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The onset of Görtler vortices can be predicted using the dimensionless number called Görtler number (G). It is the ratio of centrifugal effects to the viscous effects in the boundary layer and is defined as
where
: = external velocity
: = momentum thickness
: = kinematic viscosity
: = radius of curvature of the wal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Banded iron formations (BIFs) are particularly important when considering the surface environments of the early Earth, which were significantly different from the surface environments observed today. This is manifested in the mineralogy of these formations, which are indicative of different redox conditions. Additional... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Steel casing pipe protects one or many of various types of utilities such as water mains, gas pipes, electrical power cables, fiber-optic cables, etc. The utility lines that are run through the steel casing pipe are most commonly mounted and spaced within the steel casing pipe by using "casing spacers" that are made of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An azeotrope () or a constant heating point mixture is a mixture of two or more components in fluidic states whose proportions cannot be altered or changed by simple distillation. This happens because when an azeotrope is boiled, the vapour has the same proportions of constituents as the unboiled mixture. Azeotropic mi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A pheromone () is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting like hormones outside the body of the secreting individual, to affect the behavior of the receiving individuals. There are alarm pheromones, food trail pher... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stop codons were historically given many different names, as they each corresponded to a distinct class of mutants that all behaved in a similar manner. These mutants were first isolated within bacteriophages (T4 and lambda), viruses that infect the bacteria Escherichia coli. Mutations in viral genes weakened their inf... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organometallic chemistry, a dicarbollide is an anion of the formula [CBH]. Various isomers exist, but most common is 1,2-dicarbollide derived from ortho-carborane. These dianions function as ligands, related to the cyclopentadienyl anion. Substituted dicarbollides are also known such as [CBH(pyridine)] (pyridine ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pattinson's process or pattinsonisation is a method for removing silver from lead, discovered by Hugh Lee Pattinson in 1829 and patented in 1833.
The process is dependent on the fact that lead which has least silver in it solidifies first on liquefaction, leaving the remaining liquid richer in silver.
In practice sever... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DNA methylation involves the addition of a methyl group to the carbon-5 position of the cytosine ring in the CpG dinucleotide and converting it to methylcytosine. This process is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferase. In numerous cancers, the CpG islands of selected genes are aberrantly methylated (hypermethylated) whic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sequencing batch reactors (SBR) or sequential batch reactors are a type of activated sludge process for the treatment of wastewater. SBRs treat wastewater such as sewage or output from anaerobic digesters or mechanical biological treatment facilities in batches. Oxygen is bubbled through the mixture of wastewater and a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A native of California, Fahy holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Biology from the University of California, Irvine and a PhD in pharmacology and cryobiology from the Medical College of Georgia in Augusta.
He currently serves on the board of directors of two organizations and as a referee for numerous scientific journ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mouza Sulaiman Mohamed Al-Wardi (Arabic: موزة سليمان محمد الوردي) is a curator and historian from Oman, who is Director of the Collections Department at the National Museum. She specialises in the history of silverworking in the Oman region. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Irène was born in Paris, France, on 12 September 1897 and was the first of Marie and Pierres two daughters. Her sister was Ėve. They lost their father early on in 1906 due to a horse-drawn wagon incident and Marie was left to raise them. Education was important to Marie and Irènes education began at a school near the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry, alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydroxy groups. Both the negatively charged anion , called hydroxide, and the neutral... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zeotropic mixtures have different characteristics in convective boiling than pure substances or azeotropic mixtures. Overall, zeotropic mixtures transfer heat more efficiently at the bottom of the fluid, whereas pure and azeotropic substances transfer heat better at the top. During convective flow boiling, the thicknes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Kopin Liu (; born 25 January 1949) is a Taiwanese physical chemist.
