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Above approximately 900 °C a typical low-carbon steel is composed entirely of austenite, a high-temperature phase of iron that has a cubic close-packed crystal structure. On cooling, it tends to transform into a mixture of phases, ferrite and cementite, depending on the exact chemical composition. A steel of eutectoid ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
3 kinds of ground state or static electrical influences predominate:
* Resonance (mesomeric) effect
* Inductive effect: electrical influence of a group which is transmitted primarily by polarization of the bonding electrons from one atom to the next
* Direct electrostatic (field) effect: electrical influence of a polar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To understand the electronic behavior of a solar cell, it is useful to create a model which is electrically equivalent, and is based on discrete ideal electrical components whose behavior is well defined. An ideal solar cell may be modelled by a current source in parallel with a diode; in practice no solar cell is idea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Using laser light scattering, Bax examined how speech-generated droplets and aerosols may be a dominant SARS-CoV-2 transmission mode that may be mitigated by wearing face coverings or face masks. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Primary and secondary waves are body waves that travel within the Earth. The motion and behavior of both P and S waves in the Earth are monitored to probe the interior structure of the Earth. Discontinuities in velocity as a function of depth are indicative of changes in phase or composition. Differences in arrival tim... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Christoph Weder is the former director of the Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI) at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, and a professor of polymer chemistry and materials. He is best known for his work on stimuli-responsive polymers, polymeric materials that change one or more of their properties when exposed to exter... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The non-dispersive infrared analysis (NDIR) method offers the only practical interference-free method for detecting CO in TOC analysis. The principal advantage of using NDIR is that it directly and specifically measures the CO generated by oxidation of the organic carbon in the oxidation reactor, rather than relying on... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A well studied biradical is trimethylenemethane (TMM), . In 1966 Paul Dowd determined with electron spin resonance that this compound also has a triplet state. In a crystalline host the 6 hydrogen atoms in TMM are identical. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aquatic toxicity testing subjects key indicator species of fish or crustacea to certain concentrations of a substance in their environment to determine the lethality level. Fish are exposed for 96 hours while crustacea are exposed for 48 hours. While GHS does not define toxicity past 100 mg/L, the EPA currently lists a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bulk materials (>100 nm in size) are expected to have constant physical properties (such as thermal and electrical conductivity, stiffness, density, and viscosity) regardless of their size, for nanoparticles, however, this is different: the volume of the surface layer (a few atomic diameters-wide) becomes a significant... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biofiltration is a pollution control technique using a bioreactor containing living material to capture and biologically degrade pollutants. Common uses include processing waste water, capturing harmful chemicals or silt from surface runoff, and microbiotic oxidation of contaminants in air. Industrial biofiltration ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Benefits of ecosan systems include:
* Minimizing the introduction of pathogens from human excreta into the water cycle (groundwater and surface water) - for example groundwater pollution by pit latrines.
* Conservation of resources through lower water consumption, substitution of mineral fertilizer and minimization o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
BioModels is composed of several branches. The curated branch hosts models that are well curated and annotated. The non-curated-branch provides models that are still not curated, are non-curatable (spatial models, steady-state models etc.), or too huge to be curated. Non-curated models can be later moved into the curat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plasma spraying systems can be categorized by several criteria.
