monochromator, detector output, and computer should be optimized to ensure the desired metrics and features are b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the early 1990s, at least thirty separate groups were working on the total synthesis of the chemotherapy medicine paclitaxel (Taxol), culminating with the groups of Robert A. Holton and K. C. Nicolaou publishing nearly simultaneously in 1994. By then, Mukaiyama had retired from the University of Tokyo after reaching... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to Archimedes principle, the weight of an immersed object is reduced by the weight of fluid it displaces. This holds for a fluid parcel of density surrounded by an ambient fluid of density . Its weight per unit volume is , in which is the acceleration of gravity. Dividing by a characteristic density, , give... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mahdi was born on 1 January 1970. He received his Bachelors degree in chemical engineering from University of Toronto, Canada, and his Masters in the same field from the Illinois Institute of Technology, USA. Mahdi received his PhD in chemical engineering from Northwestern University, USA, where he specialized on appli... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sericitic alteration or sericitization is a process of mineral alteration caused by hydrothermal fluids invading permeable country rock. Plagioclase feldspar within the rock is converted to sericite (sericite is not a mineral; it is a term that is used to describe any fine-grained white phyllosilicate when a distinctio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
LNGFR also activates a caspase-dependent signaling pathway that promotes developmental axon pruning, and axon degeneration in neurodegenerative disease.
In the apoptosis pathway, members of the TNF receptor superfamily assemble a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) in which TRADD or FADD bind directly to the recept... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For reversible dissociations in a chemical equilibrium
the dissociation constant K is the ratio of dissociated to undissociated compound
where the brackets denote the equilibrium concentrations of the species. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) is made of repeating p-phenylene units, which act as the precursor to a conducting polymer of the rigid-rod polymer family. The synthesis of PPP has proven challenging, but has been accomplished through excess polycondensation with the Suzuki coupling method.
Early efforts typically produced bla... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
:V10AX01 Phosphorus (P) chromicphosphate colloid
:V10AX02 Samarium (Sm) hydroxyapatite colloid
:V10AX03 Dysprosium (Dy) colloid
:V10AX04 Erbium (Er) citrate colloid
:V10AX05 Rhenium (Re) sulfide colloid
:V10AX06 Gold (Au) colloidal | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By local transformations, the weld toe plastically deformed and solidified.
The depth of the aftertreatment track should be between 0.2 and 0.35 mm.
The undercut at the weld toe is no longer recognizable. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vicinal difunctionalization refers to a chemical reaction involving transformations at two adjacent centers (most commonly carbons). This transformation can be accomplished in α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds via the conjugate addition of a nucleophile to the β-position followed by trapping of the resulting enolate w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Molecular cloning refers to the process of making multiple molecules. Cloning is commonly used to amplify DNA fragments containing whole genes, but it can also be used to amplify any DNA sequence such as promoters, non-coding sequences and randomly fragmented DNA. It is used in a wide array of biological experiments an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In MRI and NMR spectroscopy, an observable nuclear spin polarization (magnetization) is created by a homogeneous magnetic field. This field makes the magnetic dipole moments of the sample precess at the resonance (Larmor) frequency of the nuclei. At thermal equilibrium, nuclear spins precess randomly about the directio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since the seminal work of P. Orlandi, the Lamb–Chaplygin vortex model has been a popular choice for numerical studies on vortex-environment interactions. The fact that it does not deform make it a prime candidate for consistent flow initialization. A less favorable property is that the second derivative of the flow fie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This element describes the impedance of a finite-length diffusion with reflective boundary. It is described by the following equation: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In many cases, it is preferable to use a slightly modified version of the Gouy-Stodola theorem in work form, where is replaced by some effective temperature. When this is done, it often enlarges the scope of the theorem, and adapts it to be applicable to more systems or situations. For example, the corrections elabora... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Substituting for f the Metropolis function defined above (which satisfies the detailed balance condition), and setting C to zero, gives
The advantage of this formulation (apart from its simplicity) is that it can be computed without performing two simulations, one in each specific ensemble. Indeed, it is possible to de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Confluences are studied in a variety of sciences. Hydrology studies the characteristic flow patterns of confluences and how they give rise to patterns of erosion, bars, and scour pools. The water flows and their consequences are often studied with mathematical models. Confluences are relevant to the distribution of liv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mechanical properties of materials describe characteristics such as their strength and resistance to deformation. For example, steel beams are used in construction because of their high strength, meaning that they neither break nor bend significantly under the applied load.
