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The Cauchy–Born rule or Cauchy–Born approximation is a basic hypothesis used in the mathematical formulation of solid mechanics which relates the movement of atoms in a crystal to the overall deformation of the bulk solid. It states that in a crystalline solid subject to a small strain, the positions of the atoms withi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hot cutting is performed by means of a thermal torch (plasma or oxyfuel) and is mounted to the last axis of a multi-axis machine. The axes of the multi-axis machine are powered by electric motors and are synchronized to create a path for the torch and pipe that yield a desired profile. The synchronization of axes is ac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The indigenous people of Mono Lake are from a band of the Northern Paiute, called the Kutzadikaa. They speak the Northern Paiute language. The Kutzadikaa traditionally forage alkali fly pupae, called kutsavi in their language.
The term "Mono" is derived from "Monachi", a Yokuts term for the tribes that live on both th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anhydrous zinc chloride is able to melt and boil without any decomposition until 900 °C in an inert atmosphere. However, in the presence of oxygen, zinc chloride oxidizes to zinc oxide above 400 °C.
When hydrated zinc chloride is heated, Zn(OH)Cl is produced instead of anhydrous zinc chloride: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unique distributions of compounds across one or many plates can be employed either to increase the number of assays per plate or to reduce the variance of assay results, or both. The simplifying assumption made in this approach is that any N compounds in the same well will not typically interact with each other, or the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molasses-based distilleries all over the world generate large amount of effluent termed as spent wash or vinasse. For each liter of alcohol produced, around 8 liters of effluent is generated. This effluent has chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 1,50,000 PPM and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of 60,000 PPM and even more. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1985, the United States Congress passed legislation requiring the disposal of the stockpile chemical agents and munitions consisting of over 3 million chemical weapons, adding up to 31,000 tons of chemical weapons needing to be disposed of. This was ordered because a timely and safe disposal of chemical weapons is f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Proline-catalyzed aldol additions proceed via a six-membered enamine transition state according to the Zimmerman-Traxler model. Addition of 20-30 mol% proline to acetone or hydroxyacetone catalyzes their addition to a diverse set of aldehydes with high (>99%) enantioselectivity yielding diol products.
Proline and prol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There has been a general trend towards converting existing resin systems to waterborne resins, for ease of use and environmental considerations. Particularly, their development was driven by increased demand for solventless systems since the manufacture of coatings and adhesives entailed the increasing release of solve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Especially when in concentrated form, organic peroxides can decompose by self-oxidation, since organic peroxides contain both an oxidizer (the O-O bond) and fuel (C-H and C-C bonds). A "self-accelerating decomposition" occurs when the rate of peroxide decomposition generates heat at a faster rate than it can be dissip... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A foaming agent is a material such as a surfactant or a blowing agent that facilitates the formation of foam. A surfactant, when present in small amounts, reduces surface tension of a liquid (reduces the work needed to create the foam) or increases its colloidal stability by inhibiting coalescence of bubbles. A blowing... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) is a Cooperative Research Support Program of the State Agricultural Experiment Stations (NRSP-3). Housed at the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, the NADP is a collaborative effort between many different groups, such as: Fede... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although initially used in conjunction with UV/Vis spectroscopy, many modifications have been made that allow the B–H method to be applied to other spectroscopic techniques involving fluorescence, infrared, and NMR.
