text stringlengths 105 4.57k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|
Some nitrones oligimerize: Syntheses with nitrone precursors obviate the issue with increased temperature, to exaggerate entropic factors; or with a nitrone excess. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For a cylindrical tube, the Knudsen equation is:
where:
For nitrogen (or air) at room temperature, the conductivity (in liters per second) of a tube can be calculated from this equation: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These thermocouples are well-suited for measuring extremely high temperatures. Typical uses are hydrogen and inert atmospheres, as well as vacuum furnaces. They are not used in oxidizing environments at high temperatures because of embrittlement. A typical range is 0 to 2315 °C, which can be extended to 2760 °C in iner... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Water based pipe coatings, are an environmentally friendly coating that is applied to the inner & outer diameter of ductile iron pipe. They protect against corrosion from the outside and inside, and also protect the product from contamination. The coating is an emulsion manufactured using asphaltene and water primarily... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organometallic chemistry, a coordinatively unsaturated complex has fewer than 18 valence electrons and thus is susceptible to oxidative addition or coordination of an additional ligand. Unsaturation is characteristic of many catalysts. The opposite of coordinatively unsaturated is coordinatively saturated. Complex... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The repressor is an allosteric protein, i.e. it can assume either one of two slightly different shapes, which are in equilibrium with each other. In one form the repressor will bind to the operator DNA with high specificity, and in the other form it has lost its specificity. According to the classical model of induct... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sodium amide decomposes violently on contact with water, producing ammonia and sodium hydroxide:
When burned in oxygen, it will give oxides of sodium (which react with the produced water, giving sodium hydroxide) along with nitrogen oxides:
In the presence of limited quantities of air and moisture, such as in a poorly ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solid state fermentation (SSF) is a biomolecule manufacturing process used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, fuel and textile industries. These biomolecules are mostly metabolites generated by microorganisms grown on a solid support selected for this purpose. This technology for the culture of microorganisms is an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Evamarie Hey-Hawkins is a German inorganic chemist and professor at Leipzig University. Her research is focused on main group and transition metal chemistry. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acetone cyanohydrin, (CH)C(OH)CN is the cyanohydrin of acetone. It is generated as an intermediate in the industrial production of methyl methacrylate. In the laboratory, this liquid serves as a source of HCN, which is inconveniently volatile. Thus, acetone cyanohydrin can be used for the preparation of other cyanoh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mechanism of action of bottromycin was confirmed nearly 20 years following the discovery of bottromycin. Bottromycin functions as an antibiotic through inhibition of protein synthesis. It blocks aminoacyl tRNA binding to the ribosome by binding to the A site of the 50s subunit. This results in release of aminoacyl ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways can induce enzymes such as the COX-2 enzyme. MAPK pathways may also play a role in the regulation of PTGS2. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
He is known for the so-called Zinin reaction or Zinin reduction, in which nitro aromates like nitrobenzene are converted to amines by reduction with ammonium sulfides.
In 1842 Zinin played an important role in identifying aniline. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The surface energy of a liquid may be measured by stretching a liquid membrane (which increases the surface area and hence the surface energy). In that case, in order to increase the surface area of a mass of liquid by an amount, , a quantity of work, , is needed (where is the surface energy density of the liquid). ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The emission spectrum of a chemical element or chemical compound is the spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted due to electrons making a transition from a high energy state to a lower energy state. The photon energy of the emitted photons is equal to the energy difference between the two states. T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A riboside is any glycoside of ribose. Ribosides in the form of ribonucleosides and ribonucleotides play an important role in biochemistry. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1940, Ernst Chain and Edward Abraham reported the first indication of antibiotic resistance to penicillin, an E. coli strain that produced the penicillinase enzyme, which was capable of breaking down penicillin and negating its antibacterial effect. Chain and Abraham worked out the chemical nature of penicillinase w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
He spent his childhood in a small town in Transylvania, Chișineu-Criș, graduating from the local high school in 1966. He is nicknamed "Tanu". His mother died in 2019 while still living in Timisoara, Romania where he graduated from the university. Traian is married to Mika, who is from Japan, and they have a son, Sebast... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For the special case of simple cubic crystals, the lattice vectors are orthogonal and of equal length (usually denoted a), as are those of the reciprocal lattice. Thus, in this common case, the Miller indices (hkℓ) and [hkℓ] both simply denote normals/directions in Cartesian coordinates.