Mechanical properties include elasticity,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Quark matter or QCD matter (quantum chromodynamic) refers to any of a number of hypothetical phases of matter whose degrees of freedom include quarks and gluons, of which the prominent example is quark-gluon plasma. Several series of conferences in 2019, 2020, and 2021 were devoted to this topic.
Quarks are liberated i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mathematically, the pressure of a mixture of non-reactive gases can be defined as the summation:
where , , ..., represent the partial pressures of each component.
where is the mole fraction of the ith component in the total mixture of n components . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Changes in land use, the combustion of fossil fuels, and the production of cement have led to an increase in CO concentration in the atmosphere. At present, about one third (approximately 2 Pg C y = 2 × 10 grams of carbon per year) of anthropogenic emissions of CO may be entering the ocean, but this is quite uncertain... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Arsenic interferes with cellular longevity by allosteric inhibition of an essential metabolic enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which catalyzes the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA by NAD. With the enzyme inhibited, the energy system of the cell is disrupted resulting in cellular apoptosis. Biochemically, arsen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iron is an important biological element. It is used in both the ubiquitous iron-sulfur proteins and in vertebrates it is used in hemoglobin which is essential for blood and oxygen transport. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Arteriviruses are small, enveloped, animal viruses with an icosahedral core containing a positive-sense RNA genome. The family includes equine arteritis virus (EAV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus (LDV) of mice and simian haemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dianium was the proposed name for a new element found by the mineralogist and poet Wolfgang Franz von Kobell in 1860. The name derived from the Roman goddess Diana. During the analysis of the mineral tantalite and niobite, he concluded that it does contain an element similar to niobium and tantalum. The symbol was Di.
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vacuum arc remelting (VAR) is a secondary remelting process for vacuum refining and manufacturing of ingots with improved chemical and mechanical homogeneity.
In critical military and commercial aerospace applications, material engineers commonly specify VIM-VAR steels. VIM means vacuum induction melted and VAR means v... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In inorganic chemistry, the cis effect is defined as the labilization (or destabilization) of CO ligands that are cis to other ligands. CO is a well-known strong pi-accepting ligand in organometallic chemistry that will labilize in the cis position when adjacent to ligands due to steric and electronic effects. The syst... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some carbon removal techniques add alkalinity to the ocean and therefore immediately buffer pH changes which might help the organisms in the region that the extra alkalinity is added to. The two technologies that fall into this category are ocean alkalinity enhancement and electrochemical methods. Eventually, due to di... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays in 1895, many scientists began to work on ionizing radiation. One of these was Henri Becquerel, who investigated the relationship between phosphorescence and the blackening of photographic plates. When Becquerel (working in France) discovered that, with no external source of ener... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organismal metabolic rate, or the rate at which organisms assimilate, transform, and expend energy, is influenced by a few key constituents, namely light, nutrients, temperature, and organic matter. The influence of these constituents on organismal metabolism ultimately governs metabolism at the whole-lake scale and ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photoredox catalysis exploits [Ru(bpy)] as a sensitizer as a strategy for organic synthesis. Many analogues of [Ru(bpy)] are employed as well. These transformations exploit the redox properties of [Ru(bpy)]* and its reductively quenched derivative [Ru(bpy)]. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider the simpler case where there are two binding sites. See the scheme shown below. Each site is assumed to bind either molecule of substrate S or product P. The catalytic reaction is shown by the two reactions at the base of the scheme triangle, that is S to P and P to S. The model assumes the binding steps are a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lauri Vaska (May 7, 1925 – November 15, 2015) was an Estonian-American chemist who has made noteworthy contributions to organometallic chemistry.