Modifications have also been done to further improve the accuracy in the determination of K and ε based ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One type of organelle can turn nitrogen gas into a biologically available form. This nitroplast was discovered in algae. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a thermal depolymerization process used to convert wet biomass, and other macromolecules, into crude-like oil under moderate temperature and high pressure. The crude-like oil has high energy density with a lower heating value of 33.8-36.9 MJ/kg and 5-20 wt% oxygen and renewable chemic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The compound is prepared by treatment of solid tetra-n-butylammonium bromide with bromine vapor:
:[N(CH)]Br + Br → [N(CH)]Br
Instead of bromine, tetra-n-butylammonium bromide can also be reacted with vanadium pentoxide and aqueous hydrogen peroxide, or alternatively with ceric ammonium nitrate. This molecule is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While the standard addition method is effective in reducing the interference of most matrix effects on the analyte signal, it cannot correct for the translational matrix effects. These effects are caused by other substances present in the unknown sample that are often independent of the analyte concentration. They are ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
FIDYST is a proprietary simulation tool developed by the Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics that simulates fibers in turbulent flows. The name FIDYST is an acronym and means Fiber Dynamics Simulation Tool. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, pyramidal inversion (also umbrella inversion) is a fluxional process in compounds with a pyramidal molecule, such as ammonia (NH) "turns inside out". It is a rapid oscillation of the atom and substituents, the molecule or ion passing through a planar transition state. For a compound that would otherwise b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ceramic fuels other than oxides have the advantage of high heat conductivities and melting points, but they are more prone to swelling than oxide fuels and are not understood as well. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2014, media reported that a pitch drop experiment had been recently rediscovered at Aberystwyth University in Wales. Dating from 1914, it predates the Queensland experiment by 13 years. But as the pitch is more viscous (or the average temperature lower) this experiment has not yet produced its first drop and is not ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On superhydrophobic surfaces, liquid drops are observed to bounce off of the solid surface. Richard and Quéré showed that a small liquid drop was able to bounce off of a solid surface over 20 times before coming to rest. Of particular interest is the length of time that the drop remains in contact with the solid surfac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Immersion chillers work by circulating a cooling fluid (usually tap water from a garden hose or faucet) through a copper/stainless steel coil that is placed directly in the hot wort. As the cooling fluid runs through the coil it absorbs and carries away heat until the wort has cooled to the desired temperature.
The adv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Examples of photochemical organic reactions are electrocyclic reactions, radical reactions, photoisomerization, and Norrish reactions.
Alkenes undergo many important reactions that proceed via a photon-induced π to π* transition. The first electronic excited state of an alkene lacks the π-bond, so that rotation about t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dyesol and Tata Steel Europe announced in June the development of the world's largest dye sensitized photovoltaic module, printed onto steel in a continuous line.
Dyesol and CSIRO announced in October a Successful Completion of Second Milestone in Joint Dyesol / CSIRO Project.
Dyesol Director Gordon Thompson said, "The... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The initiation of the transcription is a multistep sequential process that involves several mechanisms: promoter location, initial reversible binding of RNA polymerase, conformational changes in RNA polymerase, conformational changes in DNA, binding of nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) to the functional RNA polymerase-pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To stop the electron transfer chain completing, producing output signals, the input of a photon, , is used to produce a pump probe spectroscopy effect by promoting an electron in an electron transfer chain. The fall of the pump probe promoted electron produces an output that is quenched down an electron transfer chain.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Normal glass does not transmit below 350 nm, so it is not used for optics in solar-blind systems. Instead calcium fluoride, fused silica, and magnesium fluoride are used as they are transparent to shorter wavelengths. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In plants, potassium plays a key role in maintaining plant health. High concentrations of potassium in plants play a key role in synthesis of essential proteins in plants as well as development of plant organelles like cell walls to prevent damage from viruses and insects. It also lowers the concentration of low molecu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molar concentration (also called molarity, amount concentration or substance concentration) is a measure of the concentration of a chemical species, in particular, of a solute in a solution, in terms of amount of substance per unit volume of solution. In chemistry, the most commonly used unit for molarity is the number... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
;AIME
*Sir Henry Ayers foundation president, 1893
*Uriah Dudley foundation general secretary 1893–1897
*David Lauder Stirling (c. 1871 – 30 August 1949); president 1894, secretary 1906–1941 or later; also secretary, Victorian Chamber of Mines 1898–1945
*H. W. Ferd Kayser (mine manager Mount Bischoff Tin Mining Company)... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the late 1950s, ductile iron pipe was introduced to the marketplace, featuring higher strength and similar corrosion resistance compared to cast iron. According to a 2004 study, an expected lifespan of 100 years is likely for ductile iron pipe, based on test results, field inspections and in-service operations over ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gates' total synthesis of morphine provided a proof of the structure of morphine proposed by Robinson in 1925. This synthesis of morphine features one of the first examples of the Diels-Alder reaction in the context of total synthesis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most methods of lipid extraction and isolation from biological samples exploit the high solubility of hydrocarbon chains in organic solvents. Given the diversity in lipid classes, it is not possible to accommodate all classes with a common extraction method. The traditional Bligh/Dyer procedure
uses chloroform/methano... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The inorganic carbon species include carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate anion, and carbonate. It is customary to express carbon dioxide and carbonic acid simultaneously as . C is a key parameter when making measurements related to the pH of natural aqueous systems, and carbon dioxide flux estimates.
