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That Flockhart supplied Simpsons self-experiment on 4 November 1847, was not the original plan, but his method for ensuring the chemicals purity was still broadly being used in the 1960s. Another name for it, in his time, was a perchloride of formyle, which had been planned by Dr. Simpson to come from David Waldie, ano... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This is made from rolled mild steel plate, usually between 15 and 30 mm thick, welded to form a cylinder which may be up to 230 m in length and up to 6 m in diameter.
Upper limits on diameter are set by the tendency of the shell to deform under its own weight to an oval cross section, with consequent flexure during rot... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Protein-directed DCC system must be amenable to efficient screening. Several analytical techniques have been applied to the analysis of protein-directed DCL. These include HPLC, mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hyper-IL-6 is a designer cytokine, which was generated by the German biochemist Stefan Rose-John. Hyper-IL-6 is a fusion protein of the four-helical cytokine Interleukin-6 and the soluble Interleukin-6 receptor which are covalently linked by a flexible peptide linker. Interleukin-6 on target cells binds to a membrane b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Compounds containing thiol groups on adjacent carbon centers are common. Ethane-1,2-dithiol reacts with aldehydes () and ketones () to give 1,3-dithiolanes:
Some dithiols are used in chelation therapy, i.e. the removal of heavy metal poisons. Examples include dimercaptopropanesulfate (DMPS), dimercaprol ("BAL"), and me... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfuric acid reacts with most bases to give the corresponding sulfate or bisulfate.
Sulfuric acid reacts with sodium chloride, and gives hydrogen chloride gas and sodium bisulfate:
Aluminium sulfate, also known as paper maker's alum, aluminium sulfate is made by treating bauxite with sulfuric acid:
Sulfuric acid can a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfur concrete was developed and promoted as a building material to get rid of large amounts of stored sulfur produced by hydrodesulfurization of gas and oil (Claus process). As of 2011, sulfur concrete has only been used in small quantities when fast curing or acid resistance is necessary.The material has been sugges... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mn-SOD is the type of SOD present in eukaryotic mitochondria, and also in most bacteria (this fact is in keeping with the bacterial-origin theory of mitochondria). The Mn-SOD enzyme is probably one of the most ancient, for nearly all organisms living in the presence of oxygen use it to deal with the toxic effects of su... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reaction is initiated by homolytic cleavage of a radical initiator, in this case 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), upon heating. A hydrogen is then abstracted from the hydrogen source (tributylstannane in this case) to leave a tributylstannyl radical that attacks the sulfur atom of the thiohydroxamate ester. The ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In an early example of the use of a chiral auxiliary in asymmetric synthesis, E. J. Corey and coworkers conducted an asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction between (−)-8-phenylmenthol acrylate ester and 5-benzyloxymethylcyclopentadiene. The cycloaddition product was carried forward to the iodolactone shown below, an intermedi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The carboxy-terminal domain is also the binding site for spliceosome factors that are part of RNA splicing. These allow for the splicing and removal of introns (in the form of a lariat structure) during RNA transcription. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There exists no theory elucidating correlations among -amino acids. If one takes, for example, alanine, which has a small methyl group, and phenylalanine, which has a larger benzyl group, a simple question is in what aspect, -alanine resembles -phenylalanine more than -phenylalanine, and what kind of mechanism causes t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Protein structure prediction is important in several fields of science, including bioinformatics, molecular biology, and medicine. Identifying natural proteins' structural configurations enables scientists to understand them better. This can lead to creating novel proteins by design, advances in treating disease, and s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Quantization of the orbital angular momentum of the electron combined with the magnetic moment of the electron suggested that atoms with a magnetic moment should show quantized behavior in a magnetic field.
In 1922, Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach set out to test this theory. They heated silver in a vacuum tube equippe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Faster GC methods have shorter times but Kovats indexes of the compounds may be conserved if proper method translation is applied.
Temperatures of the temperature program stay the same, but ramps and times change when using a smaller column or faster carrier gas.
If column dimensions Length×diameter×film are divided ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are two main groups of paired receptors, distinguished by extracellular regions containing immunoglobulin or C-type lectin domains. Nomenclature within these families is complex and has changed over time as new members were identified. In general, the example of the LILR family applies; genes designated A represe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thiamine triphosphate (ThTP) was chemically synthesized in 1948 at a time when the only organic triphosphate known was ATP. The first claim of the existence of ThTP in living organisms was made in rat liver, followed by baker’s yeast. Its presence was later confirmed in rat tissues and in plants germs, but not in seeds... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Luminous bacteria in light organ symbioses are successively acquired by host (squid, fish) from the seawater while they are juveniles, then regularly released into the ocean.
