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Caution should be exercised in people who have narcolepsy in comorbidity with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). Modafinil, like other centrally acting stimulants prescribed for people with narcolepsy, increases POTS-related autonomic dysfunction and results in tachycardia/arrhythmia side effects in peop... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Synthesis: MOBs under reducing conditions using sodium hydroxide (NaOH), can be self-assembled at body temperature (37 degrees Celsius). In the case of copper CuHARS, MOBs can be produced by transforming copper nanoparticles to provide the copper source, or by utilizing copper(II) sulfate. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since Ca is a common second messenger, GCaMP has been used to monitor the activation of signaling pathways. For instance, Bonder and McCarthy (2014) used GCaMP to show that astrocytic G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling and subsequent Ca release was not responsible for neurovascular coupling, the process by whi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Biuret reagent is made of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrated copper(II) sulfate, together with potassium sodium tartrate, the latter of which is added to chelate and thus stabilize the cupric ions. The reaction of the cupric ions with the nitrogen atoms involved in peptide bonds leads to the displacement of the p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pioneered by Stanley Fields and Ok-Kyu Song in 1989, the technique was originally designed to detect protein–protein interactions using the Gal4 transcriptional activator of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Gal4 protein activated transcription of a gene involved in galactose utilization, which formed the basis o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Melt inclusions are generally small - most are less than 80 micrometres across (a micrometre is one thousandth of a millimeter, or about 0.00004 inches). They may contain a number of different constituents, including glass (which represents melt that has been quenched by rapid cooling), small crystals and a separate va... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Massive fish die-offs have been caused by HABs. In 2016, 23 million salmon which were being farmed in Chile died from a toxic algae bloom. To get rid of the dead fish, the ones fit for consumption were made into fishmeal and the rest were dumped 60 miles offshore to avoid risks to human health. The economic cost of tha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During 2010, the United States Department of Energy established the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis. The mission of JCAP is to find a cost-effective method to produce fuels using only sunlight, water, and carbon-dioxide as inputs. JCAP is managed by a team from the California Institute of Technology (Caltec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation results in production of complex mixtures of relatively short DNA fragments, which is challenging to amplify with MDA without causing a bias in the fragment representation. A method to circumvent this problem was proposed, which is based on conversion of these mixtures to circular concatem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The initiating methionine (and, in prokaryotes, fMet) may be removed during translation of the nascent protein. For E. coli, fMet is efficiently removed if the second residue is small and uncharged, but not if the second residue is bulky and charged. In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the exposed N-terminal residue ma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Once a suitable genomic fragment is chosen (Step 1), the exons and introns of the fragment can be inserted and amplified, along with the flanking constitutive exons and introns of the original gene, by PCR. The primers for PCR can be chosen so that they leave "sticky ends" at 3' sense and anti-sense strands (Step 2). T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several companies in the United States are now working to commercialize supercritical reactors to destroy hazardous wastes. Widespread commercial application of SCWO technology requires a reactor design capable of resisting fouling and corrosion under supercritical conditions.
