text stringlengths 105 4.57k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|
CCL7 is expressed in many types of cells, including stromal cells, keratinocytes, airway smooth muscle cells, parenchymal cells, fibroblasts and leukocytes and also in tumor cells.
CCL7 mainly acts as a chemoattractant for several leukocytes, including monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gecko feet are hydrophobic, but that is not the only property that assists in their self-cleaning nature. Estrada and Lin created polypropylene, polyethylene, and polycaprolactone nanofibers using a porous template. These nanofiber geometries were shown to be self-cleaning in fiber dimensions of 5, 0.6, and 0.2 microns... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Athena Pashko was born on 10 October 1931 in the village of Bystrytsia, Drohobych district, Lwów Voivodeship, an administrative unit of interwar Poland. She graduated from Ukrainian National Forestry University.
Since the mid-1960s, she was persecuted and banned from publishing her works for defending repressed Ukraini... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The type of growth factor signaling can effect whether or not NSCs differentiate into motor neurons or not. Priming a media with FGF2 lowers the activity of the PI3K/AKT pathway, which activates GSK3β. This increases expression of HB9. Directly inhibiting PI3K in NSCs leads to a population of cells that are purely HB9+... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These effects have been supposed to exist since the time of Michael Faraday.
There have also been observations on the existence of Hall effect in electrolytes. Until these observations, magnetoelectrochemistry was an esoteric curiosity, though
this field has had a rapid development in the past years and is now an activ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photocatalyst radical generation species allow for the degradation of organic pollutants into non-toxic compounds at a high efficiency. Use of CuO nanosheets to breakdown azo bonds in food dyes is one such example, with 96.99% degradation after only 6 minutes. Degradation of organic matter is a highly applicable proper... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Initially, EZM was developed for modelling the transport and chemical transformation of pollutants in selected European regions in the frame of the EUROTRAC sub-project EUMAC and therefore it was formerly called the EUMAC Zooming Model (EUROTRAC, 1992). EZM has evolved to be one of the most frequently applied mesoscale... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After the deprotonation, the hydrazone turns into an azaenolate with lithium cation chelating both the nitrogen and oxygen. There are two possible options for lithium chelation. One is that lithium is antiperiplanar to the C=C bond (blue colored), leading to the conformation of Z; the other one is that lithium and the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With the advent of high resolution imaging, researchers have started to obtain experimental data which have led them to question the assumptions of the Cassie–Baxter equation when calculating the apparent contact angle. These groups believe the apparent contact angle is largely dependent on the triple line. The triple ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The non-random two-liquid model (abbreviated NRTL model) is an activity coefficient model introduced by Renon
and Prausnitz in 1968 that correlates the activity coefficients of a compound with its mole fractions in the liquid phase concerned. It is frequently applied in the field of chemical engineering to calculate ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
AMTEC requires energy input at modest elevated temperatures and thus is easily adapted to any heat source, including radioisotope, concentrated solar power, external combustion, or a nuclear reactor. A solar thermal power conversion system based on an AMTEC could have advantages over other technologies for some applica... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A prototypical spatio-spectral scanning system, introduced in June 2014, consists of a basic slit spectroscope (slit + dispersive element) at some suitable, non-zero distance before a camera. (If the effective camera distance is zero, the system is applicable to spatial scanning). The imaging process is based on spectr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In astrophysics, the Emden–Chandrasekhar equation is a dimensionless form of the Poisson equation for the density distribution of a spherically symmetric isothermal gas sphere subjected to its own gravitational force, named after Robert Emden and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. The equation was first introduced by Robert E... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In naphtha cracking process, C4R4 refers to C4 residual obtained after separation of 1,3-butadiene, isobutylene, 1-butene, and cis- or trans-2-butene from C4 raffinate stream which mainly consists of n-butane. Normally C4R4 is a side product in tert-butyl alcohol plant if C4R3 is used for feed. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sildenafil has been shown to significantly improve neurovascular coupling without affecting overall cerebral blood flow by increasing brain levels of cGMP, evoking neurogenesis and reducing neurological deficits in rats 2 or 24 hours after stroke. These experimental data suggest that PDE5 inhibitors may have a role in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The heat transfer dynamics in two-phase two component flow systems are governed by the dynamic behavior of droplets/bubbles that are injected into the circulating coolant stream. The injected bubbles/droplets are typically of a lower density than the coolant and thus experience an upward buoyancy force. They enhance th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Free induction decay (FID) is the magnetic resonance due to Larmor precession that results from the stimulation of nuclei by means of either a pulsed dc magnetic field or a pulsed resonant frequency (rf) magnetic field, somewhat analogous respectively to the effects of plucking or bowing a stringed instrument. Whereas ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Protein electrophoresis is a method for analysing the proteins in a fluid or an extract. The electrophoresis may be performed with a small volume of sample in a number of alternative ways with or without a supporting medium, namely agarose or polyacrylamide. Variants of gel electrophoresis include SDS-PAGE, free-flow e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1986, convincing evidence was provided that selenocysteine (Sec) was incorporated co-translationally. Moreover, the codon partially directing its incorporation in the polypeptide chain was identified as UGA also known as the opal termination codon. Different mechanisms for overriding the termination function of this... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbon nanotubes have also been used to create surfaces similar to rice leaves. Similar to the lotus leaf, a hierarchical structure provides the hydrophobicity of rice leaf. Unlike the lotus leaf, rice leaves have an anisotropic structure. When CNT’s are made to mimic rice leaf papillae patterns, the contact angle to d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fourth generation cephalosporins have greater activity against gram-negative bacteria than the second and third generation. This difference is attributed to them being dipolar ionic zwitterion compounds. The C-7 side chain is similar to third generation cephalosporins usually containing iminomethoxy-aminothiazole g... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term stem is not used consistently in linguistics. It has been defined as a form to which affixes (of any type) can be attached. Under a different and apparently more common view, this is the definition of a root, while a stem consists of the root plus optional derivational affixes, meaning that it is the part of a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The photostationary state of a reversible photochemical reaction is the equilibrium chemical composition under a specific kind of electromagnetic irradiation (usually a single wavelength of visible or UV radiation).
It is a property of particular importance in photochromic compounds, often used as a measure of their pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
From 2008 Kuipers is supervisor, coach and coordinator of the iGEM student team Groningen. iGEM is a worldwide competition in the field of synthetic biology between teams of students from all over the world. The team from Groningen won in the annual in Boston (United States) organized international competition several... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1993 Philex Mining Corporation, a Philippines mining company, replaced the mechanical cleaner circuit with Cells at its Benguet copper concentrator. Following their successful operation, Philex replaced the mechanical cells in its cleaner-scavenger circuit in 1994 and began the phased introduction of Cell rougher an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A benzene solution of 1 eq of diethylaluminum chloride was added dropwise at 0° to a solution of 1 eq of lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide prepared in the usual fashion in benzene. The resulting slurry was stirred for 30 minutes and used immediately.
To a stirred mixture of 0.004 mol of diethylaluminum 2,2,6,6-tetr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Four versions of Ficks law for binary gas mixtures are given below. These assume: thermal diffusion is negligible; the body force per unit mass is the same on both species; and either pressure is constant or both species have the same molar mass. Under these conditions, Ref. shows in detail how the diffusion equation f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fungal component of a lichen is called the mycobiont. The mycobiont may be an Ascomycete or Basidiomycete. The associated lichens are called either ascolichens or basidiolichens, respectively. Living as a symbiont in a lichen appears to be a successful way for a fungus to derive essential nutrients, since about 20%... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biological hydrogels are derived from preexisting components of body tissues such as collagen, hyaluronic acid (HA), or fibrin. Collagen, HA, and fibrin are components that occur naturally in the extracellular matrix of mammals. Collagen is the main structural component in tissues and it already contains cell-signaling... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lipid signaling, broadly defined, refers to any biological cell signaling event involving a lipid messenger that binds a protein target, such as a receptor, kinase or phosphatase, which in turn mediate the effects of these lipids on specific cellular responses. Lipid signaling is thought to be qualitatively different f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Etching has applications in the printed circuit board and semiconductor fabrication industries. It is also used in the aerospace industry to remove shallow layers of material from large aircraft components, missile skin panels, and extruded parts for airframes. Etching is used widely to manufacture integrated circuits... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An analytical ultracentrifuge has a light source and optical detectors. To allow the light to pass through the analyte during the ultracentrifuge run, specialized cells are required which have to meet high optical standards as well as to resist the centrifugal forces. Each cell consists of a housing, two windows made f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Seliwanoff’s test is a chemical test which distinguishes between aldose and ketose sugars. If the sugar contains a ketone group, it is a ketose. If a sugar contains an aldehyde group, it is an aldose. This test relies on the principle that, when heated, ketoses are more rapidly dehydrated than aldoses. It is named afte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reaction mechanism consists of two nucleophilic substitutions: the amine is the first nucleophile displacing the bromine atom which then acts as the second nucleophile. In following the mechanism is described using trimethylamine as example:
First, the trimethylamine reacts with the cyanogen bromide to form a quate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Bacteriorhodopsin-like proteins including rhodopsin (see also opsin)
*Bacterial photosynthetic reaction centres and photosystems I and II
*Light harvesting complexes from bacteria and chloroplasts | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Replication, in metallography, is the use of thin plastic films to nondestructively duplicate the microstructure of a component. The film is then examined at high magnifications.