In the diagram on the right, depending on the light organ position, luminous bacteria are released from their guts into fecal pellets or directly... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modern applications of the Wilfley table (and other wet shaking tables) are predominantly observed in the following roles:
# Laboratories. Small shaking tables are an excellent tool for see if a material will be responsive to gravity separation techniques
# Gold rooms. Wilfley tables typically act as rougher tables on ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A central battery system consisting of lead–acid cell units is provided to supply emergency electric power, when needed, to essential items such as the power station's control systems, communication systems, generator hydrogen seal system, turbine lube oil pumps, and emergency lighting. This is essential for a safe, da... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Intramolecular reactions of diazocarbonyl compounds include addition to carbon–carbon double bonds to form fused cyclopropanes and insertion into carbon–hydrogen bonds or carbon–carbon bonds. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2005–06, fragrance mix was the third-most-prevalent allergen in patch tests (11.5%). Fragrance was voted Allergen of the Year in 2007 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society. An academic study in the United States published in 2016 has shown that "34.7 % of the population reported health problems, such as migrain... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While the anomeric effect can cause stabilization of molecules, it does have a magnitude to its stabilization, and this value can be overcome by other, more destabilizing effects in some cases.
In the example of spiroketals, the orientation on the upper left shows stabilization by the hyperconjugative anomeric effect t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Salbutamol, also known as albuterol and sold under the brand name Ventolin among others, is a medication that opens up the medium and large airways in the lungs. It is a short-acting β adrenergic receptor agonist that causes relaxation of airway smooth muscle. It is used to treat asthma, including asthma attacks and ex... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Neculai Costăchescu (18 February 1876–14 July 1939) was a Romanian chemist and politician.
Born in Huși, he obtained a degree in physics and chemistry from Iași University in 1901. Costăchescu earned a doctorate from the same institution in 1905, with a thesis on the gases found in Romanias salt deposits and mudd... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The only known place in the universe where the baryon density might possibly be high enough to produce quark matter, and the temperature is low enough for color superconductivity to occur, is the core of a compact star (often called a "neutron star", a term which prejudges the question of its actual makeup). There are ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Type IV enzymes recognize modified, typically methylated DNA and are exemplified by the McrBC and Mrr systems of E. coli. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A joint U.S.-China national programme ended in 1992 by retrofitting the coal-fired No. 3 plant in Asbach. A further eleven-year program was approved in March 1994. This established centres of research in:
# The Institute of Electrical Engineering in the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, concerned with MHD generator... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869–1959), a Scottish physicist, is credited with inventing the cloud chamber. Inspired by sightings of the Brocken spectre while working on the summit of Ben Nevis in 1894, he began to develop expansion chambers for studying cloud formation and optical phenomena in moist air. Very rapidly... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since equilibrium properties are searched one can write
From Michaelis–Menten kinetics the rate at which Z is dephosphorylated is known to be and the rate at which Z is phosphorylated is . Here the K stand for the Michaelis–Menten constant which describes how well the enzymes X and Y bind and catalyze the conversion w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PTWA can be used to apply a coating to wear surfaces of engine or transmission components, serving as a plain bearing. For the cylinder bores of hypoeutectic aluminum-silicon alloy blocks, PTWA's main advantages over cast iron liners are reduced weight and cost. The thinner bore surface also allows for more compact bor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A primitive cell is a unit cell that contains exactly one lattice point. For unit cells generally, lattice points that are shared by cells are counted as of the lattice points contained in each of those cells; so for example a primitive unit cell in three dimensions which has lattice points only at its eight vertice... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metallacarboxylic acids mainly arise by the attack of hydroxide on electrophilic metal carbonyl complexes. An illustrative synthesis is the reaction of a cationic iron carbonyl with a stoichiometric amount of base:
:[(CH)(CO)FeCO]BF + NaOH → [(CH)(CO)FeCOH + NaBF
When applied to simple metal carbonyls, this kind of co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To create a gene-targeted organism, DNA must be introduced into its cells. This DNA must contain all of the parts necessary to complete the gene targeting. At a minimum this is the homology repair template, containing the desired edit flanked by regions of DNA homologous (identical in sequence to) the targeted region (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Low dimensional van der Waals bonded materials display a fundamental material unit, usually depicted as the simplest molecular formula obeying stoichiometry. A series of such fundamental units align in the bulk material phase due to weak van der Waals interactions. Overall, key advantages conferred by the chemical stru... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
eIF5 is a GTPase-activating protein, which helps the large ribosomal subunit associate with the small subunit. It is required for GTP-hydrolysis by eIF2.