In Japan a number of commercial SCWO appl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Satyam et al. from National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway) proposed macromolecular crowding as means to create ECM-rich tissue equivalents. The principle of macromolecular crowding is derived from the notion that in vivo cells reside in a highly crowded/dense extracellular space and therefore the conversio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TRH-stimulation testing however
continues to be useful for the differential diagnosis of secondary (pituitary disorder) and tertiary (hypothalamic disorder) hypothyroidism. Patients with these conditions
appear to have physiologically inactive TSH in their circulation that is recognized by
TSH assays to a degree such t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Eutrophication can occur naturally, during the late stage of the natural ecological succession that accompanies the infilling of a lake. It then develops slowly, over thousands of years. It develops within only a few decades when triggered by cropland fertilization, industrial contamination, or urban development. Defor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
CcrM (or M.CcrMI) is an orphan DNA methyltransferase, that is involved in controlling gene expression in most Alphaproteobacteria. This enzyme modifies DNA by catalyzing the transference of a methyl group from the S-adenosyl-L methionine substrate to the N6 position of an adenine base in the sequence 5-GANTC-3 with hig... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This originates from permanent and induced dipoles aligning to an electric field. Their orientation polarisation is disturbed by thermal noise (which mis-aligns the dipole vectors from the direction of the field), and the time needed for dipoles to relax is determined by the local viscosity. These two facts make dipole... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are some potential drawbacks for the palynological analysis of middens, however, as the diverse taphonomic vectors can complicate interpretations if they are not adequately considered and controlled for. Pollen spectra from pellets - reflecting the animal’s needs or preferences on a particular day - may contrast ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For impure substances, e.g. alloys, honey, soft drink, ice cream, etc. the melting point broadens into a melting interval. If the temperature is within the melting interval, one may see "slurries" at equilibrium, i.e. the slurry will neither fully solidify nor melt. This is why new snow of high purity on mountain peaks... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Of academic interest, SO acts like a Lewis acid towards the alkyl ligand. The pathway for the insertion of SO into metal alkyl bond begins with attack of the alkyl nucleophile on the sulfur centre in SO. The "insertion" proceed the sulfur dioxide between the metal and the alkyl ligand leads to the O, O-sulphinate. Alt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Exposure studies in the copper smelting industry are much more extensive and have established definitive links between arsenic, a by-product of copper smelting, and lung cancer via inhalation. Dermal and neurological effects were also increased in some of these studies. Although as time went on, occupational controls b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In modern expansion joints, the metal bellows are often produced with a so-called multi-ply design. To increase both flexibility and stability, multiple thin plies of metal are layered to form the bellows walls. There are two basic design types: The multi-ply and the multi-walled bellows structure. The multi-ply struct... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
; (1999 April);
Its an impressive memento which described the fascinating story of how his national team – Sri Lanka – blossomed out and established itself as International Champions of 1996/97 in Overs-limited cricket'. Perera has also captured here the brilliance, the philosophy and the pulsating drama of one-day in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Viaspan was the trademark under which the University of Wisconsin cold storage solution (also known as University of Wisconsin solution or UW solution) was sold. Currently, UW solution is sold under the Belzer UW trademark and others like Bel-Gen or StoreProtect. UW solution was the first solution designed for use in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because QCD is asymptotically free it becomes weakly coupled at unrealistically high densities, and diagrammatic
methods can be used. Such methods show that the CFL phase occurs at very high density. At high temperatures, however, diagrammatic methods are still not under full control. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mechanism of the Kröhnke pyridine synthesis begins with enolization of α-pyridinium methyl ketone 4 followed by 1,4-addition to the α, β-unsaturated ketone 5 to form the Michael adduct 6, which immediately tautomerizes to the 1,5-dicarbonyl 7. Addition of ammonia to 7 followed by dehydration via 8 generates the imi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The targets used in neutron generators are thin films of metal such as titanium, scandium, or zirconium which are deposited onto a silver, copper or molybdenum substrate. Titanium, scandium, and zirconium form stable chemical compounds called metal hydrides when combined with hydrogen or its isotopes. These metal hydri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An important feature of water is its polar nature. The structure has a bent molecular geometry for the two hydrogens from the oxygen vertex. The oxygen atom also has two lone pairs of electrons. One effect usually ascribed to the lone pairs is that the H–O–H gas-phase bend angle is 104.48°, which is smaller than the ty... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Leading experts in the field have supported a proposal for a Global Project on Artificial Photosynthesis as a combined energy security and climate change solution.
Conferences on this theme have been held at Lord Howe Island during 2011, at Chicheley Hall in the UK in 2014 and at Canberra and Lord Howe island during 2... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RAI1 is a transcription factor associated with Smith–Magenis syndrome when individuals have deletions of the gene and Potocki–Lupski syndrome when individuals have a duplication. It is known as retinoic acid induced 1. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
BREEAM has expanded from its original focus on individual new buildings at the construction stage to encompass the whole life cycle of buildings from planning to in-use and refurbishment. Its regular revisions and updates are driven by the ongoing need to improve sustainability, respond to feedback from industry and su... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The use of lead arsenate pesticides has been effectively eliminated for over 50 years. However, because of the pesticide's environmental persistence, it is estimated that millions of acres of land are still contaminated with lead arsenate residues. This presents a potentially significant public health concern in some a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most soft nanoparticles have core–shell structures. The semiflexible surface ligands soften the interaction of the cores and create a more spherical shape than the underlying core from uniform coverage. The surface ligands can be chosen from surfactants, polymers, DNA, ions, etc. Tuning the structure of superlattices c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The primary use of this reagent is for detecting secondary amines, such as MDMA and methamphetamine, and is typically used after the mecke or marquis reagents to differentiate between the two mentioned and amphetamine or MDA. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although E varies greatly across the periodic table, some patterns emerge. Generally, nonmetals have more positive E than metals. Atoms whose anions are more stable than neutral atoms have a greater E. Chlorine most strongly attracts extra electrons; neon most weakly attracts an extra electron. The electron affinities ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 1723 - Moritz Anton Cappeller introduced the term ‘crystallography’.