Plasma jet generation:
*direct current (DC plasma), where the energy is transferred to the plasma jet by a direct current, high-power electric arc
*induction plasma or RF plasma, where the energy is transferred by induction from a coil around the plasma je... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The summation theorems can be interpreted in various ways. The first is that the influence enzymes have over steady-state fluxes and concentrations is not necessarily concentrated at one location. In the past, control of a pathway was considered to be located at one point only, called the master reaction or rate limiti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One force capable of confining the fuel well enough to satisfy the Lawson criterion is gravity. The mass needed, however, is so great that gravitational confinement is only found in stars—the least massive stars capable of sustained fusion are red dwarfs, while brown dwarfs are able to fuse deuterium and lithium if the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another method involves the use of oxalyl chloride:
The reaction is catalysed by dimethylformamide (DMF), which reacts with oxalyl chloride to give the Vilsmeier reagent, an iminium intermediate that which reacts with the carboxylic acid to form a mixed imino-anhydride. This structure undergoes an acyl substitution wit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Additive nomenclature is generally recommended for organometallic compounds of groups 3-12 (transition metals and zinc, cadmium and mercury). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A class of substances known as photocages contain “photosensitive groups, also known as ‘photoremovable protecting groups’, from which target substances are released upon exposure to specific wavelengths of light”. The photosensitive groups physically and chemically protect the target from being released until the mole... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When brickwork is persistently wet, as in foundations, retaining walls, parapets and chimneys, sulfates in bricks and mortar may in time crystallise and expand and cause mortar and renderings to disintegrate. To minimise this effect specialised brickwork with low sulfate levels should be used. Acid sulfates that are lo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This enzyme transfers the electron from reduced ferredoxin to to complete the reduction to NADPH. FNR may also accept an electron from NADPH by binding to it. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Stored Waste Examination Pilot Plant (SWEPP) is a facility at the Idaho National Laboratory for nondestructively examining containers of radioactive waste to determine if they meet criteria to be stored at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. SWEPP is part of the Radioactive Waste Management Complex, located southwest ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common method of measuring amino acid hydrophobicity is partitioning between two immiscible liquid phases. Different organic solvents are most widely used to mimic the protein interior. However, organic solvents are slightly miscible with water and the characteristics of both phases change making it difficult ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The use of η to denote hapticity is systematised. The use of η is not recommended. When the specification of the atoms involved is ambiguous the position of the atoms must be specified. This is illustrated by the examples:
* Cr(η-CH), named as bis(η-benzene)chromium as all of the (contiguous) atoms in the benzene ligan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dead zones can be classified by type, and are identified by the length of their occurrence:
* Permanent dead zones are deep water occurrences that rarely exceed 2 milligrams per liter.
* Temporary dead zones are short lived dead zones lasting hours or days.
* Seasonal dead zones are annually occurring, typically in war... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ultrasensitive behavior is typically represented by a sigmoidal curve, as small alterations in the stimulus can trigger large changes in the response . One such relation is the Hill equation:
where is the Hill coefficient which quantifies the steepness of the sigmoidal stimulus-response curve and it is therefore a se... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Zearalanone (ZAN) is a mycoestrogen that is a derivative of zearalenone (ZEN). Zearalanone can be extracted from medical herbs and edible herbs along with aflatoxins in the same time by a specific immunoaffinity column. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glyceroneogenesis can be regulated at two reaction pathways. First, it can be held at the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate. Secondly, the TCA cycle can affect glyceroneogenesis when the glutamate or substrates in the TCA cycle are being used as a precursor.
Decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The matrix consists of crystallized molecules, of which the three most commonly used are sinapinic acid, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (α-CHCA, alpha-cyano or alpha-matrix) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB). A solution of one of these molecules is made, often in a mixture of highly purified water and an organic solv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The transposed Paternò−Büchi reaction involves a ππ* excited state of alkene reacting with a ground state carbonyl functionality. This is reversal of the traditional Paternò−Büchi reaction where an excited carbonyl group reacts with a ground state alkene. This strategy was first reported by Sivaguru and co-workers with... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nitrite consumption is primarily determined by the amount of processed meats eaten, and the concentration of nitrates in these meats. Although nitrites are the nitrogen compound chiefly used in meat curing, nitrates are used as well. Nitrates lead to the formation of nitrosamines. The production of carcinogenic nitros... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Based on the simplifying assumption that the signal can be attributed to temperature change alone, with the effects of salinity and ice volume change ignored, Epstein et al. (1953) estimated that
a increase of 0.22‰ is equivalent to a cooling of 1 °C (or 1.8 °F).
