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Divergent evolution of active site residues is slow, due to strong chemical constraints. Nevertheless, some protease superfamilies have evolved from one nucleophile to another. This can be inferred when a superfamily (with the same fold) contains families that use different nucleophiles. Such nucleophile switches have ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pyruvate, the result of glycolysis, can feed into both the TCA cycle and fermentation processes. Reactions beginning with either one or two molecules of pyruvate lead to the synthesis of alanine, valine, and leucine. Feedback inhibition of final products is the main method of inhibition, and, in E. coli, the ilvEDA ope... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several different types of events may take place as a result of the ion beam impinging on a target surface. Some of these events include electron or photon emission, electron transfer (both ion-surface and surface-ion), scattering, adsorption, and sputtering (i.e. ejection of atoms from the surface). For each system ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The high sensitivity of DESI in the lipid range makes it a powerful technique for the detection and mapping of lipids abundances within tissue specimens. Recent developments in MALDI methods have enabled direct detection of lipids in-situ. Abundant lipid-related ions are produced from the direct analysis of thin tissue... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The C-terminal glucase enzymatic unit contains extra binding sites, which allows for it to bind to larger substrates for catalytic digestion. It was originally understood that maltase-glucoamylase's crystalline structure was inherently similar throughout the N and C-termini. Further studies have found that the C-termin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a salt is dissolved in a solvent, it always has the effect of raising the boiling point of that solvent – that is it decreases the volatility of the solvent. When the salt is readily soluble in one constituent of a mixture but not in another, the volatility of the constituent in which it is soluble is decreased an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Trichloroethylene is a good analgesic at 0.35 to 0.5% concentrations. Trichloroethylene was used in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia beginning in 1916.
From the 1940s through the 1980s, both in Europe and North America, trichloroethylene was used as a volatile anesthetic almost invariably administered with nitrous... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, which mostly covers Europe, if having a vehicle registered and legal to drive in one of the Convention countries, it is legal to drive it in any other of the countries, for visits and first year of residence after moving. This is regardless if it does not fulfil all r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Next to the three major classes of organic superconductors (SCs) there are more organic systems becoming superconducting at low temperatures or under pressure. A few examples follow. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The matte, which is produced in the smelter, contains 30–70% copper (depending on the process used and the operating philosophy of the smelter), primarily as copper sulfide, as well as iron sulfide. The sulfur is removed at a high temperature as sulfur dioxide by blowing air through molten matte:
:2 CuS + 3 O → 2 CuO +... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fish do not synthesise vitamin D in a natural setting and rely on dietary sources. As with mammals, vitamin D is more bioavailable than vitamin D. Unlike mammals, both hydroxylation steps from vitamin D to the active form 1,25 hydroxyvitamin D occur in the liver, so plasma levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D is not an accur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler in Giessen, Germany, had investigated the purple product, murexide, obtained from snake excrement in the 1830s, but this was not an abundant raw material, and a method of using it as a dyestuff was not established at that time. In the 1850s, French colourists and dye-producers, su... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A co-receptor is a cell surface receptor that binds a signalling molecule in addition to a primary receptor in order to facilitate ligand recognition and initiate biological processes, such as entry of a pathogen into a host cell. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Science fiction has used cloning, most commonly and specifically human cloning, to raise the controversial questions of identity. A Number is a 2002 play by English playwright Caryl Churchill which addresses the subject of human cloning and identity, especially nature and nurture. The story, set in the near future, is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Levobupivacaine (rINN) is a local anaesthetic drug indicated for minor and major surgical anaesthesia and pain management. It is a long-acting amide-type local anaesthetic that blocks nerve impulses by inhibiting sodium ion influx into the nerve cells. Levobupivacaine is the S-enantiomer of racemic bupivacaine and ther... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* monitoring and assessing aquatic species (incl. plants, animals, and bacteria)
* monitoring the behavior of certain aquatic species and assessing any changes in species behavior
