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Chlorophyll-a concentration is sometimes used to measure water clarity, especially when suspended sediments and colored dissolved organic matter concentrations are low. Chlorophyll-a concentration is a proxy for phytoplankton biomass, which is one way to quantify how turbid the water is due to biological primary produc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Once excited, atoms will lose their energy fairly quickly. Of the various ways that this energy can be lost, the most important is radiatively, meaning that a photon is released to carry the energy away. In optical atomic spectroscopy, the wavelength of this photon can be used to determine the identity of the atom (tha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ro05-4082 (N-methylclonazepam, ID-690) is a benzodiazepine derivative developed in the 1970s. It has sedative and hypnotic properties, and has around the same potency as clonazepam itself. It was never introduced into clinical use. It is a structural isomer of meclonazepam (3-methylclonazepam), and similarly has been s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Desensitization of the postsynaptic receptors is a decrease in response to the same neurotransmitter stimulus. It means that the strength of a synapse may in effect diminish as a train of action potentials arrive in rapid succession – a phenomenon that gives rise to the so-called frequency dependence of synapses. The n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The aerodynamic diameter of an irregular particle is defined as the diameter of the spherical particle with a density of 1000 kg/m and the same settling velocity as the irregular particle.
Neglecting the slip correction, the particle settles at the terminal velocity proportional to the square of the aerodynamic diamete... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Domestic combustion pollution is mainly composed of burning fuel including wood, gas, and charcoal in activities of heating, cooking, agriculture, and wildfires. Major domestic pollutants contain 17% of carbon dioxide, 13% of carbon monoxide, 6% of nitrogen monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and fine and ultr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Retinal is a chromophore that forms photosensitive Retinylidene proteins when covalently bound to proteins called opsins. Retinal can be photoisomerized by itself, but requires to be bound to an opsin protein to both trigger the phototransduction cascade and tune the spectral sensitivity to longer wavelengths, which e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Schwab was born in 1899 in Berlin as the second son of famed journalist and his wife, the writer Marie Köglmayr. Both his parents originated from Bavaria; Josef Schwab was a Franconian Jew and his wife a Catholic from Upper Bavaria. Georg-Maria finished his secondary education at the Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium in Ber... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The journal began its publication in 1905 as Transactions of the Faraday Society. When the society merged with the other chemistry societies of the United Kingdom to form the Royal Society of Chemistry, the publication of the journal was transferred to the Chemical Society in 1972 as part of the merger negotiations. Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A possible solution for PFAS-contaminated wastewater treatment has been developed by the Michigan State University-Fraunhofer team. Boron-doped diamond electrodes are used for the electrochemical oxidation system where it is capable of breaking PFAS molecular bonds which essentially eliminates the contaminates, leaving... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A recurring sub-theme of cloning fiction is the use of clones as a supply of organs for transplantation. The 2005 Kazuo Ishiguro novel Never Let Me Go and the 2010 film adaption are set in an alternate history in which cloned humans are created for the sole purpose of providing organ donations to naturally born humans,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider a collection of N non-interacting particles, which can each be in one of two quantum states, and . If the two states are equal in energy, each different configuration is equally likely.