More precisely, Epstein et al. (1953) give a quadrat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Lewis basic lone pairs on sulfur dominate the sulfides' reactivity. Sulfides readily alkylate to stable sulfonium salts, such as trimethylsulfonium iodide:
Sulfides also oxidize easily to sulfoxides (), which can themselves be further oxidized to sulfones (). Hydrogen peroxide is a typical oxidant—for example, wit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Advantages
** At large, protocells are advantageous because they can store more drugs, be loaded faster than other nanomedicine delivery systems, and are more stable than liposomes. By keeping more drugs, researchers can reduce the quantity of medications needed to be administered, potentially reducing side effects a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Raman spectroscopy is one of the easiest methods to integrate into a heterogeneous operando experiment, as these reactions typically occur in the gas phase, so there is very low litter interference and good data can be obtained for the species on the catalytic surface. In order to use Raman, all that is required is to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phenol in the Berthelot reagent can be replaced by a variety of phenolic reagents, the most common being sodium salicylate, which is significantly less toxic. This has been used for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) determinations and commonly is used to determine water and soil total and ammonia-N. Replacement of phenol by 2... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Brevetoxins share the common backbone structure of polyketides, but there are several methyl and oxygen groups that are not typical of a traditional polyketide synthesis. Labelling studies identifying the origin of the various carbon atoms have shown that the biosynthesis of brevetoxins greatly deviates from the polyke... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Golden Gate Cloning or Golden Gate assembly is a molecular cloning method that allows a researcher to simultaneously and directionally assemble multiple DNA fragments into a single piece using Type IIS restriction enzymes and T4 DNA ligase. This assembly is performed in vitro. Most commonly used Type IIS enzymes inclu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since cyclic AMP is a second messenger and plays vital role in cell signalling, it has been implicated in various disorders but not restricted to the roles given below: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After the left-wing uprising in 1944, the newly established far-left authorities in Bulgaria labeled Karamichailova as "unreliable" due to her anti-communist views and prohibited her from going abroad. She continued her work in the field of radioactivity in Bulgaria, initially at Sofia University and later, at the Bulg... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A biosignature (sometimes called chemical fossil or molecular fossil) is any substance – such as an element, isotope, molecule, or phenomenon – that provides scientific evidence of past or present life on a planet. Measurable attributes of life include its complex physical or chemical structures, its use of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Reynolds number for an object moving in a fluid, called the particle Reynolds number and often denoted , characterizes the nature of the surrounding flow and its fall velocity. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The particle size of a spherical object can be unambiguously and quantitatively defined by its diameter. However, a typical material object is likely to be irregular in shape and non-spherical. The above quantitative definition of particle size cannot be applied to non-spherical particles. There are several ways of ext... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In an isotopic/achiral environment, enantiomers exhibit identical physicochemical properties, and therefore are indistinguishable under these conditions. For the separation of chiral molecules the challenge is to construct the right chiral environment. In a chromatographic system there are three variables namely, the c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hammond's postulate is especially important when looking at the rate-limiting step of a reaction. However, one must be cautious when examining a multistep reaction or one with the possibility of rearrangements during an intermediate stage. In some cases, the final products appear in skewed ratios in favor of a more uns... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Both TLR3 and TLR4 use the TRIF-dependent pathway, which is triggered by dsRNA and LPS, respectively. For TLR3, dsRNA leads to activation of the receptor, recruiting the adaptor TRIF. TRIF activates the kinases TBK1 and RIPK1, which creates a branch in the signaling pathway. The TRIF/TBK1 signaling complex phosphorylat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The function of the C-terminal domain has been experimentally determined as being important for cytoplasmic localisation. The residues are scattered along the C-terminal domain sequence however once the protein folds, they position themselves closely together. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first ORF of L1 encodes a 500-amino acid, 40-kDa protein that lacks homology with any protein of known function. In vertebrates, it contains a conserved C-terminus domain and a highly variable coiled-coil N-terminus that mediates the formation of ORF1 trimeric complexes. ORF1 trimers have RNA-binding and nucleic ac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At least partly because TNFR2 has no intracellular death domain, TNFR2 is neuroprotective.