* analyzing the biochemical make-up of the waterbody, and its potential influence on the species that depend on it. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ogston studied potentiometric titration of amino acids in non-aqueous solvents. He was particularly interested in sinovial fluid, and fibrous proteins. More generally, he worked on the use of physico-chemical methods to study the size, weight and structure of molecules, such as ultracentrifugation, which he applied to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Determining whether a potential biosignature is worth investigating is a fundamentally complicated process. Scientists must consider any and every possible alternate explanation before concluding that something is a true biosignature. Such consideration entails investigating the minute details that make other planets u... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dirichlet's problem is generalized by Bernhard Riemann in 1860 and by Norman R. Lebovitz in modern form in 1965. Let be the semi-axes of the ellipsoid, which varies with time. Since the ellipsoid is homogeneous, the constancy of mass requires the constancy of the volume of the ellipsoid,
same as the initial volume. Co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A trap primer automatically injects water into a trap, maintaining a water seal to keep sewer gas out of buildings. It must be installed in an easily accessible place for adjustment, replacement, and repair. A trap primer, a specialized valve, is usually connected to a clean-water supply in addition to a DWV system. Be... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The chiral switch concept is illustrated in the diagram. This chiral switch is from (±)-ibuprofen to (S)-(+)-ibuprofen (dexibuprofen). The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ibuprofen was the first chiral drug of the NSAID class to be switched to the single-enantiomer version in 1994. The switch was done based... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although the bond valence model is mostly used for validating newly determined structures, it is capable of predicting many of the properties of those chemical structures that can be described by localized bonds
In the bond valence model, the valence of an atom, V, is defined as the number of electrons the atom uses f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some of the same properties that make nanoparticles efficient drug carriers also contribute to their toxicity. For example, gold nanoparticles are known to interact with proteins through surface adsorption, forming a protein corona, which can be utilized for cargo loading and immune shielding. However, this protein-ads... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The University of Sydney has typically performed well on the QS Chemistry Subject Ranking, where it was 30th in 2013, 42nd in 2014, 51-100th in 2015, 49th in 2016, 50th in 2017, 43rd in 2018, and 51-100th in 2019. The University of Sydney has been 151-200th in the Academic Ranking of World Universities in chemistry sin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, the inductive effect in a molecule is a local change in the electron density due to electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups elsewhere in the molecule, resulting in a permanent dipole in a bond.
It is present in a σ (sigma) bond, unlike the electromeric effect which is present in a π (pi) bond.
Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The permanganate index is an assessment of water quality. It involves the detection of oxidation by potassium permanganate in an acid medium under hot conditions.
The method is to heat a sample in a boiling water-bath with a known amount of potassium permanganate and sulphuric acid for a fixed period time (10 min). Par... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thiopeptide biosynthesis involves particularly extensive modification of the core peptide scaffold. Indeed, due to the highly complex structures of thiopeptides, it was commonly thought that these natural products were nonribosomal peptides. Recognition of the ribosomal origin of these molecules came in 2009 with the i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The transverse (or spin-spin) relaxation time T is the decay constant for the component of M perpendicular to B, designated M, M, or . For instance, initial xy magnetization at time zero will decay to zero (i.e. equilibrium) as follows:
i.e. the transverse magnetization vector drops to 37% of its original magnitude aft... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Omics, especially genomics and proteomics, allow identifying and evaluating genes, proteins and enzymes involved in radionuclide bioremediation, apart from the structural and functional interactions that exist between them and other metabolites. Genome sequencing of various microorganisms has uncovered, for example, th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TBS is isotonic and non-toxic. It can be used to dilute substances used in laboratory experiments. Additives can be used to add to a compound's functionality.
TBS is often used in immuno-blotting for both membrane washing and antibody dilution. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the most prevalent features of iron chemistry is its redox chemistry. Iron has three oxidation states: metallic iron (Fe), ferrous iron (Fe), and ferric iron (Fe). Ferrous iron is the reduced form of iron, and ferric iron is the oxidized form of iron. In the presence of oxygen, ferrous iron is oxidized to ferric... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ali Akbar Moosavi-Movahedi (born in Shiraz, Iran, February 1953) is an Iranian Biophysicist, and Biophysical Chemist at the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran. He is the founder of the [http://isobc.com/ Iran Society of Biophysical Chemistry] . He is the fellow of The World Academy of Scien... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kerr frequency combs (also known as microresonator frequency combs) are optical frequency combs which are generated from a continuous wave pump laser by the Kerr nonlinearity. This coherent conversion of the pump laser to a frequency comb takes place inside an optical resonator which is typically of micrometer to milli... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Fischer–Tropsch-type process has also been suggested to have produced a few of the building blocks of DNA and RNA within asteroids. Similarly, the hypothetical abiogenic petroleum formation requires some naturally occurring FT-like processes.