where,
*... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The foundational axioms of fluid dynamics are the conservation laws, specifically, conservation of mass, conservation of linear momentum, and conservation of energy (also known as the First Law of Thermodynamics). These are based on classical mechanics and are modified in quantum mechanics and general relativity. They ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Modern classification of meteorites and micrometeorites is complex; the 2007 review paper of Krot et al. summarizes modern meteorite taxonomy. Linking individual micrometeorites to meteorite classification groups requires a comparison of their elemental, isotopic and textural characteristics. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An unexpected series of experimental results for the rate of decay of heavy highly charged radioactive ions circulating in a storage ring has provoked theoretical activity in an effort to find a convincing explanation. The rates of weak decay of two radioactive species with half lives of about 40 s and 200 s are found ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When treating infection, whether bacterial or viral, there is always a risk of the infectious agent to develop drug resistance. The treatment of HIV infection is especially susceptible to drug resistance which is a serious clinical concern in the chemotherapeutic treatment of the infection. Drug resistant HIV-strains e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The quantum tunneling dynamics in water was reported as early as 1992. At that time it was known that there are motions which destroy and regenerate the weak hydrogen bond by internal rotations of the substituent water monomers. On 18 March 2016, it was reported that the hydrogen bond can be broken by quantum tunneling... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Normally, ice crystals grown in solution only exhibit the basal (0001) and prism faces (1010), and appear as round and flat discs. However, it appears the presence of AFPs exposes other faces. It now appears the ice surface 2021 is the preferred binding surface, at least for AFP type I. Through studies on type I AFP... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thalidomide is provided as a racemic mixture of two enantiomers; while there are reports that only one of the enantiomers may cause birth defects, the body converts each enantiomer into the other through mechanisms that are not well understood. The (R)-enantiomer has the desired sedative effect while the (S)-enantiomer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To measure the hydration band, a small slice of material is typically cut from an artifact. This sample is ground down to about 30 micrometers thick and mounted on a petrographic slide (this is called a thin section). The hydration rind is then measured under a high-power microscope outfitted with some method for measu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SP-D is a type of lectin, more specifically they are a collagen-containing C-type (calcium dependent) lectin which are named collectins. The collectins are responsible for immune and inflammatory control. They have a very basic structure,
* triple-helical collagen region
* C-terminal homotrimeric lectin or carbohydrate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term host cell reactivation or HCR was first used to describe the survival of UV-irradiated bacteriophages, that were transfected to UV-pretreated cells. This phenomenon was first thought to be the result of homologous recombination between both bacteria and phage, but later recognized as enzymatic repair. Modific... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term optical activity is derived from the interaction of chiral materials with polarized light. In a solution, the (−)-form, or levorotatory form, of an optical isomer rotates the plane of a beam of linearly polarized light counterclockwise. The (+)-form, or dextrorotatory form, of an optical isomer does the opposi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By maximizing with respect to Z, one would find the best neutron–proton ratio N/Z for a given atomic weight A. We get
This is roughly 1 for light nuclei, but for heavy nuclei the ratio grows in good agreement with experiment.
By substituting the above value of Z back into , one obtains the binding energy as a function... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
2-O-methylation refers to the methylation of the 2 hydroxyl group of the ribose within an RNA nucleotide. 2'-O-methylation is found in the five-prime cap of mRNAs in higher eukaryotes. It is involved in differentiating between self and non-self mRNA. Without the 2′-O-methylation mark the immune system triggers higher l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The application of kinetic theory to ideal gases makes the following assumptions:
* The gas consists of very small particles. This smallness of their size is such that the sum of the volume of the individual gas molecules is negligible compared to the volume of the container of the gas. This is equivalent to stating th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several hnRNPs interact with telomeres, which protect the ends of chromosomes from deterioration and are often associated with cell longevity. hnRNP D associates with the G-rich repeat region of the telomeres, possibly stabilizing the region from secondary structures which would inhibit telomere replication.