For cubic crystals with lattice... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Different rules (4n, 5n, or 6n) are invoked depending on the number of electrons per vertex.
The 4n rules are reasonably accurate in predicting the structures of clusters having about 4 electrons per vertex, as is the case for many boranes and carboranes. For such clusters, the structures are based on deltahedra, whic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zinc refining is the process of purifying zinc to special high grade (SHG) zinc, which is at least 99.995% pure. This process is not usually required when smelting of zinc is done through electrolysis processes, but is needed when zinc is produced by pyrometallurgical processes, because it is only 98.5% pure.
There are... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Azo violet can be synthesised by reacting 4-nitroaniline with nitrous acid (generated in situ with an acid and a nitrite salt) to produce a diazonium intermediate. This is then reacted with resorcinol, dissolved in a sodium hydroxide solution, via an azo coupling reaction.
This is consistent with the generalized strate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These are stoichiometric compounds of hydrogen. Ionic or saline hydrides are composed of hydride bound to an electropositive metal, generally an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal. The divalent lanthanides such as europium and ytterbium form compounds similar to those of heavier alkaline earth metals. In these materi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Ranch-style house is underground and has brick veneer siding but is enclosed in a waterproof concrete shell measuring approximately and covered with a compacted earth berm. The Clark County, Nevada Records show that the Underground House is on . The main house itself encompasses three bedrooms and three bathrooms... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
"In the years between 1770 and 1785, chemists all over Europe started catching, isolating, and weighing different gasses."
The pneumatic trough was integral to the work with gases (or, as contemporary chemists called them, airs). Work done by Joseph Black, Joseph Priestley, Herman Boerhaave, and Henry Cavendish revolve... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Beilstein database is a database in the field of organic chemistry, in which compounds are uniquely identified by their Beilstein Registry Number. The database covers the scientific literature from 1771 to the present and contains experimentally validated information on millions of chemical reactions and substances... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
White etching cracks (WEC), or white structure flaking or brittle flaking, is a type of rolling contact fatigue (RCF) damage that can occur in bearing steels under certain conditions, such as hydrogen embrittlement, high stress, inadequate lubrication, and high temperature. WEC is characterised by the presence of white... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology is a series of peer-reviewed scientific journals covering the fields of photochemistry and photobiology, published by Elsevier. It was originally established in 1972, and split into Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry and Journal of Photochemistry and P... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When two lipid bilayers approach each other, they experience weak van der Waals attractive forces and much stronger repulsive forces due to hydration repulsion. These forces are normally dominant over the hydrophobic attractive forces between the membranes. Studies done on membrane bilayers using Surface forces apparat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Non-essential nutrients are substances within foods that can have a significant impact on health. Dietary fiber is not absorbed in the human digestive tract. Soluble fiber is metabolized to butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids by bacteria residing in the large intestine. Soluble fiber is marketed as serving a pre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kullback gives the following example (Table 2.1, Example 2.1). Let and be the distributions shown in the table and figure. is the distribution on the left side of the figure, a binomial distribution with and . is the distribution on the right side of the figure, a discrete uniform distribution with the three possi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reverse cholesterol transport is a multi-step process resulting in the net movement of cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver first via entering the lymphatic system, then the bloodstream.