eIF5A is the eukaryotic homolog of EF-P. It helps with elongation and also plays a role in termination. EIF5A contains the unusual amino acid hypusine.
eIF5B is a GTP... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To perform immunofluorescence staining, a fluorophore must be conjugated (“tagged”) to an antibody. Staining procedures can be applied to both retained intracellular expressed antibodies, or to cell surface antigens on living cells. There are two general classes of immunofluorescence techniques: primary (direct) and se... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
From 1932 to 1937, Max Delbrück worked in Berlin as an assistant to Lise Meitner, who was collaborating with Otto Hahn on the results of irradiating uranium with neutrons. During this period he wrote a few papers, one of which turned out to be an important contribution on the scattering of gamma rays by a Coulomb field... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Commercially available Bernoulli grips are commonly used to handle rigid sheet like material such as silicon wafers in circuit board manufacturing, or photovoltaic cell components. Since the grip is contactless, this form of gripping lends itself to handling sterile material to prevent chemical and/or biological contam... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For some usage examples, consider the conversion of 1 SCCM to kg/s of a gas of molecular weight , where is in kg/kmol. Furthermore, consider standard conditions of 101325 Pa and 273.15 K, and assume the gas is an ideal gas (i.e., ). Using the unity bracket method (see conversion of units) one obtains:
Considering ni... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A solvent will be more likely to promote ionization of a dissolved acidic molecule in the following circumstances:
# It is a protic solvent, capable of forming hydrogen bonds.
# It has a high donor number, making it a strong Lewis base.
# It has a high dielectric constant (relative permittivity), making it a good solve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Confirmation that DNA is the genetic material which is cause of infection came from the Hershey–Chase experiment. They used E.coli and bacteriophage for the experiment. This experiment is also known as blender experiment, as kitchen blender was used as a major piece of apparatus. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase demonst... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The operating principle of Semiconductor detectors is similar to gas ionization detectors: except that instead of ionization of gas atoms, free electrons and holes are produced which create a signal at the electrodes. The advantage of solid state detectors is the greater resolution of the resultant energy spectrum. U... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RNA spike-ins are samples of RNA at known concentrations that can be used as gold standards in experimental design and during downstream analyses for absolute quantification and detection of genome-wide effects.
* Absolute quantification: Absolute quantification of gene expression is not possible with most RNA-Seq expe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Shrinking the two-sphere model to the molecular level creates the problem that in the self-exchange reaction the charge can no longer be transferred in arbitrary amounts, but only as a single electron. However, the polarization still is determined by the total ensemble of the solvent molecules and therefore can still b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Psychologist Carl Jung equated the albedo with unconscious contrasexual soul images; the anima in men and animus in women. It is a phase where insight into shadow projections are realized, and inflated ego and unneeded conceptualizations are removed from the psyche.
Another interpretation describes albedo as an experi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In order to survive, plants must be able to respond to many biotic and abiotic stresses, including pathogen attack, piercing/sucking insects, herbivory, and mechanical wounding. These stresses activate specialized signal transduction pathways, which are specific to the stressor and the amount of tissue damage inflicted... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the TTC assay (also known as TTC test or tetrazolium test), TTC is used to differentiate between metabolically active and inactive tissues. The white compound is enzymatically reduced to red TPF (1,3,5-triphenylformazan) in living tissues due to the activity of various dehydrogenases (enzymes important in oxidation ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Treatment of wastewater and wash water by EC has been practiced for most of the 20th century with increasing popularity. In the last decade, this technology has been increasingly used in the United States, South America and Europe for treatment of industrial wastewater containing metals. It has also been noted that in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Unlike many other dating techniques, fission-track dating is uniquely suited for determining low-temperature thermal events using common accessory minerals over a very wide geological range (typically 0.1 Ma to 2000 Ma). Apatite, sphene, zircon, micas and volcanic glass typically contain enough uranium to be useful i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stomata are holes in the leaf by which pathogens can enter unchallenged. However, stomata can sense the presence of some, if not all, pathogens. However, pathogenic bacteria applied to Arabidopsis plant leaves can release the chemical coronatine, which induce the stomata to reopen. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The gastrovascular cavity functions as a stomach in both digestion and the distribution of nutrients to all parts of the body. Extracellular digestion takes place within this central cavity, which is lined with the gastrodermis, the internal layer of epithelium. This cavity has only one opening to the outside that fun... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Freshly-distilled trichloroacetonitrile is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor that discolours rapidly yellowish to light brown. It is sensitive towards water, acids and bases.