hnRNP has ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Crystallization is largely over when reaches values close to 1, which will be at a crystallization time defined by , as then the exponential term in the above expression for will be small. Thus crystallization takes a time of order
i.e., crystallization takes a time that decreases as one over the one-quarter power ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metal ions are often used for diagnostic medical imaging. Metal complexes can be used either for radioisotope imaging (from their emitted radiation) or as contrast agents, for example, in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Such imaging can be enhanced by manipulation of the ligands in a complex to create specificity so ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Order of the Sacred Treasure, 6th class (1940)
*Majima Award for Organic Chemistry of the Chemical Society of Japan (1944)
*Order of the Sacred Treasure, 5th class (1944)
*Order of the Sacred Treasure, 4th class (1945)
*Asahi Prize (1952)
*Japan Academy Award (1953)
*Order of Culture (1958)
*Person of Cultural Merit (... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Local bans have been enacted elsewhere, including in many large and small cities within the US:
* Alaska — In Alaska, the towns of Bethel, Cordova, and Seward have enacted bans.
* California — At least 128 cities in California have an existing polystyrene ban in some form. As of 2023, 12 counties — namely Alameda, Con... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In static methods a mixture is brought to equilibrium and the concentration of a species in the solution phase is determined by chemical analysis. This usually requires separation of the solid and solution phases. In order to do this the equilibration and separation should be performed in a thermostatted room. Very low... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dislocations in a crystal lattice are line defects that are associated with local stress fields. Dislocations allow shear at lower stress than that needed for a perfect crystal structure. The local stress fields result in interactions between the dislocations which then result in strain hardening or cold working. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
emissions have also led to the stratosphere contracting by 400 meters since 1980, which could affect satellite operations, GPS systems and radio communications. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Coal-tar creosote is the most widely used wood treatment today; both industrially, processed into wood using pressure methods such as "full-cell process" or "empty-cell process", and more commonly applied to wood through brushing. In addition to toxicity to fungi, insects, and marine borers, it serves as a natural wate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bioplastics are plastic materials produced from renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, straw, woodchips, sawdust, recycled food waste, etc. Some bioplastics are obtained by processing directly from natural biopolymers including polysaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose, chitosan, and al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* CPPs have been used to transport a variety of biomolecules into cells in both vitro and in vivo. One must be cautious of which CPPs are used. For example, different CPPs promote movement into different cell types and cellular components.
* If the TIVA tag is not used within 3 months of synthesis, the FRET signal is w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a suspension roaster, the concentrates are blown into a combustion chamber very similar to that of a pulverized coal furnace. The roaster consists of a refractory-lined cylindrical steel shell, with a large combustion space at the top and 2 to 4 hearths in the lower portion, similar to those of a multiple hearth fur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A barb (or hose barb), which connects flexible hose or tubing to pipes, typically has a male-threaded end which mates with female threads. The other end of the fitting has a single- or multi-barbed tube—a long tapered cone with ridges, which is inserted into a flexible hose. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A reconstruction is built by compiling data from the resources above. Database tools such as KEGG and BioCyc can be used in conjunction with each other to find all the metabolic genes in the organism of interest. These genes will be compared to closely related organisms that have already developed reconstructions to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although not as nutritious as other organs such as fruit, leaves provide a food source for many organisms. The leaf is a vital source of energy production for the plant, and plants have evolved protection against animals that consume leaves, such as tannins, chemicals which hinder the digestion of proteins and have an ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are two basic forms of devolatilization to a vacuum. In foam devolatilization, bubbles inside the polymer solution nucleate and grow, finally bursting and releasing their volatile content to the surroundings. This requires sufficient vapor pressure. If possible, this is a very efficient method because the volatil... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* The results are aesthetically pleasing.
* Creates a clean, smooth surface that is easier to sterilise.
* Can polish areas that are inaccessible by other polishing methods.
* Removes a small amount of material (typically 20-40 micrometre in depth in the case of stainless steel) from the surface of the parts, while als... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tris(cyclooctatetraene)triiron or Fe(COT), also referred to as the Lavallo-Grubbs compound (after its discoverers) is an organoiron compound with the formula Fe(CH). It is a pyrophoric, black crystalline solid, which is insoluble in common organic solvents.The compound represents a rare example of a hydrocarbon analogu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Four members of 2A peptides family are frequently used in life science research. They are P2A, E2A, F2A, and T2A. F2A is derived from foot-and-mouth disease virus 18; E2A is derived from equine rhinitis A virus; P2A is derived from porcine teschovirus-1 2A; T2A is derived from thosea asigna virus 2A.
