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Metals such as aluminum naturally form a passivating oxide layer which provides moderate protection against corrosion. The layer is strongly adherent to the metal surface, and it will regrow quickly if scratched off. In conventional anodizing, this layer of oxide is grown on the surface of the metal by the application... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To show how the Froude number is linked to general continuum mechanics and not only to hydrodynamics we start from the Cauchy momentum equation in its dimensionless (nondimensional) form. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aromatic acids are a type of aromatic compound. Included in that class are substances containing an aromatic ring and an organic acid functional group.
There are several categories of aromatic acids including:
*Phenolic acids: substances containing an aromatic ring and an organic carboxylic acid function (C6-C1 skeleto... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nyaya (न्याय) is a Sanskrit word which means justice, equality for all being, specially a collection of general or universal rules. In some contexts, it means model, axiom, plan, legal proceeding, judicial sentence, or judgment. Nyaya could also mean, "that which shows the way" tracing its Sanskrit etymology. In the th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The sessile drop contact angle is measured by a contact angle goniometer using an optical subsystem to capture the profile of a pure liquid on a solid substrate. The angle formed between the liquid–solid interface and the liquid–vapor interface is the contact angle. Older systems used a microscope optical system with a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The PECT effect was first reported by Dr. F Lincoln Vogel in 1981 when studying how intercalation voltages could be used to provide an actuation force in graphitized carbon fibres. The research used sulphate (SO) ions from sulfuric acid to intercalate into the microstructure of carbon fibers, forming graphite intercala... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Arylsulfonyl chlorides are made industrially in a two-step, one-pot reaction from an arene (in this case, benzene) and chlorosulfuric acid:
The intermediate benzenesulfonic acid can be chlorinated with thionyl chloride as well. Benzenesulfonyl chloride, the most important sulfonyl halide, can also be produced by treati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
William Otto Frohring (July 1, 1893 – September 13, 1959) was an American biochemical researcher, inventor and business executive. He was a co-developer of "simulated milk adapted" (SMA), the first infant formula to be distributed in the United States and one of the most widely consumed infant formulas in the world.
Fr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
García Mancheño has received the following honors and awards during her career:
* 2019 invited speaker at Fulbright-Cottrell Junior Faculty Professional Development Workshop in Göttingen
* 2018 invited speaker at Fulbright-Cottrell Junior Faculty Professional Development Workshop in Berlin
* 2017 European Research Coun... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, the reyn is a British unit of dynamic viscosity,
named in honour of Osbourne Reynolds, for whom the Reynolds number is also named. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Arruda–Boyce model is based on the statistical mechanics of polymer chains. In this approach, each macromolecule is described as a chain of segments, each of length . If we assume that the initial configuration of a chain can be described by a random walk, then the initial chain length is
If we assume that one e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Standard cubic centimeters per minute (SCCM) is a unit used to quantify the flow rate of a fluid. 1 SCCM is identical to 1 cm³/min. Another expression of it would be Nml/min. These standard conditions vary according to different regulatory bodies. One example of standard conditions for the calculation of SCCM is = 0 ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Washing the polymer plates after they have been exposed to ultra-violet light may result in monomers entering the sewer system, eventually adding to the plastic content of the oceans. Current water purification installations are not able to remove monomer molecules from sewer water. Some monomers, such as styrene, are ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An antideuteron is the antimatter counterpart of the nucleus of deuterium, consisting of an antiproton and an antineutron. The antideuteron was first produced in 1965 at the Proton Synchrotron at CERN and the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory. A complete atom, with a positron orbiting t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first total synthesis of lupeol was reported by Gilbert Stork et al.