Biological Fischer-Tropsch-type chemistry can be carried out by the enzyme ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The volume of a thermodynamic system typically refers to the volume of the working fluid, such as, for example, the fluid within a piston. Changes to this volume may be made through an application of work, or may be used to produce work. An isochoric process however operates at a constant-volume, thus no work can be p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sodium amide, commonly called sodamide (systematic name sodium azanide), is the inorganic compound with the formula . It is a salt composed of the sodium cation and the azanide anion. This solid, which is dangerously reactive toward water, is white, but commercial samples are typically gray due to the presence of small... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The four most common methods of transition metal catalyzed methane activation are the Shilov system, sigma bond metathesis, oxidative addition, and 1,2 addition reactions.
The Shilov system involves platinum based complexes to produce metal alkyls. It was first discovered when a hydrogen-deuterium exchanged was observe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Twenty to fifty percent of hypothermia deaths are associated with paradoxical undressing. This typically occurs during moderate and severe hypothermia, as the person becomes disoriented, confused, and combative. They may begin discarding their clothing, which, in turn, increases the rate of heat loss.
Rescuers who are ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* gamma-Decalactone intense peach flavor
* gamma-Nonalactone coconut odor, popular in suntan lotions
* delta-Octalactone creamy note
* Jasmine lactone powerful fatty-fruity peach and apricot
* Massoia lactone powerful creamy coconut
* Wine lactone sweet coconut odor
* Sotolon (maple syrup, curry, fenugreek) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Costs of IVF can be broken down into direct and indirect costs. Direct costs include the medical treatments themselves, including doctor consultations, medications, ultrasound scanning, laboratory tests, the actual IVF procedure, and any associated hospital charges and administrative costs. Indirect costs includes the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The static pressure of air is the pressure in a free-flowing air stream and is depicted by isobars in weather maps. Differences in static pressure arise from global and microclimate thermal phenomena and create the air flow we call wind. Dynamic pressure is the pressure exerted when the wind comes into contact with an ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Eliyahu-Behar, A.; Yahalom-Mack, N.; Ben-Shlomo, D. (2017). "[https://www.academia.edu/34274359/Excavation_and_Analysis_of_an_Early_Iron_Age_Lime_Kiln_Eliyahu-behar_et_al_IEJ_2017.pdf Excavation and Analysis of an Early Iron Age Lime Kiln]", Israel Exploration Journal 67, pp. 14–31 | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Imaging is a useful tool in visualization of the radioligand after injection, with Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) being the most common types of imaging. PET scans are often utilized after radioligand administration because of the ease of use, image accuracy, a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dioxiranes may either be prepared in advance or generated in situ for epoxidation reactions. In most cases, a two-phase system must be set up for in situ epoxidations, as KHSO is not soluble in organic solvents. Thus, substrates or products sensitive to hydrolysis will not survive in situ epoxidations. This section des... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
George Hermann Büchi (August 1, 1921 – August 28, 1998) was a Swiss organic chemist and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Paternòs reaction", known since the early twentieth century, was renamed to the "Paternò–Büchi reaction" based on enhancements made to it by Büchis research group.