The following ta... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Higher selectivity: for example, positive, negative and neutral substances could be separated by a reversed phase (RP)/anion-cation exchange (ACE) column in a single run.
Higher loading capacity,
for example, loading capacity of ACE/ hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) increased 10-100 times when compared wi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxygen has three stable isotopes, O, O, and O. Oxygen ratios are measured relative to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) or Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB). Variations in oxygen isotope ratios are used to track both water movement, paleoclimate, and atmospheric gases such as ozone and carbon dioxide. Typically... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The residence time of a fluid parcel is the total time that the parcel has spent inside a control volume (e.g.: a chemical reactor, a lake, a human body). The residence time of a set of parcels is quantified in terms of the frequency distribution of the residence time in the set, which is known as residence time distri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Vital Question is a book by the English biochemist Nick Lane about the way the evolution and origin of life on Earth was constrained by the provision of energy.
The book was well received by critics; The New York Times, for example, found it "seductive and often convincing" though the reviewer considered much of it... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ommochrome (or visual pigment) refers to several biological pigments that occur in the eyes of crustaceans and insects. The eye color is determined by the ommochromes. Ommochromes are also found in the chromatophores of cephalopods, and in spiders.
Ommochromes are metabolites of tryptophan, via kynurenine and 3-hydroxy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of Salas primary areas of study concerned chemical identity and change. In 1610 Sala accompanied Count Johann von Nassau as a field doctor and between 1612 and 1617 he worked in The Hague. His experiments at this time with silver nitrate and silver salts were an important step towards the invention of the photograp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Owing to the presence of covalently bonded fluorine, halothane absorbs in the atmospheric window and is therefore a greenhouse gas. However, it is much less potent than most other chlorofluorocarbons and bromofluorocarbons due to its short atmospheric lifetime, estimated at only one year vis-à-vis over 100 years for ma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Purified extracts of the sweet chili pepper containing capsinoids have been extensively studied through rigorous safety tests, including evaluation of chronic toxicity, reproduction, genotoxicity, and teratology in animals, single oral administration and pharmacokinetics in humans.
Capsinoids are hydrolyzed before abso... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inputs to the marine carbon cycle are numerous, but the primary contributions, on a net basis, come from the atmosphere and rivers. Hydrothermal vents generally supply carbon equal to the amount they consume. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If Germanium-75 is produced, it quickly decays to Arsenic. Germanium-76 is essentially stable, only decaying via extremely slow double beta decay to . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The speed of sound in seawater is about 1,500 m/s (whereas the speed of sound is usually around 330 m/s in air at roughly 101.3 kPa pressure, 1 atmosphere), and varies with water temperature, salinity, and pressure. The thermal conductivity of seawater is 0.6 W/mK at 25 °C and a salinity of 35 g/kg.
The thermal conduct... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RAN translation produces a variety of dipeptide repeat proteins by translation of expanded hexanucleotide repeats present in an intron of the C9orf72 gene. The expansion of the hexanucleotide repeats and thus accumulation of dipeptide repeat proteins are thought to cause cellular toxicity that leads to neurodegeneratio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In electrochemistry, a half-cell is a structure that contains a conductive electrode and a surrounding conductive electrolyte separated by a naturally occurring Helmholtz double layer. Chemical reactions within this layer momentarily pump electric charges between the electrode and the electrolyte, resulting in a potent... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Antimony potassium tartrate, an anion, that forms diastereomeric salts with chiral cations.
*Camphorsulfonic acid, an acid that forms diastereomeric salts with chiral amines
*1-Phenylethylamine, a base that forms diastereomeric salts with chiral acids. Many related chiral amines have been demonstrated.