If we can tell which particle is which, there are different configurations, since each particle can be in or independentl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Syntroleum, a publicly traded United States company, has produced over of diesel and jet fuel from the Fischer–Tropsch process using natural gas and coal at its demonstration plant near Tulsa, Oklahoma. Syntroleum is working to commercialize its licensed Fischer–Tropsch technology via coal-to-liquid plants in the Unit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a classical picture, nuclei can be understood as hard spheres that repel each other through the Coulomb force but fuse once the two spheres come close enough for contact. Estimating the radius of an atomic nuclei as about one femtometer, the energy needed for fusion of two hydrogen is:
This would imply that for the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MER41.AIM2 is an HERV that regulates the transcription of AIM2 (Absent in Melanoma 2) which encodes for a sensor of foreign cytosolic DNA. This acts as a binding site for AIM2, meaning that it is necessary for the transcription of AIM2. Researchers had shown this by deleting MER41.AIM2 in HeLa cells using CRISPR/Cas9,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Monocytes, activated dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages stimulate the accumulation of IL-23 after exposure to molecules of Gram-positive/negative bacteria or viruses. Receptor for IL-23 contains IL12β and IL23R subunits, which upon binding of IL-23 promotes the phosphorylation STAT4. The presence of IL12β enables sim... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Second sound is observed in liquid helium at temperatures below the lambda point, 2.1768 K, where He becomes a superfluid known as helium II. Helium II has the highest thermal conductivity of any known material (several hundred times higher than copper). Second sound can be observed either as pulses or in a resonant ca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Copper tubes have been used to distribute potable water within building for many years and hundreds of miles are installed throughout Europe every year. The long life of copper when exposed to natural waters is a result of its thermodynamic stability, its high resistance to reacting with the environment, and the format... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This method is designed to be robust where the other methods don't even provide any results in particular. As such, it is indispensable, since it is the only way to use the sessile drop technique on very high surface energy solids. Its major drawback is the fact that it is far more complex, both in its mathematics and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cadmium sulfide can be prepared by the precipitation from soluble cadmium(II) salts with sulfide ion. This reaction has been used for gravimetric analysis and qualitative inorganic analysis.<br />The preparative route and the subsequent treatment of the product, affects the polymorphic form that is produced (i.e., cubi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbonatation is a slow process that occurs in concrete where lime (CaO, or Ca(OH)) in the cement reacts with carbon dioxide (CO) from the air and forms calcium carbonate.
The water in the pores of Portland cement concrete is normally alkaline with a pH in the range of 12.5 to 13.5. This highly alkaline environment is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several modifications of alkynylation reactions are known:
* In the Arens–van Dorp synthesis the compound ethoxyacetylene is converted to a Grignard reagent and reacted with a ketone, the reaction product is a propargyl alcohol.
* The Isler modification is a modification of Arens–Van Dorp Synthesis where ethoxyacetylen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The theme of traveling through, hiding, or even residing in combined sewers is a common plot device in media. Famous examples of sewer dwelling are the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Stephen Kings It, Les Misérables, The Third Man, Ladyhawke, Mimic, The Phantom of the Opera, Beauty and the Beast, and Jet Set Radio Futur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ion channels are also classified according to their subcellular localization. The plasma membrane accounts for around 2% of the total membrane in the cell, whereas intracellular organelles contain 98% of the cell's membrane. The major intracellular compartments are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The sea surface microlayer (SML) is the boundary interface between the atmosphere and ocean, covering about 70% of Earth's surface. With an operationally defined thickness between 1 and , the SML has physicochemical and biological properties that are measurably distinct from underlying waters. Recent studies now indica... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
AMGs may influence gene expression by modulating the activity of transcription factors, which control the rate at which specific genes are transcribed into mRNA, thereby impacting the levels of corresponding proteins involved in metabolic pathways. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider two energy eigenstates of a quantum system with Hamiltonian (for example, this could be the Hamiltonian of a particle in a potential, like the Hydrogen atom or the Alkali atoms):
We want to consider the time dependent Hamiltonian
where is the potential of the electromagnetic field. Treating the potential as... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Historic instruments are the first backscattering spectrometer that was a temporary setup at FRM I