The bond lengths are 146.0 pm (C–C), 116.5 pm (C≡N) and 176.3 pm (C–Cl). The bond angle is 110.0° (Cl–C–Cl). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Under pre-equilibrium conditions, the catalyst and substrate undergo rapid and reversible association prior to a relatively slow step leading to product formation and release. Under these conditions, the system can be described by a "one-plus" rate law where the numerator consists of all rate constants and species requ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the environment, bacteria preferentially produce 5α-cholestan-3β-ol (5α-cholestanol) from cholesterol rather than the 5β isomer. This reaction occurs principally in anaerobic reducing sediments and the 5α-cholestanol / cholesterol ratio may be used as a secondary (process) biomarker for such conditions. No cut-off v... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are three basic configurations in which these agents are stored. The first are self-contained munitions like projectiles, cartridges, mines, and rockets; these can contain propellant and/or explosive components. The next form are aircraft-delivered munitions. Together they constitute the two forms that have been ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In exceptionally preserved fossils, such as those of the Burgess shale, soft parts of organisms may be preserved. Since these fossils are often compressed into a planar film, it can be difficult to distinguish the features: a famous example is the triangular extensions in Opabinia, which were interpreted as either legs... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Internal waves typically have much lower frequencies and higher amplitudes than surface gravity waves because the density differences (and therefore the restoring forces) within a fluid are usually much smaller. Wavelengths vary from centimetres to kilometres with periods of seconds to hours respectively.
The atmospher... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The overall process is as follows:
A primer that matches the beginning of the DNA to sequence is used to synthesize a short DNA strand adjacent to the unknown sequence, starting with the primer (see PCR).
The new short DNA strand is sequenced using the chain termination method.
The end of the sequenced strand is used a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* The Engineering of Chemical Reactions (2nd Edition), Lanny Schmidt, 2004, Oxford University Press,
* Chemical Reaction Engineering (3rd Edition), Octave Levenspiel, 1999, John Wiley & Sons, ,
* Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering (4th Edition), H. Scott Fogler, 2005, Prentice Hall, ,
* Chemical Reactor Analy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When forming any sphere-packing lattice, the first fact to notice is that whenever two spheres touch a straight line may be drawn from the center of one sphere to the center of the other intersecting the point of contact. The distance between the centers along the shortest path namely that straight line will therefore ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oceanographers and limnologists use pCO to measure the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in water, as well as to parameterize its flux into (influx) and out of (efflux) the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form bicarbonate and carbonate ions, such that the relative solubility of carbon dioxide in water... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An electric arc furnace (EAF) is a furnace that heats material by means of an electric arc.
Industrial arc furnaces range in size from small units of approximately one-tonne capacity (used in foundries for producing cast iron products) up to about 400-tonne units used for secondary steelmaking. Arc furnaces used in res... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2022, Vietnam was the second-largest PV module producer, only behind China, with its production capacity rising to 24.1 GW, marking a significant 47% increase from the 16.4 GW produced in 2021. Vietnam accounts for 6.4% of the world's photovoltaic production. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kang heard about JTBC holding auditions for the second season of Phantom Singer and decided to apply. Of the 32 contestants who passed the preliminary screening, he was the only one without any formal training in singing or the performing arts. He sang "The Phantom of the Opera" for the televised audition in front of t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The main impregnation techniques are wet impregnation and dry impregnation. During wet impregnation, the porous particles are dissolved in the extractant and allowed to soak with the respective fluid. In this approach, the particles are either contacted with a precalculated amount of extractant, which completely soaks ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first edition appeared in 1822 under the name Archiv des Apothekervereins im nördlichen Teutschland für die Pharmacie und ihre Huelfswissenschaften (English: Archive of the Pharmacists Association in Northern Germany for Pharmacy and its Auxiliary Sciences). From 1924 (volume 242) the journal was called Archiv der... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
High BOD concentrations initially exceed the ability of the secondary treatment ecosystem to utilize available food. Ecosystem populations of aerobic organisms increase until oxygen transfer limitations of the secondary treatment bioreactor are reached. Secondary treatment ecosystem populations may shift toward species... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The substitution reaction of tert-Butyl chloride was chosen as reference reaction. The first step, ionizing step, is the rate determining step, SO stands for the nucleophilic solvent. The reference solvent is 80% Ethanol and 20% water by volume. Both of them can carry out the nucleophilic attack on the carbocation.
The... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Berylliosis is an occupational disease. Relevant occupations are those where beryllium is mined, processed or converted into metal alloys, or where machining of metals containing beryllium and recycling of scrap alloys occurs. It is associated with aerospace manufacturing, microwave semiconductor electronics, beryllium... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Hometrees (Kelutral in Navi) are great enough to house hundreds of clan members. The trees are honeycombed with natural hollows and alcoves in which the Navi sleep, eat, weave, dance, and celebrate their connection to Eywa. Adult Hometrees are more than tall, and roughly in diameter. The Omaticaya inhabit a Giant... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oral drugs are normally taken as tablets or capsules.
The drug (active substance) itself needs to be soluble in aqueous solution at a controlled rate. Such factors as particle size and crystal form can significantly affect dissolution. Fast dissolution is not always ideal. For example, slow dissolution rates can prolon... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aquasomes have been explored as carriers for hemoglobin throughout the body. In a 2002 study by Khopade, Khopade, and Jain, aquasomes were used to act as red blood cell substitutes with hemoglobin attached to the oligomer surface. Aquasomes in this application demonstrated minimal toxicity while obtaining a hemoglobin ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Serum vancomycin levels may be monitored in an effort to reduce side effects. Still, the value of such monitoring has been questioned. Peak and trough levels are usually monitored, and for research purposes, the area under the concentration curve is also sometimes used. Toxicity is best monitored by looking at trough v... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A spray tower is the simplest type of scrubber. It consists of a tower with spray nozzles, which generate the droplets for surface contact. Spray towers are typically used when circulating a slurry (see below). The high speed of a venturi would cause erosion problems, while a packed tower would plug up if it tried to c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*The Mellon Institute of Industrial Research at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, established in 1913 by Andrew W. Mellon and Richard B. Mellon to conduct scientific research and train industrial researchers
*The R. B. Wetherill Laboratory of Chemistry at Purdue University in West Lafayette, India... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Asymmetric top molecules have at most one or more 2-fold rotation axes. There are three unequal moments of inertia about three mutually perpendicular principal axes. The spectra are very complex. The transition wavenumbers cannot be expressed in terms of an analytical formula but can be calculated using numerical metho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The transport of Mg into Paramecium has been characterised largely by R. R. Preston and his coworkers. Electrophysiological techniques on whole Paramecium were used to identify and characterise Mg currents in a series of papers before the gene was cloned by Haynes et al. (2002).
The open reading frame for the XNTA gene... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Serine/Threonine residue of the substrate peptide is orientated in such a way that the hydroxyl group faces the gamma phosphate group of the bound ATP molecule. Both the substrate, ATP, and two Mg2+ ions form intensive contacts with the catalytic subunit of PKA. In the active conformation, the C helix packs against... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Eukaryotes have three nuclear RNA polymerases, each with distinct roles and properties.