The chiral pool... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The SSA can be measured by adsorption using the BET isotherm. This has the advantage of measuring the surface of fine structures and deep texture on the particles. However, the results can differ markedly depending on the substance adsorbed. The BET theory has inherent limitations but has the advantage to be simple and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The alpha effect is also dependent on solvent but not in a predictable way: it can increase or decrease with solvent mix composition or even go through a maximum. At least in some cases, the alpha effect has been observed to vanish if the reaction is conducted in the gas phase, leading some to conclude that it is prim... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electropositive metals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, etc. can insert into alkyl halides, breaking the carbon-halide bond
( halide could be chlorine, bromine, iodine ) and forming a carbon-metal bond. This reaction happens via a SET mechanism ( single-electron-transfer mechanism ). If magnesium reacts wit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The journal included reviews of research, books, and academic conferences, as well as primary results in the form of brief reports. It also reviewed what it considered to be notable aspects of patents and relevant scientific literature. Occasionally articles on the history, geological occurrences, and exploitation of p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electrophoresis is the process of separating nucleic acid species based on their length by applying an electric field to them. As nucleic acids are negatively charged, they are pushed by an electric field through a matrix, usually an agarose gel, with the smaller molecules being pushed farther, faster. Capillary electr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NMR tubes are hard to clean because of their small bore. They are cleaned best before the sample has dried.
Cleaning is performed usually by rinsing with the same (non-deuterated) solvent used to dissolve the initial sample. Dichloromethane or acetone are good choices because dichloromethane is similar in polarity to c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Small Footprint
* Proven enhanced nutrient removal (ENR)
* Up to 50-percent energy savings
* Excellent settling
* No chemical addition
* Resilient to fluctuations in pH, toxic shocks, loadings, and flows
* Easy operation with fully automated controls | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The hepatocyte is a complex and multifunctional differentiated cell whose cell response will be influenced by the zone in hepatic lobule, because concentrations of oxygen and toxic substances present in the hepatic sinusoids change from periportal zone to centrilobular zone10. The hepatocytes of the intermediate zone h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The total dose is fractionated (spread out over time) for several important reasons. Fractionation allows normal cells time to recover, while tumor cells are generally less efficient in repair between fractions. Fractionation also allows tumor cells that were in a relatively radio-resistant phase of the cell cycle duri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydroxylamine and its salts are commonly used as reducing agents in myriad organic and inorganic reactions. They can also act as antioxidants for fatty acids.
High concentrations of hydroxylamine are used by biologists to introduce mutations by acting as a DNA nucleobase amine-hydroxylating agent. In is thought to main... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Potassium thioacetate is an organosulfur compound and a salt with the formula . This white, water-soluble solid is used as a reagent for preparing thioacetate esters and other derivatives. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Strained alkenes also utilize strain-relief as a driving force that allows for their participation in click reactions. Trans-cycloalkenes (usually cyclooctenes) and other strained alkenes such as oxanorbornadiene react in click reactions with a number of partners including azides, tetrazines and tetrazoles. These react... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This is another factor which slows the motion of ions within a solution. It is the tendency of the applied potential to move the ionic atmosphere itself. This drags the solvent molecules along because of the attractive forces between ions and solvent molecules. As a result, the central ion at the centre of the ionic ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Nitinol is highly biocompatible and has properties suitable for use in orthopedic implants. Due to nitinol's unique properties it has seen a large demand for use in less invasive medical devices. Nitinol tubing is commonly used in catheters, stents, and superelastic needles.
* In colorectal surgery, the material is u... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The preinitiation complex, which contains a mediator, transcription factors, a nucleosome and RNA polymerase II, is important to position the polymerase for the start of transcription. Before RNA synthesis can occur, the polymerase must dissociate from mediator. This appears to be accomplished by phosphorylation of par... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Deprotonation of carbene precursor salts with strong bases has proved a reliable route to almost all stable carbenes:
Imidazol-2-ylidenes and dihydroimidazol-2-ylidenes, such IMes, have been prepared by the deprotonation of the respective imidazolium and dihydroimidazolium salts. The acyclic carbenes and the tetrahydro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Water is amphoteric: it has the ability to act as either an acid or a base in chemical reactions. According to the Brønsted-Lowry definition, an acid is a proton () donor and a base is a proton acceptor. When reacting with a stronger acid, water acts as a base; when reacting with a stronger base, it acts as an acid. Fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While obtaining qualitative information about the elemental composition of a surface is relatively straightforward, it is necessary to understand the statistical cross-section of interaction between ion and surface atoms in order to obtain quantitative information. Stated another way, it is easy to find out if a parti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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