In 2009, Surendra and Corey reported a more efficient and enantioselective total synthesis of lupeol, starting from (1E,5E)-8-[(2S)-3,3-dimethyloxiran-2-yl]-2,6-dimethylocta-1,5-dienyl acetate by use of a polycyclization. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mutations and loss of function of the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene play a causal role in the pathogenesis of clear cell renal carcinomas (ccRCC), a pathological subtype that accounts for the majority kidney cancer each year. Mollapour work has shown that VHL ubiquitinates protein phosphatase-5 (PP5) fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lung surfactant is essential for effective ventilation as it modifies alveolar surface tension. IRDS is caused by a lung surfactant deficiency. Calfactant serves as a substitute for the natural surfactant. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Endomorphin-1 (EM-1) (amino acid sequence Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH) is an endogenous opioid peptide and one of the two endomorphins. It is a high affinity, highly selective agonist of the μ-opioid receptor, and along with endomorphin-2 (EM-2), has been proposed to be the actual endogenous ligand of the μ-receptor. EM-1 produ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Eshelby was born at Puddington, Cheshire, the son of Captain Alan Douglas Eshelby and Phoebe Mason Hutchinson. He was educated at St Cyprian's School, Eastbourne and was due to go to Charterhouse School but developed rheumatic fever and received his secondary education privately at home. At about this time the family m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A familiar example of the opposite, a shear thinning fluid, or pseudoplastic fluid, is wall paint: The paint should flow readily off the brush when it is being applied to a surface but not drip excessively. Note that all thixotropic fluids are extremely shear thinning, but they are significantly time dependent, whereas... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Effective therapies to manage autism remain scarce. According to the exorphin theory of autism, an increase in the levels of exorphin is linked to symptoms of autism. Based on this concept, experiments have attempted to reduce the symptoms of autism by using large amounts of protease to break down exorphins before they... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some members of this class of drugs inhibit the synthesis of cell walls in susceptible microbes by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. The core class (including vancomycin) binds to acyl--alanyl--alanine in lipid II, preventing the addition of new units to the peptidoglycan. Of this core class, one may distinguish mult... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The cardiac action potential differs from the neuronal action potential by having an extended plateau, in which the membrane is held at a high voltage for a few hundred milliseconds prior to being repolarized by the potassium current as usual. This plateau is due to the action of slower calcium channels opening and hol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As natural products, PXA and other phomoxanthones occur as secondary metabolites in fungi of the eponymous genus Phomopsis, most notably in the species Phomopsis longicolla. This fungus is an endophyte of the mangrove plant Sonneratia caseolaris. However, it has also been identified as a pathogen in other plants, such ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Usually for acyclic systems trans isomers are more stable than cis isomers. This difference is attributed to the unfavorable steric interaction of the substituents in the cis isomer. Therefore, trans isomers have a less-exothermic heat of combustion, indicating higher thermochemical stability. In the Benson heat of for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
pK values of amino acid side chains play an important role in defining the pH-dependent characteristics of a protein. The pH-dependence of the activity displayed by enzymes and the pH-dependence of protein stability, for example, are properties that are determined by the pK values of amino acid side chains.
The pK valu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2020, a large harmful algal bloom closed beaches in Poland and Finland, brought on by a combination of fertilizer runoff and extreme heat, posing a risk to flounder and mussel beds. This is seen by the Baltic Sea Action Group as a threat to biodiversity and regional fishing stocks. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The four-dimensional point groups (chiral as well as achiral) are listed in Conway and Smith, Section 4, Tables 4.1–4.3.
The following list gives the four-dimensional reflection groups (excluding those that leave a subspace fixed and that are therefore lower-dimensional reflection groups). Each group is specified as a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rotary draw bending (RDB) is a precise technology, since it bends using tooling or "die sets" which have a constant center line radius (CLR), alternatively indicated as mean bending radius (Rm). Rotary draw benders can be programmable to store multiple bend jobs with varying degrees of bending. Often a positioning inde... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1845, the first pipe was cast vertically in a pit and by the end of the century, all pipe was manufactured by this method. Using this method the slag would all collect at the top of the casting and could be removed by simply cutting off the end of the pipe. Pipes cast using this method often suffered from off centre... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is an organofluorine compound with the chemical formula CFCOH. It is a haloacetic acid, with all three of the acetyl groups hydrogen atoms replaced by fluorine atoms. It is a colorless liquid with a vinegar-like odor. TFA is a stronger acid than acetic acid, having an acid ionisation constant... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An alternative form of the Arruda–Boyce model, using the first five terms of the inverse Langevin function, is
where is a material constant. The quantity can also be interpreted as a measure of the limiting network stretch.
If is the stretch at which the polymer chain network becomes locked, we can express the Arru... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Penicillamine, sold under the brand name of Cuprimine among others, is a medication primarily used for the treatment of Wilson's disease. It is also used for people with kidney stones who have high urine cystine levels, rheumatoid arthritis, and various heavy metal poisonings. It is taken by mouth.