Büchi died ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Charles Sibley and Jon Ahlquist, pioneers of the technique, used DNA–DNA hybridization to examine the phylogenetic relationships of avians (the Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy) and primates. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of ATSDR’s primary responsibilities is conducting public health assessments and health consultations. The agency conducts public health assessments for all current or proposed sites on the National Priorities List (commonly known as Superfund sites). The purpose of public health assessments is to examine whether ha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) are forms of electrophoresis which use either a temperature or chemical gradient to denature the sample as it moves across an acrylamide gel. TGGE and DGGE can be applied to nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA, and (less c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Melanie Jane Leng is a Professor of Isotope Geosciences at the University of Nottingham working on isotopes, palaeoclimate and geochemistry. She also serves as the Chief Scientist for Environmental Change Adaptation and Resilience at the British Geological Survey and Director of the Centre for Environmental Geochemist... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cells are oval-shaped, non-motile and stain Gram-negative. Strictly anaerobic organism. Chemo-organotrophic. Mucolytic in pure culture. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
High-content screening (HCS) in cell-based systems uses living cells as tools in biological research to elucidate the workings of normal and diseased cells. HCS is also used to discover and optimize new drug candidates. High content screening is a combination of modern cell biology, with all its molecular tools, with ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Meteorological conditions greatly influence fallout, particularly local fallout. Atmospheric winds are able to bring fallout over large areas. For example, as a result of a Castle Bravo surface burst of a 15 Mt thermonuclear device at Bikini Atoll on March 1, 1954, a roughly cigar-shaped area of the Pacific extending o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Enzymes are evolved to catalyse a particular reaction on a particular substrate with a high catalytic efficiency (k/K, cf. Michaelis–Menten kinetics). However, in addition to this main activity, they possess other activities that are generally several orders of magnitude lower, and that are not a result of evolutionary... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Liquid crystal (LC) is a state of matter whose properties are between those of conventional liquids and those of solid crystals. For example, a liquid crystal can flow like a liquid, but its molecules may be oriented in a common direction as in solid. There are many types of LC phases, which can be distinguished by the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Enhancers as sites of extragenic transcription were initially discovered in genome-wide studies that identified enhancers as common regions of RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II) binding and non-coding RNA transcription. The level of RNA pol II–enhancer interaction and RNA transcript formation were found to be highly variab... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bjerknes realized that the velocity field generated by an expanding particle in an incompressible fluid has the same geometrical structure as the electric field generated by a positively charged particle, and that the same applies for contracting particle and a negatively charged particle.
In the case of an oscillatin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1975, Kono and Ito reported that Wilkinsons catalyst (Rh(PPh)Cl) can undergo oxidative addition with catecholborane (HBcat) or 4,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinane. These two borane compounds are otherwise slow to participate in hydroboration. In 1985, Männig and Nöth demonstrated for the first time that Wilkinsons c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Materials with anisotropic structures, such as crystals (with less than cubic symmetry, for example martensitic phases) and many composites, will generally have different linear expansion coefficients in different directions. As a result, the total volumetric expansion is distributed unequally among the three axes. If... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When choosing primary standards in analytical chemistry, compounds with higher equivalent weights are generally more desirable because weighing errors are reduced. An example is the volumetric standardisation of a solution of sodium hydroxide which has been prepared to approximately 0.1 . It is necessary to calculate t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Nuffield Commonwealth Fellow 1971–1972 (Cambridge)
*Fulbright Senior Scholar (California Institute of Technology, 1977, and Harvard University, 1986)
*H.G. Smith Memorial Medal 1981 (RACI)
*Member of the Australian Academy of Science 1983
*Flintoff Medal and Prize (RSC) 1990
*Fellow of the Royal Society of London 1990... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He completed his undergraduate studies at University of Gothenburg, earning a B.Sc. degree in chemistry in 1984. He then pursued a Licentiate in Physical Chemistry at the Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology in Göteborg, which he completed in 1986. Kubista obtained his Ph.D... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* WDS cannot determine elements below number 3 (lithium). This restricts WDS when analyzing geologically important elements such as H, Li, and Be.
* Despite the improved spectral resolution of elemental peaks, some peaks exhibit significant overlap that causes analytical challenges (e.g., VKα and TiKβ). WDS analyses a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In-situ leaching is also called "solution mining". This process initially involves drilling of holes into the ore deposit. Explosives or hydraulic fracturing are used to create open pathways within the deposit for solution to penetrate into. Leaching solution is pumped into the deposit where it makes contact with the o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The bond coat adheres the thermal barrier to the substrate. Additionally, the bond coat provides oxidation protection and functions as a diffusion barrier against the motion of substrate atoms towards the environment. The five major types of bond coats are: the aluminides, the platinum-aluminides, MCrAlY, cobalt-cermet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The importance of these untranslated regions of mRNA is just beginning to be understood. Various medical studies are being conducted that have found connections between mutations in untranslated regions and increased risk for developing a particular disease, such as cancer. For example, associations between polymorphis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At physiological pHs, hydrogen fluoride is usually fully ionised to fluoride. In biochemistry, fluoride and hydrogen fluoride are equivalent. Fluorine, in the form of fluoride, is considered to be a micronutrient for human health, necessary to prevent dental cavities, and to promote healthy bone growth. The tea plant (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For more complex systems that are representative of water-surface interactions in nature, the Cassie-Baxter model is used. This model takes into consideration the fact that a water droplet may trap air between itself and the surface that it is on. The Cassie-Baxter model is described by the following equation:
= Conta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Senapathy addressed the origin of the spliceosomal machinery that edits out the introns from RNA transcripts. If the split genes had originated from random DNA, then the introns would have become an unnecessary but integral part of eukaryotic genes along with the splice junctions. The spliceosomal machinery would be re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Different biocatalytic approaches have been developed toward the synthesis of glycosides in the past decades, which using "glycosyltransferases" and "glycoside hydrolases" are among the most common catalysis. The former often needs expensive materials and the later often shows low yields, De Winter et al.