* 1766 - Pierre-Joseph Macquer, in his Dictionnaire de Chymie, promoted mechanisms of crystallization based on the idea that crystals are composed of polyhedral molecules (primitive integrantes).
* 1772 - Jean-Baptiste L. Romé de lIsle developed geo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In molecular biology, an amplicon is a piece of DNA or RNA that is the source and/or product of amplification or replication events. It can be formed artificially, using various methods including polymerase chain reactions (PCR) or ligase chain reactions (LCR), or naturally through gene duplication. In this context, am... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The use of swales has been popularized as a rainwater-harvesting and soil-conservation strategy by Bill Mollison, David Holmgren, and other advocates of permaculture. In this context a swale is usually a water-harvesting ditch on contour, also called a contour bund.
Swales as used in permaculture are designed by perm... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The speed of sound is variable and depends on the properties of the substance through which the wave is travelling. In solids, the speed of transverse (or shear) waves depends on the shear deformation under shear stress (called the shear modulus), and the density of the medium. Longitudinal (or compression) waves in so... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MIKE 21 can be used for design data assessment for coastal and offshore structures, optimization of port layout and coastal protection measures, cooling water, desalination and recirculation analysis, environmental impact assessment of marine infrastructures, water forecast for safe marine operations and navigation, co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Detonation spraying is one of the many forms of thermal spraying techniques that are used to apply a protective coating at supersonic velocities to a material in order to change its surface characteristics. This is primarily to improve the durability of a component. It was first invented in 1955 by H.B. Sargent, R.M. P... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rigorously, the oscillation is periodic only at . Indeed, in the realization of the Toda oscillator as a self-pulsing laser, these parameters may have values of order of ; during several pulses, the amplitude of pulsation does not change much. In this case, we can speak about the period of pulsation, since the function... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A number of examples of molecular mimicry by pathogens, emulating natural endogenous ligands of paired receptors for immune evasion, have been described in the literature. Such interactions are particularly common with the inhibitory members of receptor pairs, bolstering the hypothesis that activating partners are a la... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MODOMICS is a comprehensive database that contains information about RNA modifications. MODOMICS provides the following information: the chemical structure of the modified RNAs, the RNA modifying pathways, the location of the modifications in the RNA sequences, the enzymes responsible for the modifications and liquid c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The key elements of any FOCE experimental units are perspex, partially open, chambers, a CO mixing system, sensors to continuously monitor ambient and chamber pH, and a control loop to regulate the addition of gases or liquids to each experimental chamber.