and the backscattering spectrometer BSS (also called PI) at the DIDO reactor of the Forschungszentrum Jülich (decommissioned). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The electrochemical window (EW) is an important concept in organic electrosynthesis and design of batteries, especially organic batteries. This is because at higher voltage (greater than 4.0 V) organic electrolytes decompose and interferes with the oxidation and reduction of the organic cathode/anode materials. For thi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A 3D COF was created, characterised by an interconnected mesoporous scaffold that showed effective drug loading and release in a simulated body fluid environment, making it useful as a nanocarrier for pharmaceutical drugs. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Marfan syndrome, a connective tissue disorder, mutations in the gene encoding for the fibrillin-1 protein impact nearly every one of its domains. Such defects in fibrillin-1 affect the signaling of TGFβ, as microfibrils directly govern the activity of TGFβ. This hinders the formation of the extracellular matrix, and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Founded in 1974, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was created to set forth international standards for nuclear reactor safety. However, without a proper policing force, the guidelines set forth by the IAEA were often treated lightly or ignored completely. In 1986, the disaster at Chernobyl was evidence tha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ring A (12) and ring C (19) reacted together to alcohol 20 in a Shapiro reaction (tBuLi, CeCl) in a similar way as in the Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis. Subsequent steps were epoxidation (VO(acac), tBuOH) to 21, reduction (LiAlH) to the diol and alcohol protection (aqueous KOH, BnBr, BuNHSO) to benzyl ether 22, alcoh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Water saturation is the fraction of porevolume that is filled with water, and similar for oil saturation . Thus, saturations are in itselves scaled properties or variables. This gives the constraint
The model functions or correlations for relative permeabilities in an oil-water system are therefore usually written as ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is often noted that beer served by gravity (that is, directly from a tap in the cask) is less heavily carbonated than the same beer served via a hand-pump (or beer-engine). This is because beer is pressured on its way to the point of service by the action of the beer engine, which causes carbon dioxide to dissolve i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first generation carcerands are based on calixarene hemicarcerands with 4 alkyl substituents on the upper rim and 4 reactive substituents on the lower rim. The coupling of both hemicarcerands takes place through a spacer group. In the original 1985 publication two different hemicarcerands react, one with chlorometh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For cast iron the equivalent carbon content (CE) concept is used to understand how alloying elements will affect the heat treatment and casting behavior. It is used as a predictor of strength in cast irons because it gives an approximate balance of austenite and graphite in final structure. A number of formulas are ava... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Al-Kindi theorized that there was a separate, incorporeal and universal intellect (known as the "First Intellect"). It was the first of Gods creation and the intermediary through which all other things came into creation. Aside from its obvious metaphysical importance, it was also crucial to al-Kindis epistemology, whi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cefuroxime, sold under the brand name Zinacef among others, is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat and prevent a number of bacterial infections. These include pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media, sepsis, urinary tract infections, and Lyme disease. It is used by mouth or by injection into a vein o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a kinase that (similar to mTOR) can phosphorylate KAP1 resulting in the switch from viral latency to the lytic cycle. Chloroquine (an ATM) activator has been shown to result in increases in transcription of the HCMV genome. This effect is augmented by the use of tumor necrosis f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Fowkes hypothesis (after F. M. Fowkes) is a first order approximation for surface energy. It states the surface energy is the sum of each component's forces:
γ=γ+γ+γ+...
where γ is the dispersion component, γ is the polar, γ is the dipole and so on.
The Fowkes hypothesis goes further making the approximation that t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Awards that Ramsey has received include the Ralph N. Adams Award in Bioanalytical Chemistry (2013), the CASSS Award for Outstanding Achievements in Separation Science (2012), the American Chemical Society Award in Chromatography (2007), the Pittsburgh Analytical Chemistry Award (2006), the ACS Division of Analytical Ch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Rushton turbine or Rushton disc turbine is a radial flow impeller used for many mixing applications (commonly for gas dispersion applications) in process engineering and was invented by John Henry Rushton. The design is based on a flat horizontal disk, with flat, vertically-mounted blades. Recent innovations includ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The method analyzes the shallow WGS reads in windows while considering the cfDNA fragment length and coverage. The genome-wide pattern of cfDNA fragmentation features is then fed to a gradient tree-boosting machine learning model to predict their cancer situation. They also used machine learning classifiers to predict... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anti-PM-Scl antibodies are found in up to 50% of polymyositis/systemic sclerosis (PM/SSc) overlap syndrome. Around 80% of individuals with antibodies present in their blood serum will have the disorder. The presence of the antibodies is linked to limited cutaneous involvement of PM/SSc overlap syndrome. The antigenic t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Michelson spectrograph is similar to the instrument used in the Michelson–Morley experiment. Light from the source is split into two beams by a half-silvered mirror, one is reflected off a fixed mirror and one off a movable mirror, which introduces a time delay—the Fourier-transform spectrometer is just a Michelson... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ions in 5th analytical group of cations form carbonates that are insoluble in water. The reagent usually used is (NH)CO (at around 0.2 M), with a neutral or slightly basic pH. All the cations in the previous groups are separated beforehand, since many of them also form insoluble carbonates.