Patients with schizophrenia have increased levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (sTNFR2). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The concentration of ATP must be kept above equilibrium level so that the rates of ATP-dependent biochemical reactions meet metabolic demands. A decrease in ATP will result in a decreased saturation of enzymes that use ATP as substrate, and thus a decreased reaction rate. The concentration of ATP is also kept higher th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Matthew John Fuchter is a British chemist who is a Professor of Chemistry at Imperial College London. His research focuses on the development and application of novel functional molecular systems to a broad range of areas; from materials to medicine. He has been awarded both the Harrison-Meldola Memorial Prize (2014) ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry is a biweekly peer-reviewed medical journal published by Bentham Science Publishers. It includes review articles on all aspects of medicinal chemistry, including drug design. The current editor-in-chief is Jia Zhou (University of Texas, Medical Branch). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Russell Varian Prize was an international scientific prize awarded for a single, high-impact and innovative contribution in the field of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), that laid the foundation for the development of new technologies in the field. It honored the memory of Russell Varian, the pioneer behind the cr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The NRC and approved state agencies regulate the use of injected radionuclides in hydraulic fracturing in the United States.
The US EPA sets radioactivity standards for drinking water. Federal and state regulators do not require sewage treatment plants that accept gas well wastewater to test for radioactivity. In Penns... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) produce hydrogen sulfide () and sulfuric acid () respectively. When the sulfur cycle is active in sewers and emanations from the effluent waters are oxidized in by atmospheric oxygen at the moist surface of tunnel walls, sulfuric acid can attack the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In veterinary medicine, selegiline is sold under the brand name Anipryl (manufactured by Zoetis). It is used in dogs to treat canine cognitive dysfunction and, at higher doses, pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH). Canine cognitive dysfunction is a form of dementia that mimics Alzheimer's disease in humans. G... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cone meters are a newer differential pressure metering device first launched in 1985 by McCrometer in Hemet, CA. The cone meter is a generic yet robust differential pressure (DP) meter that has shown to be resistant to effects of asymmetric and swirling flow. While working with the same basic principles as Venturi and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By 1928, James was terminally ill. He died on 10 December 1928.
There is a legend, captured by John Greenleaf Whittier in the poem, "Telling the bees," which explains that someone must tell the bees of their master's death or they will fly away.
James died in the winter, so he could not be buried in the intended cemet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a photoemission event takes place, the following energy conservation rule holds:
where is the photon energy, is the electron BE (binding energy with respect to the vacuum level) prior to ionization, and is the kinetic energy of the photoelectron. If reference is taken with respect to the Fermi level (as it is t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The rough timeline of events during the putrefaction stage is as follows:
*1–2 days: Pallor mortis, algor mortis, rigor mortis, and livor mortis are the first steps in the process of decomposition before the process of putrefaction.
*2–3 days: Discoloration appears on the skin of the abdomen. The abdomen begins to swel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biomedical spectroscopy is a multidisciplinary research field involving spectroscopic tools for applications in the field of biomedical science. Vibrational spectroscopy such as Raman or infrared spectroscopy is used to determine the chemical composition of a material based on detection of vibrational modes of constit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Currently orbiting satellites detect an average of about one gamma-ray burst per day. Because gamma-ray bursts are visible to distances encompassing most of the observable universe, a volume encompassing many billions of galaxies, this suggests that gamma-ray bursts must be exceedingly rare events per galaxy.
Measuring... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In cases where an enolization is occurring around an allylic group (usually as part of a cyclic system), A strain can cause the reaction to be nearly impossible. In these situations, acid treatment would normally cause the alkene to become protonated, moving the double bond to the carboxylic group, changing it to a hy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Raschig ring is a piece of tube, invented circa 1914, that is used in large numbers in a packing column. Raschig rings are usually made of ceramic or metals, and they provide a large surface area within the column, allowing for interaction between liquid and gas vapors. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Resazurin is effectively reduced in mitochondria, making it useful also to assess mitochondrial metabolic activity.
Usually, in the presence of NADPH dehydrogenase or NADH dehydrogenase as the enzyme, NADPH or NADH is the reductant that converts resazurin to resorufin. Hence the resazurin/diaphorase/NADPH system can be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In order to provide access to relevant data to users ChemSeer provides new features that are not available in traditional search engines or digital libraries.