Cholesterol from non-hepatic peripheral tissues is transferred to HDL by the ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When stormwater is passed through a filter media, solids and other pollutants are removed. Most media remove solids by mechanical processes. The gradation of the media, irregularity of shape, porosity, and surface roughness characteristics all influence solids removal. Many other pollutants such as nutrients and metals... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tebbe's reagent is the organometallic compound with the formula (CH)TiCHClAl(CH). It is used in the methylidenation of carbonyl compounds, that is it converts organic compounds containing the RC=O group into the related RC=CH derivative. It is a red solid that is pyrophoric in the air, and thus is typically handled wit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The production of ferronickel from laterites takes place in a context that is much more favorable to the Krupp-Renn process than to the steel industry. Lateritic ores in the form of saprolite are poor, very basic and contain iron. Production volumes are moderate, and the nickel chemistry is remarkably amenable to rotar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The earliest records of bloomery-type furnaces in East Africa are discoveries of smelted iron and carbon in Nubia n ancient Sudan dated at least to the seventh to the sixth century BC. The ancient bloomeries that produced metal tools for the Nubians and Kushites produced a surplus for sale. All traditional sub-Saharan ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The nitrogen-vacancy center (N-V center or NV center) is one of numerous photoluminescent point defects in diamond. Its most explored and useful properties include its spin-dependent photoluminescence (which enables measurement of the electronic spin state using optically detected magnetic resonance), and its relativel... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The collision rates for fine particles (50 - 80 μm) can be accurately modeled, but there is no current theory that accurately models bubble-particle collision for particles as large as 300 μm, which are commonly used in flotation processes.
For fine particles, Stokes law underestimates collision probability while the p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lysergic acid, also known as -lysergic acid and (+)-lysergic acid, is a precursor for a wide range of ergoline alkaloids that are produced by the ergot fungus and found in the seeds of Turbina corymbosa (ololiuhqui), Argyreia nervosa (Hawaiian baby woodrose), and Ipomoea tricolor (morning glories, tlitliltzin).
Amides ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The common feature of all these routine screening procedures is that the primary analysis is for indicator organisms rather than the pathogens that might cause concern. Indicator organisms are bacteria such as non-specific coliforms, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa that are very commonly found in the human ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The level of the water is measured at a designated point behind weir or in flume using various secondary devices (bubblers, ultrasonic, float, and differential pressure are common methods). This depth is converted to a flow rate according to a theoretical formula of the form where is the flow rate, is a constant, i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vinyl sulfone has uses as a molluscicide pesticide.
Phenyl vinyl sulfone has been applied to ruthenium chemistry as part of olefin metathesis reactions.
Vinyl sulfone has applications to protein purification, especially when linked with mercaptoethanol. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One modern-day method of chiral resolution is used in the organic synthesis of the drug duloxetine:
In one of its steps the racemic alcohol 1 is dissolved in a mixture of toluene and methanol to which solution is added optically active (S)-mandelic acid 3. The alcohol (S)-enantiomer forms an insoluble diastereomeric sa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term anti-periplanar was first coined by Klyne and Prelog in their work entitled "Description of steric relationships across single bonds", published in 1960. ‘Anti’ refers to the two functional groups lying on opposite sides of the plane of the bond. ‘Peri’ comes from the Greek word for ‘near’ and so periplanar m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mg is essential for plant growth and is present in higher plants in amounts on the order of 80 μmol g dry weight. The amounts of Mg vary in different parts of the plant and are dependent upon nutritional status. In times of plenty, excess Mg may be stored in vascular cells (Stelzer et al., 1990; and in times of starvat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RiPPs are characterized by a common biosynthetic strategy wherein genetically-encoded peptides undergo translation and subsequent chemical modification by biosynthetic enzymes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the low- limit, as the system is probed over large length scales, the structure factor contains thermodynamic information, being related to the isothermal compressibility of the liquid by the compressibility equation: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In addition to temperature and pressure, other thermodynamic properties may be graphed in phase diagrams. Examples of such thermodynamic properties include specific volume, specific enthalpy, or specific entropy. For example, single-component graphs of temperature vs. specific entropy (T vs. s) for water/steam or for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The concept of chromosome territories was proposed by Carl Rabl in 1885 based on studies of Salamandra maculata.
Chromosome territories have gained recognition using fluorescence labeling techniques (fluorescence in situ hybridization).
Studies of genomic proximity using techniques like chromosome conformation capture ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Over recent years, the genome-wide CRISPR screen has emerged as a powerful tool for studying the intricate networks of cellular signaling. Cellular signaling is essential for a number of fundamental biological processes, including cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
One practical example is the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Crystalline sponges are series of organometallic networks developed by Japanese chemist Makoto Fujita. The organic small molecules are absorbed into the void space of the crystalline sponges. Since the organometallic network of crystalline sponges can interact with the small molecule substrates via non-covalent intera... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An excimer lamp (or excilamp) is a source of ultraviolet light based on spontaneous emission of excimer (exciplex) molecules. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In heat transfer and thermodynamics, a thermodynamic system is said to be in thermal contact with another system if it can exchange energy through the process of heat. Perfect thermal isolation is an idealization as real systems are always in thermal contact with their environment to some extent.