RNA polymerase I (Pol I) catalyses the transcription of all rRNA genes except 5S. These rRNA genes are organised into a single transcriptional unit and are transcribed into a continuous transcript. This precursor is then processed i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first use of bitumen in the New World was by aboriginal peoples. On the west coast, as early as the 13th century, the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples collected the naturally occurring bitumen that seeped to the surface above underlying petroleum deposits. All three groups used the substance as an adhesive. It i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An enone (or alkenone) is an organic compound containing both alkene and ketone functional groups. In an α,β-unsaturated enone, the alkene is conjugated to the carbonyl group of the ketone. The simplest enone is methyl vinyl ketone (butenone, CH=CHCOCH). Enones are typically produced using an aldol condensation or Knoe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The invertebrate mitochondrial code ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Utils/wprintgc.cgi?chapter=tgencodes#SG5 translation table 5]) is a genetic code used by the mitochondrial genome of invertebrates. Mitochondria contain their own DNA and reproduce independently from their host cell. Variation in translation of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sandra Pizzarello, D.Bi.Sc. was a Venetian biochemist known for her co-discovery of amino acid enantiomeric excess in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. Her research interests concerned the characterization of meteoritic organic compounds in elucidating the evolution of planetary homochirality. Pizzarello was a project... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluorescent chloride sensors are used for chemical analysis. The discoveries of chloride (Cl) participations in physiological processes stimulates the measurements of intracellular Cl in live cells and the development of fluorescent tools referred below. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Esomeprazole capsules, as well as Losec/Prilosec tablets, are formulated as a "multiple-unit pellet system" (MUPS). Essentially, the capsule consists of extremely small enteric-coated granules (pellets) of the esomeprazole formulation inside an outer shell. When the capsule is immersed in an aqueous solution, as happen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A-values are numerical values used in the determination of the most stable orientation of atoms in a molecule (conformational analysis), as well as a general representation of steric bulk. A-values are derived from energy measurements of the different cyclohexane conformations of a monosubstituted cyclohexane chemical.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many enzymes including serine protease, cysteine protease, protein kinase and phosphatase evolved to form transient covalent bonds between them and their substrates to lower the activation energy and allow the reaction to occur. This process can be divided into 2 steps: formation and breakdown. The former step is rate-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ECST is the official conference proceedings publication of The Electrochemical Society. This publication features full-text content of proceedings from ECS meetings and ECS-sponsored meetings. ECST is a high-quality venue for authors and an excellent resource for researchers. The papers appearing in ECST are reviewed t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Hiyama coupling is limited by the need for fluoride in order to activate the organo­silicon reagent. Addition of fluoride cleaves any silicon protecting groups (e.g. silyl ethers), which are frequently employed in organic synthesis. The fluoride ion is also basic, so base sensitive protecting groups, acidic pro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
All four HCN subunits are expressed in the brain. In addition to their proposed roles in pacemaking rhythmic or oscillatory activity, HCN channels may control the way that neurons respond to synaptic input. Initial studies suggest roles for HCN channels in sour taste, coordinated motor behavior and aspects of learning ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Historically, pyridine was extracted from coal tar or obtained as a byproduct of coal gasification. The process is labor-consuming and inefficient: coal tar contains only about 0.1% pyridine, and therefore a multi-stage purification was required, which further reduced the output. Nowadays, most pyridines are synthesize... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In this chemical procedure, a "sol" (a colloidal solution) is formed that then gradually evolves towards the formation of a gel-like diphasic system containing both a liquid phase and solid phase whose morphologies range from discrete particles to continuous polymer networks. In the case of the colloid, the volume frac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solar-blind technology is a set of technologies to produce images without interference from the Sun. This is done by using wavelengths of ultraviolet light that are totally absorbed by the ozone layer, yet are transmitted in the Earth's atmosphere. Wavelengths from 240 to 280 nm are completely absorbed by the ozone lay... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tantalum capacitors are, under some conditions, prone to self-destruction by thermal runaway. The capacitor typically consists of a sintered tantalum sponge acting as the anode, a manganese dioxide cathode, and a dielectric layer of tantalum pentoxide created on the tantalum sponge surface by anodizing. It may happen ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Analysis of water hardness in major Australian cities by the Australian Water Association shows a range from very soft (Melbourne) to hard (Adelaide).
Total hardness levels of calcium carbonate in ppm are:
*Canberra: 40
* Melbourne: 10–26
* Sydney: 39.4–60.1
* Perth: 29–226
* Brisbane: 100
* Adelaide:... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polanyi described that the “turning point” of the acceptance of his model of adsorption occurred when Fritz Haber asked him to defend his theory in full in the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry in Berlin, Germany. Many key players in the scientific world were present in this meeting including Albert Einst... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A bond angle is the geometric angle between two adjacent bonds. Some common shapes of simple molecules include:
* Linear: In a linear model, atoms are connected in a straight line. The bond angles are set at 180°. For example, carbon dioxide and nitric oxide have a linear molecular shape.
* Trigonal planar: Molecules w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The steam injector is a common device used for delivering water to steam boilers, especially in steam locomotives. It is a typical application of the injector principle used to deliver cold water to a boiler against its own pressure, using its own live or exhaust steam, replacing any mechanical pump. When first develop... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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