# Chemical Entity Search: A tool capable of identifying Chemical formulae and chemical names, and extracting and disambiguating them from general terms within do... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ancient record on Earth provides an opportunity to see what geochemical signatures are produced by microbial life and how these signatures are preserved over geologic time. Some related disciplines such as geochemistry, geobiology, and geomicrobiology often use biosignatures to determine if living organisms are or ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The methods for sequence analysis of synthetic polymers differ from the sequence analysis of biopolymers (e. g. DNA or proteins). Synthetic polymers are produced by chain-growth or step-growth polymerization and show thereby polydispersity, whereas biopolymers are synthesized by complex template-based mechanisms and ar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SoRI-20041 is an "antagonist-like" allosteric modulator of amphetamine-induced dopamine release (in contrast to the related research chemicals SoRI-9804 and SoRI-20040, which are "agonist-like"). SoRI-20041 is believed to be the first example of a drug that separately modulates uptake versus release in the dopamine tra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbon dioxide is not a typical feedstock for FT catalysis. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide react over a cobalt-based catalyst, producing methane. With iron-based catalysts unsaturated short-chain hydrocarbons are also produced. Upon introduction to the catalyst's support, ceria functions as a reverse water-gas shift catal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The notions that not all enhancers are transcribed at the same time and that eRNA transcription correlates with enhancer-specific activity support the idea that individual eRNAs carry distinct and relevant biological functions. However, there is still no consensus on the functional significance of eRNAs. Furthermore, e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The tides received relatively little attention in the civilizations around the Mediterranean Sea, as the tides there are relatively small, and the areas that experience tides do so unreliably. A number of theories were advanced, however, from comparing the movements to breathing or blood flow to theories involving whir... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The success of DNA nanotechnology in constructing artificially designed nanostructures out of nucleic acids such as DNA, combined with the demonstration of systems for DNA computing, has led to speculation that artificial nucleic acid nanodevices can be used to target drug delivery based upon directly sensing its envir... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In physics, absorption of electromagnetic radiation is how matter (typically electrons bound in atoms) takes up a photon's energy — and so transforms electromagnetic energy into internal energy of the absorber (for example, thermal energy).
A notable effect of the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is attenuation ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gene nomenclature is the scientific naming of genes, the units of heredity in living organisms. It is also closely associated with protein nomenclature, as genes and the proteins they code for usually have similar nomenclature. An international committee published recommendations for genetic symbols and nomenclature in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Kröhnke pyridine synthesis provides a fairly general method for generating substituted pyridines using pyridine itself as a reagent which does not become incorporated into the final product. The reaction of pyridine with bromomethyl ketones gives the related pyridinium salt, wherein the methylene group is highly ac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This pathway is also called the “Xylose Reductase-Xylitol Dehydrogenase” or XR-XDH pathway. Xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) are the first two enzymes in this pathway. XR is reducing D-xylose to xylitol using NADH or NADPH. Xylitol is then oxidized to D-xylulose by XDH, using the cofactor NAD. In t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two distinct types of palladacycle: four-electron donor (CY) and six-electron donor (YCY) complexes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first standardization of cast iron water pipes in Britain occurred in 1917 with the publishing of BS 78. This standard specified a dimensionless nominal size, which approximately corresponded with the internal diameter in inches of the pipe, and four pressure classes, Class A, Class B, Class C and Class D, each wi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The nines are a count of the leftmost digits 9 that appear in a proportion. For example, 90% would be described as "one nine"; 99% as "two nines"; 99.9% as "three nines"; and so forth.