The carbonate chemistry of seawater can be manipulated using di... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ro60 is not part of the TRIM family. Ro60 is encoded by a gene 32 kb in length and acts to regulate the fate of misfolded RNA within the host cell. Ro60 forms a ribonucleoprotein complex with one molecule of noncoding Y1, Y3, Y4, or Y5RNA, all of which are approximately 100 nucleotides in length, to form the epitope th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Critical Path Institute (C-Path) is a non-profit organization created to improve the drug development process; its consortia include more than 1,600 scientists from government regulatory and research agencies, academia, patient organizations, and bio-pharmaceutical companies. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During its formation, the Earth likely suffered a series of magma oceans resulting from giant impacts, the final one being the Moon-forming impact. The best chemical evidence for the existence of magma oceans on Earth is the abundance of certain siderophile elements in the mantle that record magma ocean depths of appro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Arylsulfatase (EC 3.1.6.1, sulfatase, nitrocatechol sulfatase, phenolsulfatase, phenylsulfatase, p-nitrophenyl sulfatase, arylsulfohydrolase, 4-methylumbelliferyl sulfatase, estrogen sulfatase) is a type of sulfatase enzyme with systematic name aryl-sulfate sulfohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Paul Benjamin Ferrara (November 2, 1942 – May 30, 2011) was a scientist and administrator who pioneered the use of DNA profiling in America. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism describes a variety of reactions involving glyoxylate or dicarboxylates. Glyoxylate is the conjugate base of glyoxylic acid, and within a buffered environment of known pH such as the cell cytoplasm these terms can be used almost interchangeably, as the gain or loss of a hydrogen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
He was also a top expert in the field of archaeometry. He pioneered high-precision methods of neutron activation analysis at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in the US. Neutron activation analysis helps to determine the origin of ancient pottery and other artifacts through the analysis of the clay from which they were ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Rutherford scattering, an incident particle with charge and energy scatters off a fixed particle with charge . The differential cross section is
where is the Coulomb constant. The total cross section is infinite unless a cutoff for small scattering angles is applied. This is due to the long range of the Coulomb... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Uranium is a natural metal which is widely found. It is present in almost all soils and it is more plentiful than antimony, beryllium, cadmium, gold, mercury, silver, or tungsten, and is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock dep... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transmetalation is often used as a step in the catalytic cycles of cross-coupling reactions. Some of the cross-coupling reactions that include a transmetalation step are Stille cross-coupling, Suzuki cross-coupling, Sonogashira cross-coupling, and Negishi cross-coupling. The most useful cross-coupling catalysts tend to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A double-blind comparator-controlled Phase I/II clinical trial of using D-linoleic acid ethyl ester (RT001) for Friedreichs ataxia, sponsored by Retrotope and Friedreichs Ataxia Research Alliance, was conducted to determine the safety profile and appropriate dosing for consequent trials. RT001 was promptly absorbed and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbonatation is a chemical reaction in which calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide and forms insoluble calcium carbonate:
The process of forming a carbonate is sometimes referred to as "carbonation", although this term usually refers to the process of dissolving carbon dioxide in water. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Throughout the recommendations the use of the electronegativity of elements for sequencing has been replaced by a formal list which is loosely based on electronegativity. The recommendations still use the terms electropositive and electronegative to refer to an element's relative position in this list.
A simple rule of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amyloid-beta precursor protein is an ancient and highly conserved protein. In humans, the gene APP is located on chromosome 21 and contains 18 exons spanning 290 kilobases. Several alternative splicing isoforms of APP have been observed in humans, ranging in length from 639 to 770 amino acids, with certain isoforms pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Herons siphon is not a siphon as it works as a gravity driven pressure pump, at first glance it appears to be a perpetual motion machine but will stop when the air in the priming pump is depleted. In a slightly differently configuration, it is also known as Herons fountain. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Typical titrations require titrant and analyte to be in a liquid (solution) form. Though solids are usually dissolved into an aqueous solution, other solvents such as glacial acetic acid or ethanol are used for special purposes (as in petrochemistry, which specializes in petroleum.) Concentrated analytes are often di... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ammonium perfluorononanoate (APFN) is an anionic surfactant that in water forms liquid crystalline phases (Lyotropic liquid crystal). It is the ammonium salt of perfluorononanoic acid.
The phase diagram of APFN/HO system is delineated by the presence of a lamellar phase and a nematic phase with awide isotropic solution... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Urea was first noticed by Herman Boerhaave in the early 18th century from evaporates of urine. In 1773, Hilaire Rouelle obtained crystals containing urea from human urine by evaporating it and treating it with alcohol in successive filtrations. This method was aided by Carl Wilhelm Scheeles discovery that urine treated... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Irving Langmuir Prize in Chemical Physics is awarded annually, in even years by the American Chemical Society and in odd years by the American Physical Society. The award is meant to recognize and encourage outstanding interdisciplinary research in chemistry and physics, in the spirit of Irving Langmuir. A nominee ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coarse bubble diffusers are a pollution control technology used to aerate and or mix wastewater for sewage treatment. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
EosFP emits a strong green fluorescence (516 nm) that changes irreversibly to red (581 nm) when irradiated with UV-light of 390 nm. This modification occurs due to a break in the peptide backbone next to the chromophore. This mechanism allows for localized tagging of the protein and makes EosFP an appropriate tool for ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Compared to ketones and aldehydes, esters are relatively resistant to reduction. The introduction of catalytic hydrogenation in the early part of the 20th century was a breakthrough; esters of fatty acids are hydrogenated to fatty alcohols.