Liu is a 1971 graduate of National Tsing Hua University. He moved to the United States to pursue a doctorate at Ohio State University. Liu began his research career at the Georgia Institute of Technology. After one year, he moved to Argonne National La... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In coordination chemistry, the ligand cone angle (θ) is a measure of the steric bulk of a ligand in a transition metal coordination complex. It is defined as the solid angle formed with the metal at the vertex of a cone and the outermost edge of the van der Waals spheres of the ligand atoms at the perimeter of the base... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fractional order reactions, the order is a non-integer, which often indicates a chemical chain reaction or other complex reaction mechanism. For example, the pyrolysis of acetaldehyde () into methane and carbon monoxide proceeds with an order of 1.5 with respect to acetaldehyde: The decomposition of phosgene () to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many years ago radium-226 and radon-222 were used as gamma-ray sources for industrial radiography: for instance, a radon-222 source was used to examine the mechanisms inside an unexploded V-1 flying bomb, while some of the early Bathyspheres could be examined using radium-226 to check for cracks. Because both radium an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Measurement of the emissivities of gases at temperatures up to 1000 °C. Emissivity values were required for gaseous aluminium chlorides as part of the development of the sub-halide distillation process mentioned above. A flowing column of the gas to be measured, heated in a refractory tube, was maintained at a fixed ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sumner is the author of a widely used anti-harassment statement that she made public so that other universities and institutes could use it as a model. A leader in helping institutions develop anti-harassment plans, Sumner presented to a workshop at the 2016 American Geophysical Union on “Addressing harassment and impr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Type E (chromel–constantan) has a high output (68 μV/°C), which makes it well suited to cryogenic use. Additionally, it is non-magnetic.
Wide range is −270 °C to +740 °C
and narrow range is −110 °C to +140 °C. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Rydberg molecule is an electronically excited chemical species. Electronically excited molecular states are generally quite different in character from electronically excited atomic states. However, particularly for highly electronically excited molecular systems, the ionic core interaction with an excited electron c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Like related acyl chlorides, valeryl chloride hydrolyzes readily:
:CH(CH)C(O)Cl + HO → CH(CH)COH + HCl
Alcohols react to give esters:
:CH(CH)C(O)Cl + ROH → CH(CH)COR + HCl
Amines react to give amides:
:CH(CH)C(O)Cl + RNH → CH(CH)C(O)NR + HCl
Benzene reacts under conditions of the Friedel-Crafts reacti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some amidrazones have been employed as insecticides. They were known in 1993 by an agent of Dow Chemical for their low undesirable toxicity, low production cost, and effectiveness against insects resistant to known insecticides. Compounds of amidrazones were employed as early as 1993 for controlling plant-destructive i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051104014927/http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/thyd/ne161/ncabreza/samphtml.html Physical description of LWR fuel]
*[http://www.nucleartourist.com/areas/bwr-in1.htm Links to BWR photos from the nuclear tourist webpage] | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although organic radicals are generally stable intrinsically (in isolation), practically speaking their existence is only transient because they tend to dimerize. Some are quite long-lived. Generally organic radicals are stabilized by any or all of these factors: presence of electronegativity, delocalization, and steri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By early 2000, several research groups realized that protein chemical shifts could be more efficiently and accurately calculated by combining different methods together as shown in Figure 1. This led to the development of several programs and web servers that rapidly calculate protein chemical shifts when provided with... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydroxylamine or its salts (salts containing hydroxylammonium cations ) can be produced via several routes but only two are commercially viable. It is also produced naturally as discussed in a section on biochemistry. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Rh-catalyzed Trp and Cys alkylation
Using in situ generated Rh-carbenoid by activation of vinyl-substituted diazo compounds with Rh(OAc), tryptophans and cysteines were shown to be selectively alkylated in aqueous media.
However, this method is limited to surface tryptophans and cysteines possibly because of steric c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism is the leading cause of hypercalcemia in lithium-treated patients. Lithium may lead to exacerbation of pre-existing primary hyperparathyroidism or cause an increased set-point of calcium for parathyroid hormone suppression, leading to parathyroid hyperplasia. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* tert-Butyl nitrite has been shown to be an effective reagent for the selective nitration of phenols and aryl sulfonamides
* n-Butyl nitrite and ammonia convert phenylhydroxylamine to its nitrosamine derivative cupferron. Likewise pyrrolidine is a substrate for ethyl nitrite.