When two solid bodies ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For an ideal Bose gas we have the equation of state
where is the per-particle volume, is the thermal wavelength, is the fugacity, and
It is noticeable that is a monotonically growing function of in , which are the only values for which the series converge.
Recognizing that the second term on the right-hand side co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He was an arbiter of culinary fashion and taste, who also "revolutionized the local cuisine" by introducing new fruit and vegetables such as asparagus, and by introducing the three-course meal served on leathern tablecloths, insisting that meals should be served in three separate courses consisting of soup, the main co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During the Cold War era, there was an escalation of atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons. After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, testing continued and the scale increased with the first hydrogen bomb in 1952. Soon after the United States tested the hydrogen bomb, the Soviet Union followed, in 19... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The sequence of exon 1 is highly conserved in mammalian species and editing of the pre-mRNA of this protein is likely to occur in mice, rat, dog and cow as well as humans. Even though the ECS is not conserved in non-mammals, an alternative ECS has been predicted in Zebrafish with a similar structure but in a different... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Equilibrium phase transitions (e.g. order/disorder), an equation of state, and the kinetics of colloidal crystallization have all been actively studied, leading to the development of several methods to control the self-assembly of the colloidal particles. Examples include colloidal epitaxy and space-based reduced-gravi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider an infinitely long cylinder of radius starts rotating suddenly at time with an angular velocity . Then the velocity in the direction is given by
where is the modified Bessel function of the second kind. As , the solution approaches that of a rigid vortex. The force per unit area exerted on the cylinder is
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A creamed emulsion increases the likelihood of coalescence due to the close proximity of the globules in the cream. Factors that influence the rate of creaming are similar to those involved in the sedimentation rate of suspension particles. Stokes Law is inadequate to predict creaming but can be used to identify these ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Spontaneous fission happens when a nucleus splits into two (occasionally three) smaller nuclei and generally one or more neutrons. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heavy meromyosin (HMM) is the larger of the two fragments obtained from the muscle protein myosin II following limited proteolysis by trypsin or chymotrypsin. HMM contains two domains S-1 and S-2, S-1 contains is the globular head that can bind to actin while the S-2 domain projects at and angle from light meromyosin (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are three known mammalian tachykinin receptors termed NK, NK and NK. All are members of the 7 transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor family and induce the activation of phospholipase C, producing inositol triphosphate (so called G-coupled).
Inhibitors of NK-1, known as NK-1 receptor antagonists, can be used as ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Steady-state conduction is the form of conduction that happens when the temperature difference(s) driving the conduction are constant, so that (after an equilibration time), the spatial distribution of temperatures (temperature field) in the conducting object does not change any further. Thus, all partial derivatives o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flotation of flexible objects is a phenomenon in which the bending of a flexible material allows an object to displace a greater amount of fluid than if it were completely rigid. This ability to displace more fluid translates directly into an ability to support greater loads, giving the flexible structure an advantage ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The formation of small particles of a substance with a narrow size distribution is an important process in the pharmaceutical and other industries. Supercritical fluids provide a number of ways of achieving this by rapidly exceeding the saturation point of a solute by dilution, depressurization or a combination of thes... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Born and raised in Taylorville, Illinois, Purcell received his BSEE in electrical engineering from Purdue University, followed by his M.A. and Ph.D. in physics from Harvard University. He was a member of the Alpha Xi chapter of the Phi Kappa Sigma fraternity while at Purdue. After spending the years of World War II wor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During his life, Pigulevsky became the author of more than 200 publications. He was the author of several monographs, including:
"Essential oils"
"Formation and transformation of essential oils and resins in conifers"
"Chemistry of Terpenes" | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These species feature elements from groups I, II, III, IV, V,VI, VII, 0 (excluding hydrogen) of the periodic table. Due to their often similar reactivity, the elements in group 3 (Sc, Y, and La) and group 12 (Zn, Cd, and Hg) are also generally included, and the lanthanides and actinides are sometimes included as well.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Wind-driven upwelling brings nutrients from deep waters to the surface which leads to biological productivity. Therefore, wind stress impacts biological activity around the globe. Two important forms of wind-driven upwelling are coastal upwelling and equatorial upwelling.