Penicillamine was ap... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another form of amylase, β-amylase () (alternative names: 1,4-α--glucan maltohydrolase; glycogenase; saccharogen amylase) is also synthesized by bacteria, fungi, and plants. Working from the non-reducing end, β-amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the second α-1,4 glycosidic bond, cleaving off two glucose units (maltos... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Phenol-Explorer ([http://www.phenol-explorer.eu phenol-explorer.eu]), a database dedicated to phenolics found in food by Augustin Scalbert, INRA Clermont-Ferrand, Unité de Nutrition Humaine (Human food unit)
* [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:33853 Phenols] at ChEBI (Chemical Entities of Biologic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Enumerating or counting structural isomers in general is a difficult problem, since one must take into account several bond types (including delocalized ones), cyclic structures, and structures that cannot possibly be realized due to valence or geometric constraints, and non-separable tautomers.
For example, there are... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
# For a Ca-looping cycle installed on a 500 MW power plant, the purge rate is 12.6 kg CaO/s.
# For the cement production process, 0.65 kg CaO is required/ kg cement produced.
# U.S. electric generation capacity (only fossil fuels): Natural gas = 415 GW, Coal= 318 GW & Petroleum = 51 GW
# Cement consumption in U.S.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Benson group-increment theory (BGIT), group-increment theory, or Benson group additivity uses the experimentally calculated heat of formation for individual groups of atoms to calculate the entire heat of formation for a molecule under investigation. This can be a quick and convenient way to determine theoretical heats... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Common synthetic polymers that can be attacked include polypropylene and LDPE, where tertiary carbon bonds in their chain structures are the centres of attack. Ultraviolet rays interact with these bonds to form free radicals, which then react further with oxygen in the atmosphere, producing carbonyl groups in the main ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ethanol is the most commonly used biofuel and can be produced on large scale via fermentation. The maximum theoretical yield for the production of ethanol was achieved around 20 years. A plasmid that carried the pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase genes from the bacteria Z. mobilis was used by scientists. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electroreflectance is often used to determine band gaps and electric properties of thin films of weaker semiconducting materials. Two different examples are listed below. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reactions of alkenyl- and alkynylaluminium compounds involve the transfer of a nucleophilic alkenyl or alkynyl group attached to aluminium to an electrophilic atom. Stereospecific hydroalumination, carboalumination, and terminal alkyne metalation are useful methods for generation of the necessary alkenyl- and alkynylal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An ionic liquid (IL) is a salt in the liquid state at ambient conditions. In some contexts, the term has been restricted to salts whose melting point is below a specific temperature, such as . While ordinary liquids such as water and gasoline are predominantly made of electrically neutral molecules, ionic liquids are l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An MDC is constructed similarly to a microbial fuel cell by including two
chambers with two electrodes, an anode and a cathode, in addition to both a third chamber separated by an anion exchange membrane (AEM) and cation exchange membrane (CEM), and a peripheral, external circuit that is responsible for aerobic and ana... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
E. coli has seven main sigma factors, five of which have a specific anti-sigma factor. The anti-sigma factor binding to its sigma factors depends upon environmental cues. This mechanism blocks the transcription of genes that are unnecessary in new conditions. The table below shows five sigma factors, what process it af... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diazomethane is an organic chemical compound with the formula CHN, discovered by German chemist Hans von Pechmann in 1894. It is the simplest diazo compound. In the pure form at room temperature, it is an extremely sensitive explosive yellow gas; thus, it is almost universally used as a solution in diethyl ether. The ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Following the lead of Dachlauer and Jackel, contemporary routes to episulfides utilize a two-step method, converting an olefin to an epoxide followed by thiation using thiocyanate or thiourea.
Episulfides can also be prepared from cyclic carbonates, hydroxy mercaptans, hydroxyalkyl halides, dihaloalkanes, and halo merc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cold filter plugging point (CFPP) is the lowest temperature, expressed in degrees Celsius (°C), at which a given volume of diesel type of fuel still passes through a standardized filtration device in a specified time when cooled under certain conditions. This test gives an estimate for the lowest temperature that a fu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An automated device for determining the coagulant dose is the Streaming Current Detector (SCD). The SCD measures the net surface charge of the particles and shows a streaming current value of 0 when the charges are neutralized (cationic coagulants neutralize the anionic colloids). At this value (0), the coagulant dose ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Coenzyme A is available from various chemical suppliers as the free acid and lithium or sodium salts. The free acid of coenzyme A is detectably unstable, with around 5% degradation observed after 6 months when stored at −20 °C, and near complete degradation after 1 month at 37 °C. The lithium and sodium salts of CoA ar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cell signaling or cell communication is important for cell regulation and for cells to process information from the environment and respond accordingly. Signaling can occur through direct cell contact or endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine signaling. Direct cell-cell contact is when a receptor on a cell binds a molecul... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Because optical properties depend on suspended particle size, a stable synthetic material called "Formazin" with uniform particle size is often used as a standard for calibration and reproducibility. The unit is called Formazin Turbidity Unit (FTU).
*Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) specified by United States Envir... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carboxypeptidase A (CPA) contains a zinc (Zn) metal center in a tetrahedral geometry with amino acid residues in close proximity around zinc to facilitate catalysis and binding. Out of the 307 amino acids bonded in a peptide chain, the following amino acid residues are important for catalysis and binding; Glu-270, Arg-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Shotgun lipidomics is fast, highly sensitive, and it can identify hundreds of lipids missed by other methods — all with a much smaller tissue sample so that specific cells or minute biopsy samples can be examined. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Trans-splicing is a form of splicing that removes introns or outrons, and joins two exons that are not within the same RNA transcript. Trans-splicing can occur between two different endogenous pre-mRNAs or between an endogenous and an exogenous (such as from viruses) or artificial RNAs. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermodynamic power cycles are the basis for the operation of heat engines, which supply most of the world's electric power and run the vast majority of motor vehicles. Power cycles can be organized into two categories: real cycles and ideal cycles. Cycles encountered in real world devices (real cycles) are difficult t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An ATP test is the process of rapidly measuring active microorganisms in water through detection adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is a molecule found only in and around living cells, and as such it gives a direct measure of biological concentration and health. ATP is quantified by measuring the light produced through ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon snake is a demonstration of the dehydration reaction of sugar by concentrated sulfuric acid. With concentrated sulfuric acid, granulated table sugar (sucrose) performs a degradation reaction which changes its form to a black solid-liquid mixture. The carbon snake experiment can sometimes be misidentified as the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Evaporation and condensation can give rise to both kinetic and equilibrium isotope effects. While equilibrium mass fractionation is present evaporation and condensation, it is negligible compared to kinetic effects. During condensation, the condensate is enriched in the light isotope, whereas in evaporation, the gas ph... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorogenic signaling oligonucleotide probes were reported for use to detect and isolate cells expressing one or more desired genes, including the production of multigene stable cell lines expressing heteromultimeric epithelial sodium channel (αβγ-ENaC), sodium voltage-gated ion channel 1.7 (NaV1.7-αβ1β2), four unique ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MERMOZ (also, MERMOZ project and Monitoring planEtary suRfaces with Modern pOlarimetric characteriZation) is an astrobiology project designed to remotely detect biosignatures of life. Detection is based on molecular homochirality, a characteristic property of the biochemicals of life. The aim of the project is to remo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1942, on the recommendation of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (from 1949 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, or CSIRO), McTaggart was made its employee, working at first in facilities at Melbourne University then from later that year at Fishermans Bend when a new facilit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In addition to its well-known roles in the electron transport chain and cell apoptosis, according to a recent study cytochrome c can also act as an antioxidative enzyme in the mitochondria; it does so by removing superoxide (O) and hydrogen peroxide (HO) from mitochondria. Therefore, not only is cytochrome c required i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The driving force behind radical clock reactions is their ability to rearrange. Some common radical clocks are radical cyclizations, ring openings, and 1,2-migrations. Two popular rearrangements are the cyclization of 5-hexenyl and the ring-opening of cyclopropylmethyl:
5-hexenyl radical undergoes cyclization to produc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The glass transition of a liquid to a solid-like state may occur with either cooling or compression. The transition comprises a smooth increase in the viscosity of a material by as much as 17 orders of magnitude within a temperature range of 500 K without any pronounced change in material structure. This transition is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flory and Stockmayer used a statistical approach to derive an expression to predict the gel point by calculating when approaches infinite size. The statistical approach assumes that (1) the reactivity of the functional groups of the same type is the same and independent of the molecular size and (2) there are no intra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flow conditioning makes a huge effect on the accuracy of liquid turbine meter which results in flow disturbances. These effects are mainly caused by debris on strainer screens, for various upstream piping geometries and different types of flow conditioners.