Replication is a method of copying the topography of a surface by casting or impressing material onto the surface. It is the commonly used te... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gene gating is a phenomenon by which transcriptionally active genes are brought next to nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) so that nascent transcripts can quickly form mature mRNA associated with export factors. Gene gating was first hypothesised by Günter Blobel in 1985. It has been shown to occur in Saccharomyces cerevisi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, a molecular knot is a mechanically interlocked molecular architecture that is analogous to a macroscopic knot. Naturally-forming molecular knots are found in organic molecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins. It is not certain that naturally occurring knots are evolutionarily advantageous to nucleic acids or ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The overlap extension polymerase chain reaction (or OE-PCR) is a variant of PCR. It is also referred to as Splicing by overlap extension / Splicing by overhang extension (SOE) PCR. It is used assemble multiple smaller double stranded DNA fragments into a larger DNA sequence. OE-PCR is widely used to insert mutations at... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the context of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), CRP is one of the acute phase reactants, whose assessment is defined as part of the joint 2010 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for RA with abnormal levels accounting for a single point within the criteria Higher levels of CRP are associated with more severe disease and a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A stream of airborne microorganisms, including marine viruses, bacteria and protists, circles the planet above weather systems but below commercial air lanes. Some peripatetic microorganisms are swept up from terrestrial dust storms, but most originate from marine microorganisms in sea spray. In 2018, scientists report... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When the pre-mRNA has been transcribed from the DNA, it includes several introns and exons. (In nematodes, the mean is 4–5 exons and introns; in the fruit fly Drosophila there can be more than 100 introns and exons in one transcribed pre-mRNA.) The exons to be retained in the mRNA are determined during the splicing pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Among the superconducting graphite intercalation compounds, exhibits the highest critical temperature T = 11.5 K, which further increases under applied pressure (15.1 K at 8 GPa). Superconductivity in these compounds is thought to be related to the role of an interlayer state, a free electron like band lying roughly ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2013, the Fujita group rediscovered that the molecular structure of liquids can be elucidated by X-ray crystallography in the presence of [(ZnI)(TPT)] crystalline sponges. The guest compounds, such as cyclohexanone, cinnamaldehyde were dropped onto the pre-made single crystal of crystalline sponges. The liquid sampl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In contrast to most fresh-water sources, iron levels in surface sea-water are extremely low (1 nM to 1 μM in the upper 200 m) and much lower than those of V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn. Virtually all this iron is in the iron(III) state and complexed to organic ligands. These low levels of iron limit the primary production o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Dische test, or Dische reaction, is used to distinguish DNA from RNA. It was invented by Zacharias Dische. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Small activating Ribonucleic acids (saRNAs) are small double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) that target gene promoters to induce transcriptional gene activation in a process known as RNA activation (RNAa).
Small dsRNAs, such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), are known to be the trigger of an evolutiona... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The bulk of the radioactivity in nuclear accident fallout is more long-lived than that in weapons fallout. A good table of the nuclides, such as that provided by the Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute, includes the fission yields of the different nuclides. From this data it is possible to calculate the isotopic mi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When working on the global annual average isotopic composition of oxygen-18 and deuterium (H) in meteoric water, geochemist Harmon Craig observed a correlation between these two isotopes, and subsequently developed and defined the equation for GMWL:
Where δO and δH (also known as δD) are the ratio of heavy to light iso... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyclohexenone is a widely used building block in organic synthesis chemistry, as it offers many different ways to extend molecular frameworks.