* Alkyl nitrites are also used in the for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An endogenous retrovirus is a retrovirus without virus pathogenic effects that has been integrated into the host genome by inserting their inheritable genetic information into cells that can be passed onto the next generation like a retrotransposon. Because of this, they share features with retroviruses and retrotrans... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Though characterization of 2-norbornyl cation crystals may have significantly precluded further debates about its electronic structure, it does not crystallize under any standard conditions. Recently, the crystal structure has been obtained and reported through a creative means: addition of aluminium tribromide to 2-no... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The exact temperatures at which iron will transition from one crystal structure to another depends on how much and what type of other elements are dissolved in the iron. The phase boundary between the different solid phases is drawn on a binary phase diagram, usually plotted as temperature versus percent iron. Adding s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If an atom, A, is double-bonded to another atom, then atom A should be treated as though it is "connected to the same atom twice". An atom that is double-bonded has a higher priority than an atom that is single bonded. When dealing with double bonded priority groups, one is allowed to visit the same atom twice as one c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The city of Los Angeles diverted water from the Owens River into the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913. In 1941, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power extended the Los Angeles Aqueduct system farther northward into the Mono Basin with the completion of the Mono Craters Tunnel between the Grant Lake Reservoir on Rush... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Whether carbon capture and storage technology is adopted worldwide will "...depend less on science than on economics. Cleaning coal is very expensive." | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MicroPIXE is a useful technique for the non-destructive analysis of paintings and antiques. Although it provides only an elemental analysis, it can be used to distinguish and measure layers within the thickness of an artifact. The technique is comparable with destructive techniques such as the ICP family of analyses. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dispensing of microspheres can be a difficult task. When utilizing microspheres as a filler for standard mixing and dispensing machines, a breakage rate of up to 80% can occur, depending upon factors such as pump choice, material viscosity, material agitation, and temperature. Customized dispensers for microsphere-fill... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The instrumentation needed in order to conduct the data acquisition include a multimode optical fiber, single-mode or few-mode fibers, photon-counting avalanche photodiodes (APDs), multi-tau correlator board, and a computer.
The first step of data acquisition is probing the tissue with multimode optical fibers that del... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Michael Franz Lappert (31 December 1928 – 28 March 2014) was a Czech-born British inorganic chemist. Mainly located at the University of Sussex, he was recognized for contributions to organometallic complexes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tight junctions are multi-protein complexes that hold cells of a same tissue together and prevent movement of water and water-soluble molecules between cells. In epithelial cells, they function also to separate the extracellular fluid surrounding their apical and basolateral membranes. These junctions exist as a cont... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the context of a clinical trial, quality typically refers to the absence of errors which can impact decision making, both during the conduct of the trial and in use of the trial results. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first intelectin was discovered in Xenopus laevis oocyte and is named XL35 or XCGL-1. X. laevis oocyte also contains a closely related XCGL-2. In addition, X. laevis embryos secrete Xenopus embryonic epidermal lectin into the environmental water, presumably to bind microbes. XSL-1 and XSL-2 are also expressed in X.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The electrodes are typically separated by a thin porous foil (with a thickness between 0.050 to 0.5 mm), commonly referred to as diaphragm or separator. The diaphragm is non-conductive to electrons, thus avoiding electrical shorts between the electrodes while allowing small distances between the electrodes. The ionic c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An anion exchange membrane (AEM) is a semipermeable membrane generally made from ionomers and designed to conduct anions but reject gases such as oxygen or hydrogen. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During his time at NCAR he served as president of the International Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Radioactivity within the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences. He was also a of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a member of numerous other scientific soci... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metal–π interactions play a major role in organometallics. Linear and cyclic π systems bond to metals allowing organic complexes to bond to metals. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell.
Synapses are essential to the transmission of nervous impulses from one neuron to another, playing a key role in enabling rapid and direct comm... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anodizing can also be performed in borate or tartrate baths in which aluminium oxide is insoluble. In these processes, the coating growth stops when the part is fully covered, and the thickness is linearly related to the voltage applied. These coatings are free of pores, relative to the sulfuric and chromic acid proces... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pepper spray, oleoresin capsicum spray, OC spray, capsaicin spray, or capsicum spray is a lachrymator (tear gas) product containing the compound capsaicin as the active ingredient that irritates the eyes to cause burning and pain sensations, as well as temporary blindness. Its inflammatory effects cause the eyes to clo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At the high temperatures for Earth, no volatiles would be in the solid state, and the dust would be made up of silicate and metal.