investigated ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Beginning in about 3000 BC arsenic was mined and added to copper in the alloying of bronze, but the adverse health effects of working with arsenic led to it being abandoned when a viable alternative, tin, was discovered.
In addition to its presence as a poison, for centuries arsenic was used medicinally. It has been us... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hyperphosphatemia, or a high blood level of phosphates, is associated with elevated mortality in the general population. The most common cause of hyperphosphatemia in people, dogs, and cats is kidney failure. In cases of hyperphosphatemia, limiting consumption of phosphate-rich foods, such as some meats and dairy items... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Australian Capital Territory: Pepper spray is a "prohibited weapon", making it an offence to possess or use it.
* New South Wales: Possession of pepper spray by unauthorized persons is illegal, under schedule 1 of the Weapons Prohibition Act 1998, being classified as a "prohibited weapon".
* Northern Territory: Pres... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most common data interpretation is based on the Fresnel formulas, which treat the formed thin films as infinite, continuous dielectric layers. This interpretation may result in multiple possible refractive index and thickness values. Usually only one solution is within the reasonable data range. In multi-parametric... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Esketamine is the generic name of the drug and its and , while esketamine hydrochloride is its . It is also known as S(+)-ketamine, (S)-ketamine, or (–)-ketamine ((-)[+] ketamine), as well as by its developmental code name JNJ-54135419.
Esketamine is sold under the brand name Spravato for use as an antidepressant and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Eukaryotes have multiple types of nuclear RNAP, each responsible for synthesis of a distinct subset of RNA. All are structurally and mechanistically related to each other and to bacterial RNAP:
Eukaryotic chloroplasts contain an RNAP very highly similar to bacterial RNAP ("plastid-encoded polymerase, PEP"). They use s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sharpless is a two-time Nobel Laureate. He is a recipient of the 2001 and 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on "chirally catalysed oxidation reactions", and "click chemistry", respectively.
In 2019, Sharpless was awarded the Priestley medal, the American Chemical Society's highest honor, for "the invention of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While earlier version of fiber-based laser traps exclusively used single mode beams, M. Kreysing and colleagues recently showed that the careful excitation of further optical modes in a short piece of optical fiber allows the realization of non-trivial trapping geometries. By this the researchers were able to orient va... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A lixiviant is a chemical used in hydrometallurgy to extract elements from its ore. One of the most famous lixiviants is cyanide, which is used in extracting 90% of mined gold. The combination of cyanide and air converts gold particles into a soluble salt. Once separated from the bulk gangue, the solution is proces... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemists have demonstrated that many artificial supramolecular systems can be designed that exhibit molecular recognition. One of the earliest examples of such a system are crown ethers which are capable of selectively binding specific cations. However, a number of artificial systems have since been established. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Soil structure refers to the manner in which these individual soil particles are grouped together to form clusters of particles called aggregates. This is determined by the types of soil formation, parent material, and texture. Soil structure can be influenced by a wide variety of biota as well as management methods by... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Total carbon (TC) is an analytical parameter representing the concentration of carbon in a sample. TC includes carbon in any form, whether organic or inorganic, volatile or fixed, dissolved or suspended. In many application areas, rather than TC, a parameter representing of subset of TC is measured; examples include To... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering the roles played by trace elements in medical and biological systems. It was established in 1987 as the Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease, obtaining its current title in 1995. It is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The examples above define a standard drink as 0.6 fluid ounces (14 g or 17.7 mL) of ethanol, whereas other definitions exist, for example 10 grams of ethanol. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lamb's general solution arises from the fact that the pressure satisfies the Laplace equation, and can be expanded in a series of solid spherical harmonics in spherical coordinates. As a result, the solution to the Stokes equations can be written:
where and are solid spherical harmonics of order :