The effectiveness of a flow conditioner can be indicated by th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Loose Polyethylene sleeving was first developed by CIPRA (since 1979, DIPRA) in the US in 1951 for use in highly corrosive soil. It was employed more widely in the US in the late 1950s and first employed in the UK in 1965 and Australia in the mid-1960s. Loose Polyethylene Sleeving (LPS) remains as one of the most cost ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hemoglobin variants are a part of the normal embryonic and fetal development. They may also be pathologic mutant forms of hemoglobin in a population, caused by variations in genetics. Some well-known hemoglobin variants, such as sickle-cell anemia, are responsible for diseases and are considered hemoglobinopathies. Oth... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gough joined the School of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering at The University of Manchester, as a lecturer in 2002. She was quickly promoted to Senior lecturer and Reader in 2006 and 2010, respectively.
From 2012 to 2013 she was a Royal Academy of Engineering/Leverhulme Trust Senior Research Fellow. Gough ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After the news about the curative properties of penicillin broke in an editorial in The Times on 27 August 1942, Fleming enjoyed the publicity, but Howard Florey did not: he feared that this would create a demand for penicillin that he did not yet have to give. When the press arrived at the Sir William Dunn School, he... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Father - Grigory Vitalievich Khlopin (1863-1929).
*Mother - Ekaterina Alexandrovna, née Kavaderova (1865-1945) - a graduate of the Higher Womens Courses in St. Petersburg (verbal-historical and physical-mathematical faculties), was engaged in journalism. (at the time of G. V. Khlopins exile to the Urals in 1886), from... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ferdowsi (940–1020) was a Persian poet who lived in the Abbasid Caliphate. In Shahnameh, his national epic poem, Ferdowsi described a caesarean section performed on Rudaba. A special wine prepared by a Zoroastrian priest was used as an anesthetic for this operation.
Circa 1020, Ibn Sīnā (980–1037) in The Canon of Medic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thiols, especially in the presence of base, are readily oxidized by reagents such as bromine and iodine to give an organic disulfide (R−S−S−R).
: 2 R−SH + Br → R−S−S−R + 2 HBr
Oxidation by more powerful reagents such as sodium hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide can also yield sulfonic acids (RSOH).
: R−SH + 3 HO → RSOH ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Esters react with strong oxidizing acids, which may cause a violent reaction that is sufficiently exothermic to ignite the esters and the reaction products. Heat is also generated by the interaction of esters with alkali solutions. Very flammable hydrogen gas is generated by mixing esters with alkali metals and ionic h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Absorption of radiation by reactants of a reaction at equilibrium increases the rate of forward reaction without directly affecting the rate of the reverse reaction.
The rate of a photochemical reaction is proportional to the absorption cross section of the reactant with respect to the excitation source (σ), the quantu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
uPVC or PVC-U, is a thermoplastic material derived from common salt and fossil fuels. The pipe material has the longest track record of all plastic materials. The first uPVC pipes were made in the 1930s. Beginning in the 1950s, uPVC pipes were used to replace corroded metal pipes and thus bring fresh drinking water to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Commonly, isocyanides are synthesized by dehydration of formamides. The formamide can be dehydrated with toluenesulfonyl chloride, phosphorus oxychloride, phosgene, diphosgene, or the Burgess reagent in the presence of a base such as pyridine or triethylamine.
The formamide precursors are, in turn, prepared from amines... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The major steps in the sulfo-ED pathway are:
* oxidation of sulfoquinovose to sulfogluconolactone (catalyzed by sulfoquinovose dehydrogenase with NAD co-factor);
* hydrolysis of sulfogluconolactone to sulfogluconate acid (catalyzed by sulfogluconolactonase with water);
* dehydration of sulfogluconic acid to 2-keto-3,6-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The simplest apparatus is a tubular setup known as a Venturi tube or simply a Venturi (plural: "Venturis" or occasionally "Venturies"). Fluid flows through a length of pipe of varying diameter. To avoid undue aerodynamic drag, a Venturi tube typically has an entry cone of 30 degrees and an exit cone of 5 degrees.