Vaska was born in Rakvere, Estonia. He was educated at the Baltic University in Hamburg, Germany (1946) and subsequently at the University of Göttingen (1946–1949), where he ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The use of fibrin hydrogel in gene delivery (transfection) is studied to address essential factors controlling the delivery process such as fibrinogen and pDNA concentration in addition to significance of cell-mediated fibrin degradation for pursuing the potential of cell-transfection microarray engineering or in vivo ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ružička was the recipient of eight honorary doctorates and the 1938 Marcel Benoist Prize. He was listed as author on 583 scientific papers. In 1965, he became an honorary member of the Polish Chemical Society, and he was an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. After the war he acquired a taste ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Other lipase inhibitors have been recognized, e.g. from different plant products. These include alkaloids, carotenoids, glycosides, polyphenols, polysaccharides, saponins and terpenoids. However, none of these have been used clinically as lipase inhibitors. More active lipase inhibitors are the lipophilic compounds fro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Shelby Gem Factory was the production facility of ICT Incorporated, a company in Shelby, Michigan, United States, that manufactured artificial gemstones through proprietary processes. ICT began operations in 1970 and closed in December 2019. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Jiří Hála claims in his textbook "Radioactivity, Ionizing Radiation and Nuclear Energy" that cattle only pass a minority of the strontium, caesium, plutonium and americium they ingest to the humans who consume milk and meat. Using milk as an example, if the cow has a daily intake of 1000 Bq of the preceding isotopes ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Butter yellow was synthesized by Peter Griess in the 1860s at the Royal College of Chemistry in London. The dye was used to dye butter in Germany and other parts of the world during the latter half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th before being phased out in the 1930s and 40s. It was in the 1930s that r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most direct way of measuring the activity of a volatile species is to measure its equilibrium partial vapor pressure. For water as solvent, the water activity a is the equilibrated relative humidity. For non-volatile components, such as sucrose or sodium chloride, this approach will not work since they do not have ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Single-step carbon sequestration and storage is a saline water-based mineralization technology extracting carbon dioxide from seawater and storing it in the form of solid minerals. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Freeze–thaw weathering is caused by moisture freezing inside cracks in rock. Upon freezing its volume expands, causing large forces which cracks spall off the outer surface. As this cycle repeats the outer surface repeatedly undergoes spalling, resulting in weathering.
Some stone and masonry surfaces used as building s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chvorinov's rule is a physical relationship that relates the solidification time for a simple casting to the volume and surface area of the casting. It was first expressed by Czech engineer Nicolas Chvorinov in 1940. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
xDNA (also known as expanded DNA or benzo-homologated DNA) is a size-expanded nucleotide system synthesized from the fusion of a benzene ring and one of the four natural bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. This size expansion produces an 8 letter alphabet which has a larger information storage capacity than... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RopB transcriptional regulator, also known as RopB/Rgg transcriptional regulator is a transcriptional regulator protein that regulates expression of the extracellularly secreted cysteine protease streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (speB) [See Also: erythrogenic toxins] which is an important virulence factor of Streptoc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chromatin assembly factor-1 (CAF-1) is a protein complex — including Chaf1a (p150), Chaf1b (p60), and p48 subunits in humans, or Cac1, Cac2, and Cac3, respectively, in yeast— that assembles histone tetramers onto replicating DNA during the S phase of the cell cycle. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Suppose that for a change in time and change in age , the population density is:That is, during a time period the population density decreases by a percentage . Taking a Taylor series expansion to order gives us that:We know that , since the change of age with time is 1. Therefore, after collecting terms, we must ha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Kfar Monash Hoard is a hoard of metal objects dated to the Early Bronze Age (the third millennium BCE) found in the spring of 1962 by the agriculturalist Zvi Yizhar in Kfar Monash, Israel. Kfar Monash is located 3.3 km south-east of Tel Hefer (Tell Ishbar) in the Plain of Sharon or in modern terms 9 km/6 mi northea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In thermal power stations, mechanical power is produced by a heat engine that transforms thermal energy, often from combustion of a fuel, into rotational energy. Most thermal power stations produce steam, so they are sometimes called steam power stations. Not all thermal energy can be transformed into mechanical power,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lavoisiers chemical research between 1772 and 1778 was largely concerned with developing his own new theory of combustion. In 1783 he read to the academy his paper entitled Réflexions sur le phlogistique (Reflections on Phlogiston), a full-scale attack on the current phlogiston theory of combustion. That year Lavoisier... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For females:
* 0 to 5 years: < 0.1 mg/24 hours
* 6 to 9 years: < 0.3 mg/24 hours
* 10 to 15 years: 0.1 to 0.6 mg/24 hours
* 16 years and older: 0 to 1.4 mg/ 24 hours.