However, there are different conventions for representing inexact multiples of 9. For example, a percentage of 99.5% could be expressed... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The gradation of soils, or soil texture, affects water and nutrient holding and drainage capabilities. For sand-based soils, particle size can be the dominant characteristic affecting soil performances and hence crop. Sieving has long been the technique of choice for soil texture analysis, although laser diffraction in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Two RNA genomes are packaged into each retrovirus particle, but, after an infection, each virus generates only one provirus. After infection, reverse transcription occurs and this process is accompanied by recombination. Recombination involves template strand switching between the two genome copies (copy choice recom... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2022, Japanese Tiger Corporation was working on an automated coffee-maker based on the vacuum coffee maker principle, the Siphonysta. The Siphonysta's heating is electrical. The chambers are made of plastic ("resin"). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In stereochemistry, a chiral auxiliary is a stereogenic group or unit that is temporarily incorporated into an organic compound in order to control the stereochemical outcome of the synthesis. The chirality present in the auxiliary can bias the stereoselectivity of one or more subsequent reactions. The auxiliary can th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-coding genes in living cells. It consists of RNA polymerase II, a subset of general transcription factors, and regulatory proteins known as . | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the sense that DNA replication must occur if genetic material is to be provided for the progeny of any cell, whether somatic or reproductive, the copying from DNA to DNA arguably is the fundamental step in information transfer. A complex group of proteins called the replisome performs the replication of the informat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mollapour completed his postdoctoral research at the University of Sheffield and in 2006 he received the Federation of European Societies (FEBS) fellowship.
He joined the laboratory of Dr Len Neckers in Urological Oncology Branch, (Chief Dr. W. Marston Linehan), at the National Cancer Institute as a research fellow in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The data feeds several key products, primarily abundance profiles. These profiles summarize and reorganize the information found in the similarity files in a more easily digestible format. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Zero-order ultrasensitivity takes place under saturating conditions. For example, consider an enzymatic step with a kinase, phosphatase, and substrate. Steady state levels of the phosphorylated substrate have an ultrasensitive response when there is enough substrate to saturate all available kinases and phosphatases. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bond stretch isomerism is confirmed for complexes subject to spin crossover transitions. In some octahedral complexes of d configuration, the depopulation of e orbitals causes significant contractions of the metal-ligand bond distances. The phenomenon is mainly manifested in the solid forms of the compounds.
Although... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is commonly used to directly measure the magnitude of depletion forces. This method uses the deflection of a very small cantilever contacting a sample which is measured by a laser. The force required to cause a certain amount of beam deflection can be determined from the change in angle of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are many publications dedicated to numerical modeling of volume viscosity. A detailed review of these studies can be found in Sharma (2019) and Cramer. In the latter study, a number of common fluids were found to have bulk viscosities which were hundreds to thousands of times larger than their shear viscosities. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The works of the present direction were a direct consequence of the previous section, on the basis of which V.G. Khlopin came to the concept of continuous gas exchange between inner and outer gas atmospheres, about the role of natural waters, in a particular case - in the exchange of noble gases (excluding helium) betw... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fermentation begins once the growth medium is inoculated with the organism of interest. Growth of the inoculum does not occur immediately. This is the period of adaptation, called the lag phase. Following the lag phase, the rate of growth of the organism steadily increases, for a certain period—this period is the log o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
-Photo-leucine acquires its function after being exposed to UV light. This causes diazirine ring of -photo-leucine to lose its nitrogen atoms in form of nitrogen gas, leaving its carbon atom as a reactive free radical. The bonds established between this carbon, belonging to one protein (A), and atoms belonging to anoth... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Homoaromaticity, in organic chemistry, refers to a special case of aromaticity in which conjugation is interrupted by a single sp hybridized carbon atom. Although this sp center disrupts the continuous overlap of p-orbitals, traditionally thought to be a requirement for aromaticity, considerable thermodynamic stability... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Suppose an alloy at an equilibrium temperature T consists of mass fraction of element B. Suppose also that at temperature T the alloy consists of two phases, α and β, for which the α consists of , and β consists of . Let the mass of the α phase in the alloy be so that the mass of the β phase is , where is the tota... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rotations, denoted by R, where c is a point in the plane (the centre of rotation), and θ is the angle of rotation. In terms of coordinates, rotations are most easily expressed by breaking them up into two operations. First, a rotation around the origin is given by
These matrices are the orthogonal matrices (i.e. each i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common disease in which glycogen metabolism becomes abnormal is diabetes, in which, because of abnormal amounts of insulin, liver glycogen can be abnormally accumulated or depleted. Restoration of normal glucose metabolism usually normalizes glycogen metabolism, as well.
In hypoglycemia caused by excessive ins... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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