A typical catalyst is copper chromite. Prior to the development of catalytic hy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bilirubin is created by the activity of biliverdin reductase on biliverdin, a green tetrapyrrolic bile pigment that is also a product of heme catabolism. Bilirubin, when oxidized, reverts to become biliverdin once again. This cycle, in addition to the demonstration of the potent antioxidant activity of bilirubin, has l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The protein encoded by this gene mediates transcriptional control by interaction with the Krüppel-associated box repression domain found in many transcription factors. The protein localizes to the nucleus and is thought to associate with specific chromatin regions. The protein is a member of the tripartite motif family... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fermentation does not require oxygen. If oxygen is present, some species of yeast (e.g., Kluyveromyces lactis or Kluyveromyces lipolytica) will oxidize pyruvate completely to carbon dioxide and water in a process called cellular respiration, hence these species of yeast will produce ethanol only in an anaerobic environ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The use of plants to remove contaminants from the environment or to render them less harmful is called phytoremediation. In the case of radionuclides, it is a viable technology when decontamination times are long and waste are scattered at low concentrations.
Some plant species are able to transform the state of radioi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A thioamide (rarely, thionamide, but also known as thiourylenes) is a functional group with the general structure , where are any groups (typically organyl groups or hydrogen). Analogous to amides, thioamides exhibit greater multiple bond character along the C-N bond, resulting in a larger rotational barrier. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lake Chichoj is located near the city of San Cristóbal Verapaz, in the department of Alta Verapaz, in Guatemala. It is long, wide, with an area of , an average water volume of [], and a maximum depth of . | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photochromic molecules can belong to various classes: triarylmethanes, stilbenes, azastilbenes, nitrones, fulgides, spiropyrans, naphthopyrans, spiro-oxazines, quinones and others. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are several ways to test defoamers.
The easiest is looking at the surface foam. All that is needed is a system for generating foam. This might be done with a round pumping system with a nozzle and a cylinder or an air injection system into a cylinder. The cylinder is fitted with a scale to measure the foam height... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nucleation lays the foundation for the nanoparticle synthesis. Initial nuclei play a vital role on the size and shape of the nanoparticles that will ultimately form by acting as templating nuclei for the nanoparticle itself. Long-term stability is also determined by the initial nucleation procedures. Homogeneous nuclea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Single colour reflectometry (SCORE), formerly known as imaging Reflectometric Interferometry (iRIf) and 1-lambda Reflectometry, is a physical method based on interference of monochromatic light at thin films, which is used to investigate (bio-)molecular interactions. The obtained binding curves using SCORE provide deta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the Gladstone–Dale relation, , the index of refraction (n) or the density (ρ in g/cm) of miscible liquids that are mixed in mass fraction (m) can be calculated from characteristic optical constants (the molar refractivity k in cm/g) of pure molecular end-members. For example, for any mass (m) of ethanol added to a m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hess's law states that enthalpy changes are additive. Thus the value of the standard enthalpy of reaction can be calculated from standard enthalpies of formation of products and reactants as follows:
Here, the first sum is over all products and the second over all reactants, and are the stoichiometric coefficients o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reagent is prepared from trimethylsilyl chloride and bromotrifluoromethane in the presence of a phosphorus(III) reagent that serves as a halogen acceptor. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1896, Beijerinck first noted an incompatibility in solutions of agar, a water-soluble polymer, with soluble starch or gelatine. Upon mixing, they separated into two immiscible phases.
Subsequent investigation led to the determination of many other aqueous biphasic systems, of which the polyethylene glycol (PEG) - d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Proceeding in a similar way but taking the derivative with respect to we get a similar result for molar enthalpies:
Remembering that we get:
which in turn means that and that the enthalpy of the mix is equal to the sum of its component enthalpies.