The most important ions in t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transferrin is also associated with the innate immune system. It is found in the mucosa and binds iron, thus creating an environment low in free iron that impedes bacterial survival in a process called iron withholding. The level of transferrin decreases in inflammation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cellulose sulphate is derived from cotton and, once processed appropriately, can be used as a biocompatible base in which to suspend cells. When the poly-anionic cellulose sulphate solution is immersed in a second, poly-cationic solution (e.g. pDADMAC), a semi-permeable membrane is formed around the suspended cells as ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Roy Jensen in 1976 theorised that primordial enzymes had to be highly promiscuous in order for metabolic networks to assemble in a patchwork fashion (hence its name, the patchwork model). This primordial catalytic versatility was later lost in favour of highly catalytic specialised orthologous enzymes. As a consequence... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In most environmental situations the presence or absence of an organism is determined by a complex web of interactions only some of which will be related to measurable chemical or biological parameters. Flow rate, turbulence, inter and intra specific competition, feeding behaviour, disease, parasitism, commensalism and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Trinitroethylorthocarbonate also known as TNEOC is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is an oxidizer with excellent chemical stability. Its explosion point is 238 °C, and it begins to be decomposed at 200 °C. Its explosion heat is 5.797 J/g and specific volume is 694 L/kg. Its structure is closely relat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Coal and oil are possible examples of constituents which may have undergone changes over geologic time periods.
*Chalk and limestone are examples of secretions (marine animal shells) which are of geologic age.
*grass and wood are biogenic constituents of contemporary origin.
*Pearls, silk and ambergris are examples of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Water normally flows faster around piers and abutments making them susceptible to local scour. At bridge openings, contraction scour can occur when water accelerates as it flows through an opening that is narrower than the channel upstream from the bridge. Degradation scour occurs both upstream and downstream from a br... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ideas for green urban structures began in the 1870s with concepts of urban farming and garden allotments. Alternative terminology includes stormwater best management practices, source controls, and low impact development (LID) practices.
Green infrastructure concepts originated in mid-1980s proposals for best managemen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two-dimensional chromatography is a type of chromatographic technique in which the injected sample is separated by passing through two different separation stages. Two different chromatographic columns are connected in sequence, and the effluent from the first system is transferred onto the second column. Typically the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Finally, fluids with an even higher molecular complexity can exhibit non-classical behavior in the single-phase vapor region near saturation. They are called Bethe-Zel’dovich-Thompson (BZT) fluids, from the name of physicists Hans Bethe, Yakov Zel'dovich, and Philip Thompson, who first worked on these kinds of fluids.
... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A baratropic star with and is stable if the quantity
is non-negative for all real functions that conserve the total mass of the star .
where
* is the coordinate system fixed to the center of the star
* is the radius of the star
* is the volume of the star
* is the unperturbed density
* is the small perturbed density... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methanogens are observed in anoxic soil environments, contributing to the degradation of organic matter. This organic matter may be placed by humans through landfill, buried as sediment on the bottom of lakes or oceans as sediments, and as residual organic matter from sediments that have formed into sedimentary rocks. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Otto Neubauer (8 April 1874 – 24 November 1957) was a Bohemia-born physician and biochemist who was responsible for several clinical diagnostic innovations including the Neubauer-Fischer test to evaluate kidney function and the Neubauer counting chamber. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Urinary VMA is elevated in patients with tumors that secrete catecholamines.
These urinalysis tests are used to diagnose an adrenal gland tumor called pheochromocytoma, a tumor of catecholamine-secreting chromaffin cells. These tests may also be used to diagnose neuroblastomas, and to monitor treatment of these conditi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) in Nagpur was originally established in 1958 as the Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute (CPHERI). It has been described as the "premier and oldest institute in India." It is an institution listed on the Integrated Government Online Direc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mechanical stimulation to spines on the arm can cause Amphiura filiformis to bioluminesce in the blue range. The species has been found to possess a luciferase compound. The luciferase has been isolated to clusters of photocytes that exist at the tip off the arms and around the spines. What are believed to be photocyte... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rutherford continued to make ground-breaking discoveries long after receiving the Nobel prize in 1908. Along with Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden in 1909, he carried out the Geiger–Marsden experiment, which demonstrated the nuclear nature of atoms by measuring the deflection of alpha particles passing through a thin gol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MIRO Analytical is a spin-off of Empa, a Swiss research institute of the ETH domain. It has know-how in laser spectroscopy and in particular, in the combination of several quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) into compact laser-based gas analyzers.
The company's first instrument was a nine gas analyzer MGA-9 in 2018. By 2019 ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPR) is an ester molecule formed into chains by the enzyme poly ADP ribose polymerase. ADPR is created from cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) by the CD38 enzyme using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) as a cofactor.
ADPR binds to and activates the TRPM2 ion channel. ADPR is the most potent ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1843, Carl Gustaf Mosander discovered terbium and erbium as components of yttria.