The continental crust and lower mantle have average K/U values of about 12,000. mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) or upper mantle have more volatiles and have a K/U ratio of about 19,000.
Vola... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zur Folge nach der Entstehung des 2,3 Tage-Isotops des Elements 93 aus Uran G-151 (27 February 1942) by Otto Hahn and Fritz Straßmann was published in Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte (Research Reports in Nuclear Physics), an internal publication of the German Uranverein. Reports in this publication were classified... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calorimetry in real time is a calorimetry technique based on heat flux sensors that are located on the wall of the reactor vessels. The sensors measure heat across the reactor wall directly and thus, the measurement is independent of temperature, the properties or the behavior of the reaction mass. Heat flow as well as... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RNA aptamers can be designed to act as antagonists, agonists, or so-called ”RNA decoy aptamers." In the case of antagonists, the RNA aptamer is used either to prevent binding of a certain protein to its cell membrane receptor or to prevent the protein from performing its activity by binding to the proteins target. Curr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A computer simulation of a typical bathroom found that none of the above theories pan out in their analysis, but instead found that the spray from the shower-head drives a horizontal vortex. This vortex has a low-pressure zone in the centre, which sucks the curtain.
David Schmidt of the University of Massachusetts was ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In nature, carbon exists as three isotopes: two stable, nonradioactive (carbon-12 (), and carbon-13 (), and one radioactive carbon-14 (), also known as "radiocarbon"). The half-life of (the time it takes for half of a given amount of to decay) is about 5,730 years, so its concentration in the atmosphere might be expe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method), first published by the Building Research Establishment (BRE) in 1990, is the worlds longest established method of assessing, rating, and certifying the sustainability of buildings. More than 550,000 buildings have been BREEAM-certified' and over... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Salmon calcitonin () is the type of calcitonin hormone found in salmon.
Similar to humans, salmon calcitonin is a peptide hormone produced in the ultimobranchial region by parafollicular cells in response to hypercalcemia and lowers blood calcium and phosphate by promoting renal excretion. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The case of a vertical line emitting at a fixed rate a constant quantity of fluid Q per unit length is a line source. The problem has a cylindrical symmetry and can be treated in two dimension on the orthogonal plane.
Line sources and line sinks (below) are important elementary flows because they play the role of monop... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Frozen Zoo at the San Diego Zoo's Institute for Conservation Research currently stores a collection of 8,400 samples from over 800 species and subspecies. Frozen Zoo at San Diego Zoo Conservation Research has acted as a forebear to similar projects at other zoos in the United States and Europe. However, there are s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iodometry in its many variations is extremely useful in volumetric analysis. Examples include the determination of copper(II), chlorate, hydrogen peroxide, and dissolved oxygen:
Available chlorine refers to chlorine liberated by the action of dilute acids on hypochlorite. Iodometry is commonly employed to determine th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Differential static light scatter (DSLS) is a term coined to represent the change in total light scatter of a system over time or temperature in a static environment.
Static light scattering or SLS and its many types are well outlined in literature and is the base principal for DSLS but varies specifically in that the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chapter traditions of service to their chemical engineering departments commonly prevail rather than broader, national traditions. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After a BSc and a MSc in organic chemistry he worked for the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, before earning a scholarship to go to the University of Liverpool for a PhD under Thomas Percy Hilditch, studying fish liver oils and fats from farm animals.