Since and , similarly
It is also easily verifiable that | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
1,4-Butanedithiol is an organosulfur compound with the formula . It is a malodorous, colorless liquid that is highly soluble in organic solvents. The compound has found applications in biodegradable polymers. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aside from the KIX domain, CBP and P300 contain many other protein binding domains that should not be confused (numbers are aa numberings):
* CH1/TAZ1 domain, CBP[347–433], P300[323-423]
* KIX domain, CBP[587–666], P300[566–645]
* Bromodomain, CBP[1103–1175], P300[1067–1139]
* CH2 domain (), CBP[1191–1317], P300[1155-1... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Basic oxygen steelmaking is a primary steelmaking process for converting molten pig iron into steel by blowing oxygen through a lance over the molten pig iron inside the converter. Exothermic heat is generated by the oxidation reactions during blowing.
The basic oxygen steel-making process is as follows:
# Molten pig i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Superhydrophobic surfaces can be created in a number of different ways including plasma or ion etching, crystal growth on a material surface, and nanolithography to name a few. All of these processes create nano-topographical features which imbue a surface with superhydrophobicity. The ultimate goal in developing super... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glycorandomization is used in the pharmaceutical industry and academic community to alter glycosylation patterns of sugar-containing natural products or to append sugars to drugs/drug leads. It provides a fast way to investigate the effect of subtle sugar modification on the pharmacological properties of the natural pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glycosylamines are a class of biochemical compounds consisting of a glycosyl group attached to an amino group, -NR. They are also known as N-glycosides, as they are a type of glycoside. Glycosyl groups can be derived from carbohydrates. The glycosyl group and amino group are connected with a β-N-glycosidic bond, formin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Concentrated sulfuric acid can perform a dehydration reaction with table sugar. After mixing, the color changes from white to brownish and eventually to black. The expansion of the mixture is the result of vaporization of water and CO inside the container. The gases inflate the mixture to form a snake-like shape, and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The rapamycin analog temsirolimus (CCI-779) is also a noncytotoxic agent which delays tumor proliferation.
Temsirolimus is a prodrug of rapamycin. It is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA), for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Temsirolimus has hig... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In brief, corrosion is a chemical reaction occurring by an electrochemical mechanism (a redox reaction). During corrosion of iron or steel there are two reactions, oxidation (equation ), where electrons leave the metal (and the metal dissolves, i.e. actual loss of metal results) and reduction, where the electrons are u... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calmagite is a complexometric indicator used in analytical chemistry to identify the presence of metal ions in solution. As with other metal ion indicators calmagite will change color when it is bound to an ion. Calmagite will be wine red when it is bound to a metal ion and may be blue, red, or orange when it is not bo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In recent years a mammalian two hybrid (M2H) system has been designed to study mammalian protein-protein interactions in a cellular environment that closely mimics the native protein environment. Transiently transfected mammalian cells are used in this system to find protein-protein interactions.
Using a mammalian cell... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In humans, there exist three paraologous ANT isoforms:
* SLC25A4 – found primarily in heart and skeletal muscle
* SLC25A5 – primarily expressed in fibroblasts
* SLC25A6 – primarily express in liver | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
van der Waals force is actually the total name of dipole-dipole force, dipole-induced dipole force and dispersion forces, in which dispersion forces are the most important part because they are always present.
Assume that the pair potential between two atoms or small molecules is purely attractive and of the form w = −... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MP Materials is 51.8%-owned by US hedge funds JHL Capital Group (and its CEO James Litinsky) and QVT Financial LP, while Shenghe Resources Holding Co. Ltd., a partially state-owned enterprise of the Government of China, holds an 8.0% stake. Apart from institutions, the public owns 18%. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider next the necessary requirements for the appearance of lateral growth. It is evident that the lateral growth mechanism will be found when any area in the surface can reach a metastable equilibrium in the presence of a driving force. It will then tend to remain in such an equilibrium configuration until the pass... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One example of a binary chemical weapon is the United States Army M687. In the M687, methylphosphonyl difluoride (military name: DF, a Schedule 1 chemical) and a mixture of two agents are held in chambers within the munition, separated by a partition. When the weapon is fired, acceleration causes the partition to brea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SETAC promotes environmental sciences through conducting meetings, workshops, and symposia; bestowing awards recognizing for excellence; promoting education in the field by organizing training courses and supporting students; and through its publication program. It holds meetings and events around the world. It produce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RNA-Seq of human pathogens has become an established method for quantifying gene expression changes, identifying novel virulence factors, predicting antibiotic resistance, and unveiling host-pathogen immune interactions. A primary aim of this technology is to develop optimised infection control measures and targeted in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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