As an enone, cyclohexenone is easily adapted to Michael addition with nucleophiles (such as enolates or silyl enol ethers) or, it could be employed by a Diels-Alder reaction wi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Water: detergents, fertilizer, raw sewage, prescription medication, pesticides, herbicides, heavy metals, PCBs
* Soil: heavy metals, herbicides, pesticides, PCBs
* Air: particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, asbestos, ground-level ozone, lead (from aircraft fuel, mining, and industrial... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (sometimes abbreviated AnMBR) were introduced in the 1980s in South Africa. However, anaerobic processes are normally used when a low-cost treatment is required that enables energy recovery but does not achieve advanced treatment (low carbon removal, no nutrients removal). In contrast, me... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For a two-dimensional Cartesian grid, the equation can be expanded to
On a staggered grid, the x-momentum equation is
and the y-momentum equation is
The goal at this point is to determine expressions for the face-values for u, v, and P and to approximate the derivatives using finite difference approximations. For this ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The variable region rearrangements happen in an orderly sequence in the bone marrow. Usually, the assortment of these gene segments occurs at B cell maturation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Autoacceleration of the overall rate of a free-radical polymerization system has been noted in many bulk polymerization systems. The polymerization of methyl methacrylate, for example, deviates strongly from classical mechanism behavior around 20% conversion; in this region the conversion and molecular mass of the poly... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A thermocouple can be used as a vacuum gauge over the range of approximately 0.001 to 1 torr absolute pressure. In this pressure range, the mean free path of the gas is comparable to the dimensions of the vacuum chamber, and the flow regime is neither purely viscous nor purely molecular. In this configuration, the th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A blue roof is a roof of a building that is designed explicitly to provide initial temporary water storage and then gradual release of stored water, typically rainfall. Blue roofs are constructed on flat or low sloped roofs in urban communities where flooding is a risk due to a lack of permeable surfaces for water to i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dynamic allele-specific hybridization (DASH) genotyping takes advantage of the differences in the melting temperature in DNA that results from the instability of mismatched base pairs. The process can be vastly automated and encompasses a few simple principles.
In the first step, a genomic segment is amplified and atta... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* In cardiac physiology: the cardiac output
* In hydrology: discharge
** List of rivers by discharge
** List of waterfalls by flow rate
** Weir § Flow measurement
* In dust collection systems: the air-to-cloth ratio | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) or sometimes specifically referred to as positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) is a non-destructive spectroscopy technique to study voids and defects in solids. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reagent is prepared by dissolving 0.5–2.0 g of p–dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB) in 50 mL of 95% ethanol and 50 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid and is best used when fresh. Other alcohols, such as 1-propanol, can also be used as well.
The Ehrlich reagent is similar to a number of other indole tests:
* The van... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nuclear matter is an idealized system of interacting nucleons (protons and neutrons) that exists in several phases of exotic matter that, as of yet, are not fully established. It is not matter in an atomic nucleus, but a hypothetical substance consisting of a huge number of protons and neutrons held together by only nu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Members of the enediyne family all share a unique enediyne core that is the cause of their potent cytotoxicity. The enediyne cores are derived from linear, probably polyketide, precursors that consist of seven or eight head-to-tail coupled acetate units. Enediyne assembly involves a highly conserved, iterative type I p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To collect bioaerosols falling within a specific size range, impactors can be stacked to capture the variation of particulate matter (PM). For example, a PM filter lets smaller sizes pass through. This is similar to the size of a human hair. Particulates are deposited onto the slides, agar plates, or tape at the base ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Entropy also plays a role in a substituent's preference for the equatorial position. The entropic component is determined by the following formula:
Where σ is equal to the number of microstates available for each conformation.