After his retirement in 1969, he held several honor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
α-Alkyltryptamines are a group of substituted tryptamines which possess an alkyl group, such as a methyl or ethyl group, attached at the alpha carbon, and in most cases no substitution on the amine nitrogen. α-Alkylation of tryptamine makes it much more metabolically stable and resistant to degradation by monoamine oxi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
John Robert Huizenga was born on a farm near Fulton, Illinois, the son of Henry and Josie (Brands) Huizenga. He attended Erie High School and Morrison High School, graduating from the latter in 1940. He continued his education at Calvin College in Michigan, from which he received a bachelors degree in 1944. He would... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Archaeological materials, such as bone, organic residues, hair, or sea shells, can serve as substrates for isotopic analysis. Carbon, nitrogen and zinc isotope ratios are used to investigate the diets of past people; these isotopic systems can be used with others, such as strontium or oxygen, to answer questions about ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The growth rate hypothesis, also known as the resource availability hypothesis, states that defense strategies are determined by the inherent growth rate of the plant, which is in turn determined by the resources available to the plant. A major assumption is that available resources are the limiting factor in determini... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Before the 1860s and 1870s—when Pasteur published his work on this theory—it was believed that microorganisms and even some small animals such as frogs would spontaneously generate. Spontaneous generation was historically explained in a variety of ways. Aristotle, an ancient Greek philosopher, theorized tha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Martin Albrecht completed his undergraduate education at the University of Bern from 1991 to 1996. His early research career started in 1996 during his PhD studies under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Gerard van Koten at Utrecht University, in The Netherlands. He studied the formation and properties of novel inorganic ma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In astrophysics, photodissociation is one of the major processes through which molecules are broken down (but new molecules are being formed). Because of the vacuum of the interstellar medium, molecules and free radicals can exist for a long time. Photodissociation is the main path by which molecules are broken down. P... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The parent of this family of ligands is the amino acid glycine, HNCHCOOH, in which the amino group, NH, is separated from the carboxyl group, COOH by a single methylene group, CH. When the carboxyl group is deprotonated the glycinate ion can function as a bidentate ligand, binding the metal centre through the nitrogen ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lithium toxicity, also known as lithium overdose, is the condition of having too much lithium. Symptoms may include a tremor, increased reflexes, trouble walking, kidney problems, and an altered level of consciousness. Some symptoms may last for a year after levels return to normal. Complications may include serotonin ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The model assumes that the oxidation reaction occurs at the interface between the oxide layer and the substrate material, rather than between the oxide and the ambient gas. Thus, it considers three phenomena that the oxidizing species undergoes, in this order:
# It diffuses from the bulk of the ambient gas to the surf... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Directed-, chelation-assisted-, or "guided" C-H activation involves directing groups that influence regio- and stereochemistry. This is the most useful style of C-H activation in organic synthesis. N,N-dimethylbenzylamine undergoes cyclometalation readily by many transition metals. A semi-practical implementations inv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phenoxymethylpenicillin, also known as penicillin V (PcV) and penicillin VK, is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. Specifically it is used for the treatment of strep throat, otitis media, and cellulitis. It is also used to prevent rheumatic fever and to prevent infections follow... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Petroleum, in one form or another, has been used since ancient times. More than 4300 years ago, bitumen was mentioned when the Sumerians used it to make boats. A tablet of the legend of the birth of Sargon of Akkad mentions a basket which was closed by straw and bitumen. More than 4000 years ago, according to Herodotus... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pyocyanase was the first antibiotic drug to be used in hospitals. It is no longer used today.
Rudolph Emmerich and Oscar Löw, two German physicians who were the first to make an effective medication from microbes, conducted experiments in the 1890s, roughly 30 years after Louis Pasteur showed that many diseases were ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Crystallization requires an initiation step. This can be spontaneous or can be done by adding a small amount of the pure compound (a seed crystal) to the saturated solution, or can be done by simply scratching the glass surface to create a seeding surface for crystal growth. It is thought that even dust particles can a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Single-cell genomics is heavily dependent on increasing the copies of DNA found in the cell so there is enough to be sequenced. This has led to the development of strategies for whole genome amplification (WGA). Currently WGA strategies can be grouped into three categories:
* Controlled priming and PCR Amplification: ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After production in the upper atmosphere, the carbon-14 atoms react rapidly to form mostly (about 93%) (carbon monoxide), which subsequently oxidizes at a slower rate to form , radioactive carbon dioxide. The gas mixes rapidly and becomes evenly distributed throughout the atmosphere (the mixing timescale in the order ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, and plants, produce small molecule secondary metabolites also known as natural products, which play a role in cell signaling, pigmentation and in defense against predation. Secondary metabolites are a rich source of biologically active compounds and hence are often used... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides are an important class of polymeric carbohydrates found in virtually all living entities. Their structural features make their nomenclature challenging and their roles in living systems make their nomenclature important. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The C sulfonates DHPS and SL are metabolized for their carbon content, as well as to mineralize their sulfur content. Metabolism of DHPS typically involves conversion to SL. Metabolism of SL can occur in several ways including:
* elimination of sulfite to afford pyruvate;
* oxidation to sulfopyruvate, transamination to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For the analysis of volatile compounds, a purge and trap (P&T) concentrator system may be used to introduce samples. The target analytes are extracted by mixing the sample with water and purge with inert gas (e.g. Nitrogen gas) into an airtight chamber, this is known as purging or sparging. The volatile compounds move ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PHLPP1 and 2 also dephosphorylate the hydrophobic motifs of two classes of the protein kinase C (PKC) family: the conventional PKCs and the novel PKCs. (The third class of PKCs, known as the atypicals, have a phospho-mimetic at the hydrophobic motif, rendering them insensitive to PHLPP.)