Ven... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Arsenate esters, such as those that would be present in DNA, are generally expected to be orders of magnitude less stable to hydrolysis than corresponding phosphate esters. dAMAs, the structural arsenic analog of the DNA building block dAMP, has a half-life of 40 minutes in water at neutral pH. Estimates of the half-li... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
VR (Russian VX, VXr, Soviet V-gas, GOSNIIOKhT substance No. 33, Agent "November") is a "V-series" unitary
nerve agent closely related (it is an isomer) to the better-known VX nerve agent. It became a prototype for the series of Novichok agents. According to chemical weapons expert Jonathan Tucker, the first binary for... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
AEP publishes a quarterly magazine, the Environmental Monitor, which contains technical articles, legislative updates and other information useful to its members. As mentioned above the organization has developed a skilled legislative advocacy program, which is remarkable in its pursuit of clarity of language, efficie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The environmental consequences of PFAS, especially from firefighting activities, has been recognized since the mid-1990s and came to prominence after the Buncefield explosion on 11 December 2005. In recent years the Environment Agency has undertaken a series of projects to understand the scale and nature of PFAS in the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some amino acids are more likely to be replaced. One of the factors that influences this tendency is physicochemical distance. Example of a measure of amino acid can be Graurs Stability Index. The assumption of this measure is that the amino acid replacement rate and proteins evolution is dependent on the amino acid c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The fission sail is a type of spacecraft propulsion proposed by Robert Forward that uses fission fragments to propel a large solar sail-like craft. It is similar in concept to the fission-fragment rocket in that the fission by-products are directly harnessed as working mass, and differs primarily in the way that the fr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are four main factors influencing photosynthesis and several corollary factors. The four main are:
* Light irradiance and wavelength
* Water absorption
* Carbon dioxide concentration
* Temperature.
Total photosynthesis is limited by a range of environmental factors. These include the amount of light available, th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Spectral hemispherical transmittance in frequency and spectral hemispherical transmittance in wavelength of a surface, denoted T and T respectively, are defined as
where
*Φ is the spectral radiant flux in frequency transmitted by that surface;
*Φ is the spectral radiant flux in frequency received by that surface;
*Φ is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1798, Count Rumford published An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction, a report on his investigation of the heat produced while manufacturing cannons. He had found that boring a cannon repeatedly does not result in a loss of its ability to produce heat, and therefore no... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Llewellyn separator is a membrane molecular separator, a device for interfacing the effluence from a gas chromatograph to the ion source input of a mass spectrometer by changing a rather large (e.g. 10^4 TorrLitre) dilute (e.g. 1 part of vapour in 10^5 parts of carrier gas) gas flow into a small(e.g. <10^-3 TorrLit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some forms of sexual dysfunction such as erectile dysfunction can be treated with drugs. Because of their effects, erectile dysfunction drugs are sometimes used for recreational purposes. Many drugs, both legal and illegal, some sold online, have side effects that affect the user's sexual function. Many drugs can cause... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gastric organoids recapitulate at least partly the physiology of the stomach. Gastric organoids have been generated directly from pluripotent stem cells through the temporal manipulation of the FGF, WNT, BMP, retinoic acid and EGF signalling pathways in three-dimensional culture conditions. Gastric organoids have also ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are many types of coupled transition such as are observed in vibration–rotation spectra. The excited-state wave function is the product of two wave functions such as vibrational and rotational. The general principle is that the symmetry of the excited state is obtained as the direct product of the symmetries of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 1802 – Gay-Lussac first published the law that at constant pressure, the volume of any gas increases in proportion to its absolute temperature. Since in his paper announcing the law he cited earlier unpublished work on this subject by Jacques Charles, the law is usually called Charless Law, though some sources use th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In anhydrous rubidium rhodizonate , the rhodizonate anions are stacked in parallel columns, as are the rubidium ions. In the plane perpendicular to the columns, these are arranged as two interleaved hexagonal grids. The anions are planar.
Anhydrous potassium rhodizonate has a distinct but similar structure. The anions... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Historical Metallurgy Society is a British learned society providing an international forum for exchange of information and research in historical metallurgy. It was founded as the Historical Metallurgy Group in 1963. All aspects of the history of metals and associated materials are covered from prehistory to the p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Trace fossils are important paleoecological and paleoenvironmental indicators, because they are preserved in situ, or in the life position of the organism that made them. Because identical fossils can be created by a range of different organisms, trace fossils can only reliably inform us of two things: the consistency ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGF-R) are cell surface tyrosine kinase receptors for members of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family. PDGF subunits -A and -B are important factors regulating cell proliferation, cellular differentiation, cell growth, development and many diseases including cancer... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ocean gyres typically contain 5–6 trophic levels. The limiting factor for the number of trophic levels is the size of the phytoplankton, which are generally small in nutrient limited gyres. In low oxygen zones, oligotrophs are a large percentage of the phytoplankton.
At the intermediate level, small fishes and squid (e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) is a chromatography technique used in analytical chemistry. It is a modification of capillary electrophoresis (CE), extending its functionality to neutral analytes, where the samples are separated by differential partitioning between micelles (pseudo-stationary phase) and a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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