However, this discovery was hotly contested. Spectroscopist Nils Johan Berlin denied that the two elements existed, failing to confirm the existence of "erbia" and suggesting that its name be applied to "terbia".
In 1864, Marc Delaf... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Boric acid also dissolves in anhydrous sulfuric acid according to the equation:
The product is an extremely strong acid, even stronger than the original oleum. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The concept of using reinforced lipids to inhibit lipid peroxidation has been tested in numerous cell and animal
models, including:
* Parkinson's disease (MPTP and a-Syn models in mice and rats)
* Huntington's disease (in mice)
* Alzheimer's disease (APP/PS1 and ALDH2 mouse models)
* Diabetic retinopathy (Akita mice)
*... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex assembly factor 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NDUFAF6 gene. The protein is involved in the assembly of complex I in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Mutations in the NDUFAF6 gene have been shown to cause Complex I deficiency, Leigh syndrome, and Acadia... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Penile erection is a hemodynamic event in the smooth muscle of corpus cavernous. PDE5 is the main cGMP hydrolysing enzyme found in penile corpus cavernous. Erection is triggered by release of the neurotransmitter nitric oxide (NO) from non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic neurons from nerve ending in the penis as well a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iodic acid crystallises from acidic solution as orthorhombic α- in space group P222. The structure consists of pyramidal molecules linked by hydrogen bonding and intermolecular iodine-oxygen interactions. The I=O bond lengths are 1.81 Å while the I–OH distance is 1.89 Å. Several other polymorphs have been reported, inc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Macroscopically, the theorem may be useful environmentally, in ecophysics. An ecosystem is a complex system, where many factors and components interact, some biotic and some abiotic. The Gouy-Stodola theorem can find how much entropy is generated by each part of the system, or how much work is lost. Where there is huma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The above equations of state suggest methods to experimentally measure changes in the thermodynamic potentials using physically measurable parameters. For example the free energy expressions
and
can be integrated at constant temperature and quantities to obtain:
can be integrated:
:<math>
\Delta H = \int_{S1}^{S2}T\,\m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Goldsmiths' Professorship of Materials Science is a professorship in the University of Cambridge, associated with the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy.
The professorship was established by grace of 20 November 1931 as the Goldsmiths Professorship of Metallurgy to replace the Goldsmiths Readership in M... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, a sultine is a cyclic ester of a sulfinic acid. This class of organosulfur compounds has few applications. These compounds are typically prepared by the dehydration of hydroxy-sulfinic acids or their equivalent. Illustrative of an alternative route, xylylene dibromide reacts with sodium sulfoxylate (so... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Murray, David Norris and Manoj Nirmal were the first graduate students to work with Moungi Bawendi at MIT. As part of his thesis work, Murray helped to develop synthetic methods for making quantum dots, including identifying a longer chain version of trioctylphosphine oxide as being cheaper and having additional benefi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The crystal structure of green rust can be understood as the result of inserting the foreign anions and water molecules between brucite-like layers of iron(II) hydroxide, (). The latter has an hexagonal structure, with layer sequence AcBAcB... , where A and B are planes of hydroxide ions, and c those of (iron(II), fe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Triazabicyclodecene (1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene or TBD) is an organic compound consisting of a bicyclic guanidine. For a charge-neutral compound, it is a relatively strong base that is effective for a variety of organic transformations. TBD is colorless solid that is soluble in a variety of solvents. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tom filed at least five patents in the UK and two in the US. He invented and patented the technology used at Thornaby as the Whitwell Heating Stove. Over two hundred stoves were installed in over 70 furnaces around the globe. He also patented a continuous brick-burning kiln and a more efficient fire grate. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With the advent of size exclusion chromatography (SEC), MALS measurements began to be used in conjunction with an on-line concentration detector to determine absolute molar mass and size of sample fractions eluting from the column, rather than depending on calibration techniques. These flow mode MALS measurements have ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A ρ factor (Rho factor) is a bacterial protein involved in the termination of transcription. Rho factor binds to the transcription terminator pause site, an exposed region of single stranded RNA (a stretch of 72 nucleotides) after the open reading frame at C-rich/G-poor sequences that lack obvious secondary structure.