The PKC family of kinases con... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The anion is abbreviated PP, standing for inorganic pyrophosphate. It is formed by the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP in cells.
:ATP → AMP + PP
For example, when a nucleotide is incorporated into a growing DNA or RNA strand by a polymerase, pyrophosphate (PP) is released. Pyrophosphorolysis is the reverse of the polymeriz... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* 2000 Outstanding Graduate Research Award from the Wirt and Mary Cornell Prize
* 2003 American Chemical Society (PMSE Division), Arthur K. Doolittle Award
* 2007 YWCA Rising Star
* 2007 OH Bioscience Thirty in Their 30s Award
* 2012 American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy Outstanding New Investigator Award
* 2012 Am... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a swimmer enters a pool, they add up to one billion organisms to the water. Chlorination kills all organisms harmful to swimmers such as those that cause ear infections and athlete's foot. The advantages of electrochlorination in this process are as follows:
*Not irritating to skin or soft tissue.
*Active in small... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A number of organisms, instead of using inorganic compounds as terminal electron acceptors, are able to use organic compounds to accept electrons from respiration. Examples include:
* Fumarate reduction to succinate
* Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) reduction to trimethylamine (TMA)
* Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reduction... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In molecular biology, SNP array is a type of DNA microarray which is used to detect polymorphisms within a population. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), a variation at a single site in DNA, is the most frequent type of variation in the genome. Around 335 million SNPs have been identified in the human genome, 15 m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Like other iron oxalates, ferrous oxalates feature octahedral Fe centers. The dihydrate FeCO(HO) is a coordination polymer, consisting of chains of oxalate-bridged ferrous centers, each with two aquo ligands.<br />
When heated to 120 °C, the dihydrate dehydrates, and the anhydrous ferrous oxalate decomposes near 190 °C... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The separation of uranium requires the material in a gaseous form; uranium hexafluoride (UF) is used for uranium enrichment. Upon entering the centrifuge cylinder, the UF gas is rotated at a high speed. The rotation creates a strong centrifugal force that draws more of the heavier gas molecules (containing the U-238) t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The pattern of fluoride release from glass ionomer cement is characterised by an initial rapid release of appreciable amounts of fluoride, followed by a taper in the release rate over time. An initial fluoride “burst” effect is desirable to reduce the viability of remaining bacteria in the inner carious dentin, hence,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The National Institutes of Health announced on 27 February 2015 the commencement of a randomized controlled trial of ZMapp to be conducted in Liberia and the United States. From March 2015 through November 2015, 72 individuals infected with the Ebola virus were enrolled in the trial; investigators stopped enrolling new... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006 (asp 4) is an Act of the Scottish Parliament to consolidate and overhaul previous legislation regarding the handling of human tissue.
It deals with three distinct uses of human tissue: its donation primarily for the purpose of transplantation, but also for research, education or tra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RDRP – sometimes misleadingly called free radical polymerization – is one of the most widely used polymerization processes since it can be applied
*to a great variety of monomers
*it can be carried out in the presence of certain functional groups
*the technique is rather simple and easy to control
*the reaction con... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unit conversion is a notorious source of errors. Many people apply individual rules, e.g. "to obtain length in centimeters multiply the length in inches by 2.54", but combining several such conversions is laborious and prone to mistakes. A better way is to use the factor-label method, which is closely related to dimens... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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