and the are the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An enantiopure drug is a pharmaceutical that is available in one specific enantiomeric form. Most biological molecules (proteins, sugars, etc.) are present in only one of many chiral forms, so different enantiomers of a chiral drug molecule bind differently (or not at all) to target receptors. Chirality can be observed... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A crystal can be described as a lattice of atoms, which in turn this leads to the reciprocal lattice. With electrons, neutrons or x-rays there is diffraction by the atoms, and if there is an incident plane wave with a wavevector , there will be outgoing wavevectors and as shown in the diagram after the wave has been... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NaDMSO condenses with esters (1) to form β-ketosulfoxides (2), which can be useful intermediates. Reduction of β-ketosulfoxides with aluminium amalgam gives methyl ketones (3). Reaction with alkyl halides followed by elimination gives α,β-unsaturated ketones (4). β-ketosulfoxides can also be used in the Pummerer rearra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate, producing two molecules of ATP (per 1 molecule of glucose) in the process. When a cell has a higher concentration of ATP than ADP (i.e. has a high energy charge), the cell cannot undergo glycolysis, releasing energy from available glucose to perform bio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Storm water is typically channeled to a retention basin through a system of street and/or parking lot storm drains, and a network of drain channels or underground pipes. The basins are designed to allow relatively large flows of water to enter, but discharges to receiving waters are limited by outlet structures that fu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase (SAGA) is a histone modifying transcriptional co-activator that is composed of 21 proteins and exhibits histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and deubiquitinating (DUB) activity. In yeast the SAGA complex serves to activate the transcription of approximately 10% of the genome, and this active g... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Scrotal circumference is an indicator of a bull's fertility. A larger circumference is preferred and is an indicator for his sons to have a larger scrotal circumference and his daughters to reach puberty sooner and therefore have calves sooner.
Gestation length is an indicator of the probability of dystocia. The longer... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Application of the [4+4] photocycloaddition is scarce because of competition with the [[2+2 Photocycloaddition|[2+2] cycloaddition]]. However, when accessible, this method can be used to build 8-membered ring with complex stereocenters and structures in one step, as is seen in proposed syntheses for Taxol and molecules... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Neuromelanin is directly biosynthesized from L-DOPA, precursor to dopamine, by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic acid decarboxylase (AADC). Alternatively, synaptic vesicles and endosomes accumulate cytosolic dopamine (via vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and transport it to mitochondria where it is metabo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In economics, a similar concept also named after Le Chatelier was introduced by American economist Paul Samuelson in 1947. There the generalized Le Chatelier principle is for a maximum condition of economic equilibrium: Where all unknowns of a function are independently variable, auxiliary constraints—"just-binding" in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The apparent (molal) volume of a solute can be expressed as a function of the molality b of that solute (and of the densities of the solution and solvent). The volume of solution per mole of solute is
Subtracting the volume of pure solvent per mole of solute gives the apparent molal volume:
For more solutes the above e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sunset yellow FCF is known as FD&C yellow No. 6 in the US and is approved for use in coloring food, drugs, and cosmetics with an acceptable daily intake of 3.75 mg/kg. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Two transport mechanisms are fundamental for nanoelectrochemistry: electron transfer and mass transport. The formulation of theoretical models allows to understand the role of the different species involved in the electrochemical reactions.
The electron transfer between the reactant and the nanoelectrode can be explain... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Convent of Sant’Anna is the first foundation of the Discalced Carmelites outside of Spain, established in 1584 under the impulse of father Nicolas of Jesus and Mary Doria, a descendant of the prominentDoria family. Returned from Spain twenty years after the reformation of the Carmelite Order operated by Saint There... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Restriction sites, or restriction recognition sites, are located on a DNA molecule containing specific (4-8 base pairs in length) sequences of nucleotides, which are recognized by restriction enzymes. These are generally palindromic sequences (because restriction enzymes usually bind as homodimers), and a particular re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The relative vorticity is the vorticity relative to the Earth induced by the air velocity field. This air velocity field is often modeled as a two-dimensional flow parallel to the ground, so that the relative vorticity vector is generally scalar rotation quantity perpendicular to the ground. Vorticity is positive when ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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