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In low gravity and dusty environments, such as the Moon, they can be created by the wheels of moving vehicles. A special energetic volcanic eruption known as a strombolian eruption produces bright arcs of ejecta, referred to as rooster tails, composed of basaltic cinders or volcanic ash. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A lattice system is a group of lattices with the same set of lattice point groups. The 14 Bravais lattices are grouped into seven lattice systems: triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, rhombohedral, hexagonal, and cubic. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Selenols have few commercial applications, being limited by the toxicity of selenium as well as the sensitivity of the bond. Their conjugate bases, the selenolates, also have limited applications in organic synthesis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A peptidomimetic is a small protein-like chain designed to mimic a peptide. They typically arise either from modification of an existing peptide, or by designing similar systems that mimic peptides, such as peptoids and β-peptides. Irrespective of the approach, the altered chemical structure is designed to advantageou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfonyl fluorides have the general formula RSOF. They can be produced by treating sulfonic acids with sulfur tetrafluoride:
Perfluorooctanesulfonyl derivatives, such as PFOS, are produced from their sulfonyl fluoride, which are produced by electrofluorination
In the molecular biology, sulfonyl fluorides are used to l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most free-living copepods feed directly on phytoplankton, catching cells individually. A single copepod can consume up to 373,000 phytoplankton per day. They generally have to clear the equivalent to about a million times their own body volume of water every day to cover their nutritional needs. Some of the larger spec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pouring metal defects include misruns, cold shuts, and inclusions. A misrun occurs when the liquid metal does not completely fill the mould cavity, leaving an unfilled portion. Cold shuts occur when two fronts of liquid metal do not fuse properly in the mould cavity, leaving a weak spot. Both are caused by either a lac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Various solutions have been proposed for the challenging problem of network motif (NM) discovery. These algorithms can be classified under various paradigms such as exact counting methods, sampling methods, pattern growth methods and so on. However, motif discovery problem comprises two main steps: first, calculating t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxaziridines are intermediates in the peroxide process for the production of hydrazine. Many millions of kilograms of hydrazine are produced annually by this method that involves a step wherein ammonia is oxidized in the presence of methyl ethyl ketone to give the oxaziridine:
:Me(Et)C=O + NH + HO → Me(Et)CONH + HO
In ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Winkler published the methodology of a simple, accurate and direct dissolved oxygen analytical procedure in 1888. Since that time, the analysis of dissolved oxygen levels for water has been key to the determination of surface water. The Winkler method is still one of only two analytical techniques used to calibrate ox... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, the volumetric flux is the rate of volume flow across a unit area (m·s), and has dimensions of distance/time (volume/(time*area)) - equivalent to mean velocity. The density of a particular property in a fluids volume, multiplied with the volumetric flux of the fluid, thus defines the advective flux o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The industrial processes vary depending on the chain length of the olefin to be hydroformylated, the catalyst metal and ligands, and the recovery of the catalyst. The original Ruhrchemie process produced propanal from ethene and syngas using cobalt tetracarbonyl hydride. Today, industrial processes based on cobalt cata... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bidirectional transcription at enhancer sites generates comparatively shorter (0.5-2kb) and non-polyadenylated eRNAs. Enhancers that generate polyA- eRNAs have a chromatin signature with a higher H3K4me1/me3 ratio than 1D-eRNAs. In general, enhancer transcription and production of bidirectional eRNAs demonstrate a stro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Symmetries are of prime importance in physics and are closely related to the hypothesis that certain physical quantities are only relative and unobservable. Symmetries apply to the equations that govern the physical laws (e.g. to a Hamiltonian or Lagrangian) rather than the initial conditions, values or magnitudes of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, the Gibbs–Duhem equation describes the relationship between changes in chemical potential for components in a thermodynamic system:
where is the number of moles of component the infinitesimal increase in chemical potential for this component, the entropy, the absolute temperature, volume and th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some SELEX reactions can generate probes that are dependent on primer binding regions for secondary structure formation. There are aptamer applications for which a short sequence, and thus primer truncation, is desirable. An advancement on the original method allows an RNA library to omit the constant primer regions, w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are several ways to approach the topic of premelting, the most figurative way might be thermodynamically. A more detailed or abstract view on what physics is important for premelting is given by the Lifshitz and the Landau theories.
One always starts with looking at a crystalline solid phase (fig. 1: (1) solid) a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Boric acid esters derived from glycols (example, organo-borate formulation, Biobor JF) are being used for the control of microorganisms in fuel systems containing water. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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