Coastal upwelling occurs when the wind stress i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The non-stoichiometric cycles with a perovskite ABO can be describes with the following reactions:
::Reduction reaction: ABO → ABO + δ/2 O
::Oxidation reaction: ABO + δ HO → ABO + δ H
The reduction thermodynamics of perovskite makes it more favorable during the reduction half-cycle, during which more oxygen is produced... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SPINA-GD correlates to the T4-T3 conversion rate in slow tissue pools, as determined with isotope-based measurements in healthy volunteers. It was also shown that GD correlates with resting energy expenditure, body mass index and thyrotropin levels in humans, and that it is reduced in nonthyroidal illness with hypodeio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Arc is critical as a ubiquitous signaling factor in early embryonic development and is required for growth and patterning during gastrulation. The first knockouts (KOs) for Arc were therefore incompatible with life. Subsequent efforts produced homozygous knockout mice by targeting the entire Arc gene rather than portio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first kind of muon–catalyzed fusion to be observed experimentally, by L.W. Alvarez et al., was protium (H or H) and deuterium (D or H) muon-catalyzed fusion. The fusion rate for p–d (or pd) muon-catalyzed fusion has been estimated to be about a million times slower than the fusion rate for d–t muon-catalyzed fusio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dexlansoprazole is used to heal and maintain healing of erosive esophagitis and to treat heartburn associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It lasts longer than lansoprazole, to which it is chemically related, and needs to be taken less often. There is no good evidence that it works better than other PP... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biosolids may be defined as organic wastewater solids that can be reused after suitable sewage sludge treatment processes leading to sludge stabilization, such as anaerobic digestion and composting.
Alternatively, the definition of biosolids may be restricted by local regulations to wastewater solids only after those s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nuclear fission can occur without neutron bombardment as a type of radioactive decay. This type of fission is called spontaneous fission, and was first observed in 1940. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Lower digestive tract: laxatives, antispasmodics, antidiarrhoeals, bile acid sequestrants, opioids.
* Upper digestive tract: antacids, reflux suppressants, antiflatulents, antidopaminergics, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H-receptor antagonists, cytoprotectants, prostaglandin analogues. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Structural genomics seeks to describe the 3-dimensional structure of every protein encoded by a given genome. This genome-based approach allows for a high-throughput method of structure determination by a combination of experimental and modeling approaches. The principal difference between structural genomics and tradi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Activation, in chemistry and biology, is the process whereby something is prepared or excited for a subsequent reaction. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The MRS technique was originally conceived in the 1960s by Russell H. Varian, one of the inventors of the proton magnetometer. SNMR is a product of a joint effort by many scientists and engineers who started developing this method in the USSR under the guidance of A.G. Semenov and continued this work all over the worl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MB-003 is a cocktail of three humanized or human–mouse chimeric mAbs: c13C6, h13F6, and c6D8. A study published in September 2012 found that rhesus macaques infected with Ebola virus (EBOV) survived when receiving MB-003 (mixture of 3 chimeric monoclonal antibodies) one hour after infection. When treated 24 or 48 hours... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Boronic acids can be obtained via several methods. The most common way is reaction of organometallic compounds based on lithium or magnesium (Grignards) with borate esters. For example, phenylboronic acid is produced from phenylmagnesium bromide and trimethyl borate followed by hydrolysis
:PhMgBr + B(OMe) → PhB(OMe) + ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ascorbic acid is a furan-based lactone of 2-ketogluconic acid. It contains an adjacent enediol adjacent to the carbonyl. This −C(OH)=C(OH)−C(=O)− structural pattern is characteristic of reductones, and increases the acidity of one of the enol hydroxyl groups. The deprotonated conjugate base is the ascorbate anion, whic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As for aldehydes, the hydrogen atoms on the carbon adjacent ("α to") the carboxyl group in esters are sufficiently acidic to undergo deprotonation, which in turn leads to a variety of useful reactions. Deprotonation requires relatively strong bases, such as alkoxides. Deprotonation gives a nucleophilic enolate, which c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rho-dependent transcription terminators require a large protein called a Rho factor which exhibits RNA helicase activity to disrupt the mRNA-DNA-RNA polymerase transcriptional complex. Rho-dependent terminators are found in bacteria and phages. The Rho-dependent terminator occurs downstream of translational stop codons... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ATSDR is an agency within the US Department of Health and Human Services concerned with the effects of hazardous substances on human health. ATSDR is charged with assessing the presence and nature of health hazards at specific Superfund sites, as well as helping prevent or reduce further exposure and the illnesses that... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organic chemistry studies the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation by synthesis (or other means) of chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen, which may contain any number of other elements such as nitrogen, oxygen and the halogens: fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. Some organic compound... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lavello and Grubbs discovered the compound unexpectedly when trying to prepare noncarbonyl, low coordinate, Fe(0) complexes of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). They found that reactions of Fe(COT) and the NHC, 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene (SIMes), produced tetrametallic, Fe(I)-Fe(0) mixed... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Response factor, usually in chromatography and spectroscopy, is the ratio between a signal produced by an analyte, and the quantity of analyte which produces the signal. Ideally, and for easy computation, this ratio is unity (one). In real-world scenarios, this is often not the case. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several lanthanides produced at CERN-MEDICIS, samarium and terbium, are of interest for targeted therapy alike lutetium already used in the clinics. Lutetium emits low energy β particles with a short range, used for irradiation of smaller volume tumor targets. Terbium-149 emits short-range alpha particles, gamma-rays a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The energy of a low-angle boundary is dependent on the degree of misorientation between the neighbouring grains up to the transition to high-angle status. In the case of simple tilt boundaries the energy of a boundary made up of dislocations with Burgers vector b and spacing h is predicted by the Read–Shockley equation... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The developing embryo expresses cannabinoid receptors early in development that are responsive to anandamide secreted in the uterus. This signaling is important in regulating the timing of embryonic implantation and uterine receptivity. In mice, it has been shown that anandamide modulates the probability of implantatio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxhide ingots are heavy (20–30 kg) metal slabs, usually of copper but sometimes of tin, produced and widely distributed during the Mediterranean Late Bronze Age (LBA). Their shape resembles the hide of an ox with a protruding handle in each of the ingot’s four corners. Early thought was that each ingot was equivalent t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
M2DS was first described in 1999.
In a Nature article published on November 25, 2015, it was revealed that researchers at the Baylor College of Medicine, led by Dr. Huda Y. Zoghbi, have reversed MECP2 Duplication Syndrome in adult symptomatic mice using antisense therapy. Mice treated with an experimental ASO administe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cryoneurolysis is performed with a cryoprobe, which is composed of a hollow cannula that contains a smaller inner lumen. The pressurized coolant (nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide or liquid nitrogen) travels down the lumen and expands at the end of the lumen into the tip of the hollow cannula. No coolant exits the cryoprob... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2015 TTFRI acquired a set of UAVs from Australia for use their typhoon research program. Early attempts to acquire UAVs in 2005 were scrapped due to stricter air traffic controls imposed as a result of global terrorism. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The identity operation corresponds to doing nothing to the object. Because every molecule is indistinguishable from itself if nothing is done to it, every object possesses at least the identity operation. The identity operation is denoted by or . In the identity operation, no change can be observed for the molecule. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) is a fluorinated carboxylic acid derivative of hexanoic acid. Fluorinated polymers with six carbon or less commonly degrade into perfluorohexanoic acid.
Perfluorohexanoic acid has been found to rapidly bioaccumulate.
In 2020 Michigan adopted drinking water standards for 5 previously unreg... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The cyclic trimer anions dissociate almost completely in aqueous solution giving mainly tetrahydroxyborate anions:
Other molecules and anions, such as , , , and are less than 5% at 26 °C.
In 1937, Nielsen and Ward claimed that the metaborate anion in solution has a linear symmetric structure with negative charges on... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.