Due to the larger number of possible conformations of ethyl cyclohexane, the A value is redu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As SPR biosensors facilitate measurements at different temperatures, thermodynamic analysis can be performed
to obtain a better understanding of the studied interaction. By performing measurements at different temperatures,
typically between 4 and 40 °C, it is possible to relate association and dissociation rate consta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A fundamental criterion that must be established while developing any device with a semi-permeable membrane is to adjust the permeability of the device in terms of entry and exit of molecules. It is essential that the cell microcapsule is designed with uniform thickness and should have a control over both the rate of m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
# To make plain crude kilju, the must weight must be zero: A fermentation lock should indicate less than a bubble per minute. Then the sugar reserve is measured with a must weight refractometer/hygrometer. If there's sugar left, then more yeast should be added to consume it, and this measurement process should be repea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The relevance of Brownian motors to the requirement of directed motion in nanorobotics has become increasingly apparent to researchers from both academia and industry.
Artificial replication of Brownian motors are informed by and differ from nature, and one specific type is the photomotor, wherein the motor switches st... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ability to deliver pieces of DNA to the required parts of a cell includes many challenges. Current research is being performed to find ways to use dendrimers to traffic genes into cells without damaging or deactivating the DNA. To maintain the activity of DNA during dehydration, the dendrimer/DNA complexes were enc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some caveats should be considered with the above.
1. Like all statistical mechanical results according to the MaxEnt school, this increase in thermodynamic entropy is only a prediction. It assumes in particular that the initial macroscopic description contains all of the information relevant to predicting the later ma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Similar principles guide the lowest energy conformations of larger ring systems. Along with the acyclic stereocontrol principles outlined below, subtle interactions between remote substituents in large rings, analogous to those observed for 8-10 membered rings, can influence the conformational preferences of a molecule... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Conventional SNP typing methods are typically time-consuming and expensive, requiring several probe based assays to be multiplexed together or the use of DNA microarrays. HRM is more cost-effective and reduces the need to design multiple pairs of primers and the need to purchase expensive probes. The HRM method has bee... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The commercial semisynthesis (by Bristol-Myers Squibb) of paclitaxel starting from 10-deacetylbaccatin III (isolated from the European yew) is based on tail addition of the so-called Ojima lactam to its free hydroxyl group:
Another commercial semisynthesis (by the company Natural Pharmaceuticals) relies on the isolatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Studied and identified chromophores and a variety of dyes commonly used as biomolecule labels like: tryptophan, DAPI, fluorescein, thiazole orange, and BEBO.
* Explained DNA strand exchange in homologous recombination.
* Applying Widlund experiment, identified specific nucleosome positioning sequences.
* Uncovered me... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After the RNase cleavage of the last six nucleotides, the next step is phosphorylation of the 5'-end via Kinase. Then the next cycle of ligation can be repeated. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* 1929–34: Personal assistant (preparateur) to Marie Curie, Institut du Radium.
* 1934–46: Radiochemist, Institut du Radium.
* 1946–49: Maitre de Recherches, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut du Radium.
* 1949: Professeur titulaire de la Chaire de Chimie Nucleaire, Universite de Strasbourg... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Functional genomics includes function-related aspects of the genome itself such as mutation and polymorphism (such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis), as well as the measurement of molecular activities. The latter comprise a number of "-omics" such as transcriptomics (gene expression), proteomics (protei... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Overman synthesis (1993) took a chiral cyclopentene compound as starting material obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of cis-1,4-diacetoxycyclopent-2-ene. This starting material was converted in several steps to trialkylstannane 2 which was then coupled with an aryl iodide 1 in a Stille reaction in presence of carbon ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Philip Hauge Abelson (April 27, 1913 – August 1, 2004) was an American physicist, scientific editor and science writer. Trained as a nuclear physicist, he co-discovered the element neptunium, worked on isotope separation in the Manhattan Project, and wrote the first study of nuclear marine propulsion for submarines. He... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a SRAS measurement, as in most laser ultrasound techniques, two lasers are used, one for the generation of acoustic waves and one for the subsequent detection of these waves. Considering first the generation of acoustic waves, an optical amplitude grating, illuminated by the a short pulse pump laser (typically ~1ns... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrogen–deuterium exchange of fast-exchanging species (e.g. hydroxyl groups) can be measured at atomic resolution quantitatively by neutron crystallography, and in real time if exchange is conducted during the diffraction experiment.