For males:
* 0 to 5 years: < 0.1 mg/24 hours
* 6 to 9 years: < 0.3 mg/24 hours
* 10 to 15 years: 0.2 to 0.6 mg/24 hours
* 16 years and older: 0.2 to 2 mg... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Chapter: Molecular Spectroscopy 2.
* Chapter 4: Fundamentals of Fluorescence and Fluorescence Microscopy | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Silyl enol ethers of esters () or carboxylic acids () are called silyl ketene acetals and have the general structure . These compounds are more nucleophilic than the silyl enol ethers of ketones (). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Nernst–Planck equation is a continuity equation for the time-dependent concentration of a chemical species:
where is the flux. It is assumed that the total flux is composed of three elements: diffusion, advection, and electromigration. This implies that the concentration is affected by an ionic concentration grad... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
IIR Section E co-ordinates the work of the both Commissions E1 Air-Conditioning and E2 Heat Pumps and Heat Recovery.
The core activities and interests of both Commissions are strongly connected resulting in tight collaborate and jointly organised conferences.
Air-conditioning is a subject that is now more frequently ad... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Effectene Reagent is used in conjunction with the enhancer and the DNA condensation buffer (Buffer EC) to achieve high transfection efficiency. In the first step of Effectene–DNA complex formation, the DNA is condensed by interaction with the enhancer in a defined-buffer system. Effectene Reagent is then added to the c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Water has an unusually high surface tension of 71.99 mN/m at 25 °C which is caused by the strength of the hydrogen bonding between water molecules. This allows insects to walk on water. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Weakly dissociated acids yield sharp thermometric endpoints when titrated with a strong base. For instance, bicarbonate can be unequivocally determined in the company of carbonate by titrating with hydroxyl (ΔH=-40.9 kJ/mol). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bismuthyl — inorganic oxygen-containing radical, a singly charged ion with the chemical formula BiO, is an oxycation of bismuth in the +3 oxidation state. Most often it is formed during the hydrolysis of trivalent bismuth salts, primarily nitrate, chloride and other halides. In chemical compounds, bismuthyl plays the r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbonyl ylides (RRC=OCRR) can form by ring-opening of epoxides or by reaction of carbonyls with electrophilic carbenes, which are usually prepared from diazo compounds. Oxonium ylides (RR-O-CRR) are formed by the reaction of ethers with electrophilic carbenes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The HR-EBSD method can achieve a precision of ±10 in components of the displacement gradient tensors (i.e., variations in lattice strain and lattice rotation in radians) by measuring the shifts of zone axes within the pattern image with a resolution of ±0.05 pixels. It was limited to small strains and rotations (>1.5°)... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diverted total synthesis in chemistry is a strategy in drug discovery aiming at organic synthesis of natural product analogues rather than the natural product itself. The target can be the modification of a natural product or the modification of an intermediate. In this sense it differs from other strategies such as to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CrysTBox offers tools for automated processing of diffraction patterns and high-resolution transmission electron microscope images. Since the tools employ algorithms of artificial intelligence and computer vision, they are designed to require minimal operator effort providing higher accuracy compared to manual evaluati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A variety of other compounds are added to optimize the separation process, these additives are called modifiers. Modifying reagents react either with the mineral surfaces or with collectors and other ions in the flotation pulp, resulting in a modified and controlled flotation response.