High intensity neutron beams are generally generated by spallation at linac particle ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organic matter plays an important role in drinking water and wastewater treatment and recycling, natural aquatic ecosystems, aquaculture, and environmental rehabilitation. It is therefore important to have reliable methods of detection and characterisation, for both short- and long-term monitoring. A variety of analyti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phenethylamine is produced by a wide range of species throughout the plant and animal kingdoms, including humans; it is also produced by certain fungi and bacteria (genera: Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Pseudomonas and the family Enterobacteriaceae) and acts as a potent antimicrobial against certain pathogenic strains of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
He won the bronze medal in the hammer throw at the 1924 Summer Olympics. Four years later he finished eleventh in the 1928 Olympic hammer throw competition. In 1923 he beat the British hammer throw record, but did so in a demonstration rather than a competition, so his throw did not count for record purposes.
He won t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When carbon dioxide is held above its critical pressure (73.773 bar) and temperature (30.9780 °C), it can behave both as a gas and as a liquid, that is it expands to fill entirely its container like a gas but has a density similar to that of a liquid.
Supercritical CO is chemically stable, very cheap, and non-flammable... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*factitious air (Davy)
*dephlogisticated nitrous air
*protoxide of nitrogen
*hypo-nitrous oxide
*gaseous oxide of azote | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In practice, the osmotic pressure produced by an ideally dilute solution would be too small to be accurately measured. For accurate measurements, solutions are not ideally dilute and a virial equation is used to account for deviations from ideal behavior and allow the calculation of . The virial equation takes a form ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many physical processes over ocean surface can generate sea salt aerosols. One common cause is the bursting of air bubbles, which are entrained by the wind stress during the whitecap formation. Another is tearing of drops from wave tops. Wind speed is the key factor to determine the production rate in both mechanisms.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For fluid power, a working fluid is a gas or liquid that primarily transfers force, motion, or mechanical energy. In hydraulics, water or hydraulic fluid transfers force between hydraulic components such as hydraulic pumps, hydraulic cylinders, and hydraulic motors that are assembled into hydraulic machinery, hydraulic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Clusters can be found in all classes of chemical compounds. According to the commonly accepted definition, a cluster consists minimally of a triangular set of atoms that are directly bonded to each other. But metal-metal bonded dimetallic complexes are highly relevant to the area. Clusters occur in "pure" inorganic ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A major application of photochlorination is the production of chloroparaffins. Mixtures of complex composition consisting of several chlorinated paraffins are formed. Chlorinated paraffins have the general sum formula CHCl and are categorized into three groups: Low molecular weight chlorinated paraffins are short chain... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An einzel lens is an electrostatic lens that focuses without changing the energy of the beam. It consists of three or more sets of cylindrical or rectangular tubes in series along an axis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The conventional units for the solubility parameter are (calories per cm), or cal cm. The SI units are J m, equivalent to the pascal. 1 calorie is equal to 4.184 J.
1 cal cm = (523/125 J) (10 m) = (4.184 J) (0.01 m) = 2.045483 10 J m = 2.045483 (10 J/m)= 2.045483 MPa.
Given the non-exact nature of the use of δ, it is o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
7-Chlorokynurenic acid (7-CKA) is a tool compound that acts as a potent and selective competitive antagonist of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It produces ketamine-like rapid antidepressant effects in animal models of depression. However, 7-CKA is unable to cross the blood-brain-barrier, and for this reason, is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fellutanine A, B, C and D are bio-active diketopiperazine alkaloids isolated from the cultures of Penicillium fellutanum, that belongs to a class of naturally occurring 2,5-diketopiperazines. Originally they were thought to be based on the "trans" cyclic dipetide cyclo(L-Trp-D-Trp) but were later shown to be based on ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He can also be hyperpolarized using metastability exchange optical pumping (MEOP). This process is able to polarize He nuclei in the ground state with optically pumped He nuclei in the metastable state. MEOP only involves He nuclei at room temperature and at low pressure (≈a few mbars). The process of MEOP is very effi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrolysis (; ) is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile.
Biological hydrolysis is the cleavage of biomolecules where a water molecule is consumed to effect t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DNA synthesis begins at specific sites called origins of replication. These are regions of the genome where the DNA replication machinery is assembled and the DNA is unwound to begin DNA synthesis. In most cases, replication proceeds in both directions from the replication origin.
The main features of replication origi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is often useful to alter the copolymer equation by expressing concentrations in terms of mole fractions. Mole fractions of monomers and in the feed are defined as and where
Similarly, represents the mole fraction of each monomer in the copolymer:
These equations can be combined with the Mayo–Lewis equation to g... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.