* pH modifiers include lime (used... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The viscosity of a shear thickeningi.e. dilatant fluid appears to increase when the shear rate increases. Corn starch suspended in water ("oobleck", see below) is a common example: when stirred slowly it looks milky, when stirred vigorously it feels like a very viscous liquid. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Knudsen number of the particle define three different dynamical regimes that govern the behaviour of an aerosol:
where is the mean free path of the suspending gas and is the diameter of the particle. For particles in the free molecular regime, K >> 1; particles small compared to the mean free path of the suspendi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The oligodynamic effect (from Greek oligos, "few", and dynamis, "force") is a biocidal effect of metals, especially heavy metals, that occurs even in low concentrations. This effect is attributed to the antibacterial behavior of metal ions, which are absorbed by bacteria upon contact and damage their cell membranes.
In... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Countercurrent exchange is used extensively in biological systems for a wide variety of purposes. For example, fish use it in their gills to transfer oxygen from the surrounding water into their blood, and birds use a countercurrent heat exchanger between blood vessels in their legs to keep heat concentrated within the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The biological pump is accompanied by a physico-chemical counterpart known as the solubility pump. This pump transports significant amounts of carbon in the form of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from the ocean's surface to its interior. It involves physical and chemical processes only, and does not involve biologica... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages (including Karlodinium and Karenia) lost their original red algal derived chloroplast, and replaced it with a new chloroplast derived from a haptophyte endosymbiont. Karlodinium and Karenia probably took up different heterokontophytes. Because the haptophyte chloroplast has four membr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Developments in mass spectrometry led to the adoption of oxygen-16 as the standard substance, in lieu of natural oxygen.
The oxygen-16 definition was replaced with one based on carbon-12 during the 1960s. The mole was defined by International Bureau of Weights and Measures as "the amount of substance of a system which ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The derivation of Avogadro's law follows directly from the ideal gas law, i.e.
where R is the gas constant, T is the Kelvin temperature, and P is the pressure (in pascals).
Solving for V/n, we thus obtain
Compare that to
which is a constant for a fixed pressure and a fixed temperature.
An equivalent formulation of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The words "paracrystallinity" and "paracrystal" were coined by the late Friedrich Rinne in the year 1933. Their German equivalents, e.g. "Parakristall", appeared in print one year earlier.
A general theory of paracrystals has been formulated in a basic textbook, and then further developed/refined by various authors.
Ro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
FTIR is an analytical method which uses an infrared laser focused on a spot on the glass phase of the melt inclusion to determine an absorption (or extinction) coefficient for either HO and CO associated with wavelengths for each species depending on the parent lithology that contained the melt inclusion. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At Three Mile Island a recently SCRAMed core was starved of cooling water, as a result of the decay heat the core dried out and the fuel was damaged. Attempts were made to recool the core using water. According to the International Atomic Energy Agency for a 3,000 MW (t) PWR the normal coolant radioactivity levels are ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the nervous system there are primarily two ways of propagating signals. By far the most common method of intracellular signal propagation is the action potential. The dendrites of neurons contain ionotropic (aka ligand-gated ion channel) and metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors that bind chemical neurotransmitter... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Retrograde extrapolation is the mathematical process by which someone's blood alcohol concentration at the time of driving is estimated by projecting backwards from a later chemical test. This involves estimating the absorption and elimination of alcohol in the interim between driving and testing. The rate of eliminati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The paramagnetic ring current resulting from the electron delocalization in antiaromatic compounds can be observed by NMR. This ring current leads to a deshielding (downfield shift) of nuclei inside the ring and a shielding (upfield shift) of nuclei outside the ring. [[Cyclododecahexaene|[12]annulene]] is an antiaromat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The study of the tumor metabolism, also known as tumor metabolome describes the different characteristic metabolic changes in tumor cells. The characteristic attributes of the tumor metabolome are high glycolytic enzyme activities, the expression of the pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2, increased channeling of glucose... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ASHRAE standard 62 states that air removed from an area with environmental tobacco smoke shall not be recirculated into ETS-free air. A space with ETS requires more ventilation to achieve similar perceived air quality to that of a non-smoking environment.
The amount of ventilation in an ETS area is equal to the amount ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrogen is produced by hydrogenases and nitrogenases enzymes in many microorganisms, some of which are being studied for their potential for biofuel production. These H-metabolizing enzymes are found in all three domains of life, and out of known genomes over 30% of microbial taxa contain hydrogenase genes. Fermentati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It was announced in 2022 that a burning plasma had been achieved at the National Ignition Facility, a large laser-based inertial confinement fusion research device, located at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California. The burning plasma created was sustained for approximately 100 trillionths ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In clearance, or the rate at which a substance is removed or cleared from the body, it has been found that the cellular proteolysis of AGEs—the breakdown of proteins—produces AGE peptides and "AGE free adducts" (AGE adducts bound to single amino acids). These latter, after being released into the plasma, can be excrete... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One approach is the collision theory of chemical reactions, developed by Max Trautz and William Lewis in the years 1916–18. In this theory, molecules are supposed to react if they collide with a relative kinetic energy along their line of centers that exceeds E. The number of binary collisions between two unlike molecu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The interconversion of chair conformers is called ring flipping or chair-flipping. Carbon–hydrogen bonds that are axial in one configuration become equatorial in the other, and vice versa. At room temperature the two chair conformations rapidly equilibrate. The proton NMR spectrum of cyclohexane is a singlet at room te... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) is a research infrastructure to quantify the greenhouse gas balance of Europe and adjacent regions. In November 2015 it received the international legal status of ERIC (European Research Infrastructure Consortium) by decision of the European Commission. It is recognized b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Threading bases structural modeling on fold similarities rather than sequence identity. This method may help identify distantly related proteins and can be used to infer molecular functions. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Contamination by phenol, which is commonly used in nucleic acid purification, can significantly throw off quantification estimates. Phenol absorbs with a peak at 270 nm and a A of 1.2. Nucleic acid preparations uncontaminated by phenol should have a A of around 2. Contamination by phenol can significantly contribute ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Opioids (also known as narcotics) such as morphine and heroin attach to opioid receptors in the brain. These substances have long been known to inhibit sexual behavior.
Similar to the effects of psycho-stimulants, both men and women who use heroin report engaging in high-risk sexual practices.
Subjects typically report... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phosphate esters have the general structure P(=O)(OR) feature P(V). Such species are of technological importance as flame retardant agents, and plasticizers. Lacking a P−C bond, these compounds are in the technical sense not organophosphorus compounds but esters of phosphoric acid. Many derivatives are found in nature... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In reinforced concrete, the chemical reaction between carbon dioxide
In the air and calcium hydroxide and hydrated calcium silicate in the concrete is known as neutralisation. The similar reaction in which calcium hydroxide from cement reacts with carbon dioxide and forms insoluble calcium carbonate is carbonatation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diffusion hardening is a process used in manufacturing that increases the hardness of steels. In diffusion hardening, diffusion occurs between a steel with a low carbon content and a carbon-rich environment to increase the carbon content of the steel and ultimately harden the workpiece. Diffusion only happens through ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Friedel's law, named after Georges Friedel, is a property of Fourier transforms of real functions.
Given a real function , its Fourier transform
has the following properties.
where is the complex conjugate of .
Centrosymmetric points are called Friedel's pairs.
The squared amplitude () is centrosymmetric:
The phase ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reactivity of sterically demanding lithium (fluorosilyl)silylphosphanides with GeI yields green, cubic crystals in moderate yield. The identity of this species was investigated using only multinuclear NMR, elemental analysis, and UV-vis. Computational calculations (at the CIS level with the ab initio Los Alamos pseudop... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coward was born on 2 July 1885 in Blackburn, Lancashire. She studied Botany and graduated M.Sc. from University of Manchester. After a few years, she joined University College London to study biochemistry and perform research under J. C. Drummond on Vitamin A, paving the way for her to be nominated to the Fellow of the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.